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Former professional tuba player here - you warned us about the intonation and the difficulty of tuning all of the lip & instrument parameters in real time, and then when the sound simulation started... it sounded *exactly* like someone struggling to get a good tone from a weirdly-built trumpet. This is IMPRESSIVE

I don’t think you realise how important this project will be to the audio synthesis world. Physical modelling taken to the extreme

You honestly should submit all of this work as credit towards a PhD. It is mighty impressive!

As a physics student and as a hobbyist trumpet player I just want to add my name to the choir singing this video's praises. It's really impressive what you have managed to pull off here!

Ange out here literally revolutionizing the gaming/simulation industry just to make engine go brrrr. He's a godamn hero.

This project is so refreshing! You rarely see a single person project that has so consistent improvements, it's a joy to witness!

I think the reason you need lots of air to get good sound is for a very simple reason, the bell will enhance acoustic coupling and also resonate, making the instrument louder and sending that resonant acoustic energy back into the trumpet.

Trumpet player here. I’m surprised how good the trumpet in your model sounds. The characteristic sound definitely comes through. It sounds a lot better than many Synthesizers I heard.

Unfortunately my virtual trumpet skills are just as bad as my real life trumpet skills. Having a semi-realistic simulation didn't help matters but kind of made things worse.

Trumpet player here. Your simulation is uncanny. The tension in the lips being higher reduces air volume required and increases air Velocity. The resonance of the horn provides orders of magnitude more amplification than you would expect. The density of the metal plays a role too. Lots of sympathetic resonance in real instruments. Simulation inception would be necessary to capture all of these effects. The fluid simulation is but one part of it. It's probably the most important though which is why your results are so close. Love it man. You should share this tech with music companies like Roland, Yamaha, Nord, etc. They could really benefit from your achievement, and their effects and signal manipulation, user control, and expression technology could make this sound 100% better. Like a quantum leap in woodwind and brass synthesis. Patent it please. Open source it. Share it some how. We need this in synthesizers!

I know this is really not the goal of this project, but as a music producer, I have to say, that this would be the most awesome vst plugin for physical sound modeling… especially with the possibility to create completely new instruments and tweak real world properties, this would be an entirely new way to sound design!!! Sooo cool

In the overblown demo, I was amazed it recreated the "double buzz" effect, where a lower frequency is also heard. This usually happens when a tired player can no longer control their embouchure (lip stiffness and geometry) and unintended vibration modes are produced.

As a musician by training, I can tell you that this trumpet simulation sounds precisely like a trumpet -- and before adding the reverb, it sounds precisely like a trumpet in a well-dampened practice room. Awesome job mate!!!

I gotta say, as a kid who grew up playing the trumpet, this wasn't too bad! The sound, I mean. The engineering and creativity are off the damn scale.

This dude is slowly building the most realistic virtual world ever

I've been playing the trumpet for about 8/9 years now, it's absolutely amazing how close this sounds to a beginner trumpet player. The coolest part to me was when you did the model of increasing airspeed, the way that the pitch increases, then decreases and distorts is EXACTLY how an actual trumpet plays when you do the same thing.

when this game releases, saying, "this has great attention to detail!" is going to be a huge understatement

I used to be a trumpet player. I am very impressed with this. Especially the over-blow bit. The simulation was able to pretty accurately predict what actually happens when you blat. The mouth simulation would need a lot of work to be accurate. There is much more to embouchure that would need to be considered. You'd probably have to model a whole head. Its all very impressive!

As an engineer I would 100% pay for classes taught by you, very clear and to the point. Demonstrating a high level of dominion of material and amazing pedagogy skills. Keep it up! 🚀

One reason I love these simulations is because they push the limits of computation. With web development dominating mainstream, it’s refreshing to see non-trivial C++ projects.

I love how versatile the fluid simulation turned out to be! Have you tried simulating the sound of a turbine? (or compressor?)

Im a trumpet player and not an engineer. The thing i like the most in this video is that, although the trumpet isn't tooned, the fist demonstration of the trumpet's notes is as accurate as it gets. Although im not a luthier, i can definitly say the chromatic scale is exactly as its portrayed: 000, 010, 100, 110, 011, 101, 111. Descending, not ascending.

as a first chair trumpeter, i can say you may be getting the weird intonation from lack of resistance based on the valve position. no 1 valve generates sufficient resistance but there are a few combinations that do generate resistance at certain octaves due to the resonance. to someone without experience playing it can be hard to feel it, its subtle but very significant. all in all, very cool to see this done.

With like two more layers of simulation inception this could get scary close. Aside from the bell, material type also plays a large factor in sound resonance. This video is truly awesome, you did a great job.

Valve horn player here. Great job on trying to capture this complex procedure! Couple things I know from playing a brass instrument: - The most important part is the lips that distincts between a good player and beginner. I can make my instrument sound like your simulation, just by adjusting my lips. - Air Pressure and Lipstiffness increases with higher notes. Playing loud and deep is as hard as playing quiet and high. But one can compensate this by having a more accurate and more stiff/loose lip - The way I let my instrument sound different with the same pitch is by increasing or decreasing the volume of my mouth. Bigger Volume results in a more round tone that is often nice to hear. But sometimes in certain musical genres you want this duck like quacking and therefore you decrease this volume (by adjusting the tounge mostly). This also is dependent on the tone - higher tones are generally played with less volume while lower tones require more volume for the same quality of sound. Do with that information what you will, just some insights from my end.

I'm always so blown away at how one person can have such a good combined understanding of engineering, acoustics and coding 😮

Its hard for me to describe how captivating it is, to listen to a truly passionate and intelligent person explain something they've made. Its just SO nice.

As an audio engineer who sometimes dabbles in recreative game development, loves physics and used to play horn, this couldn't be more up my alley. I absolutely adore your recent projects, Ange. Much love and massive props for all the progress you have made in such a short time frame. You rock my dude :)

Can't wait to test a 27-cylinder engine with real headers soon!

It’s so crazy to me that like 8 or so years ago I had an idea that modeling instruments using physics would either happen or I would have to learn to do it myself. I would absolutely love to see a version of this project in vst format later down the road. As a producer this excites me so much!!! Keep up the great work!

This is amazing - as a physics graduate working on particle simulations, and a trumpet player of 10 years, its amazing to see those two worlds collide. The fact that you can even get a roughly-correct chromatic scale and multiple harmonics working is extremely impressive. To me, it sounds exactly like a trumpet playing into a cushion, or a really closed mute. I think simulating the bell flare will definitely help (I've experienced many dented flares). For even better tuning, the third valve tube would need to be extended slightly in the lower harmonics.

I've been a trumpet player for about 10 years, and indeed, the lip parameters are extremely important to hit the right tone. Trumpet players even anticipate their lip setting and sometimes also pull the instrument tighter to their lips to prepare for the next note, at least to minimise the air gap between each note. If not well prepared, it even occurs to players that only air comes out, completely missing the note. As found in the simulation, the amount of pressure lips have endure on a Trumpet is immense, professional players need multiple years of lip training and lip hardening to cover an acceptable tone range. It happened to me to have shattered lips close to bleeding after a concert. The simulation exactly sounds like someone with no experience in lip setting, which is the case here. Lip tension is even changing along the duration of the note, call it expressions, phrasing of the notes or modulation, like vibrato, staccato, pitch bend and more... Adding randomness in lip tension is an easy way to improve realism, but simulating expression with lip tention needs musical feeling, which is a learning process that probably only AI would be able to implement.

do you realize how much of a market there is for tools like this? sample libraries of physical instruments are costly to make and often inflexible to use. with a ui designed for musicipans, the ability to physically model wind instruments accurately and in real time would be a gamechanger!

Experienced brass musician here. It sounds like an early beginner trumpet player who is trying to find out the best way to make a sound! I'm mostly impressed at how accurately the valve movements distort the tones between presses, which sound *very* accurate. From the sounds of it overall, the tone of the trumpet could mostly be fixed by making adjustments to the player's embouchure (the mouth and its positioning on the mouthpiece). But I can say that I've heard these kinds of tones from the beginning trumpet player.

Incredibly fascinating demo and also a very clear visualization of what exactly is going on physically in a wind instrument and why! I think one of the hardest things about the learning curve of a wind instrument in general is understanding and controlling all those various parameters in real time while only being able to abstractly grasp what the physics behind the instrument actually are doing, so this is amazing to see! Also I definitely laughed out loud when you started playing the Jurassic Park theme haha

This is clearly a big step for mankind in reproducing VQ exhaust noises as accurately as possible

I've played the trumpet for well over 10 years throughout middle and high school. I'm also self taught in C/C++ and 3D Graphics / Game Engine programming using DirectX, OpenGL and Vulkan. I'm also adept with mathematics and physics. To see a video of a physics simulation that uses C++ and Vulkan to project the fluid dynamics of a trumpet is really cool. This video is very informative, creative and quite awesome. Job well done!

Exciting progress! Quite neat how flexible the ES3D fluid simulation is

everytime i see a video from ange about stuff he makes i always get super excited fsr, keep up what youre doing its awsome to see

i was waiting for your next video to pop up on my feed but this was too unexpected, great job as always

make a realistic pipe organ, replete with all the stops etc. That would make not only a great steam game but also fill a market void of physically based music synthesis for musicians

Use the system to simulate the call of the parasaurolophus. It has a large resonating chamber in its crest that drastically changed the sound they make.

The way it blows sharp and gets a splatty intonation when you up the pressure is incredibly accurate. Great work

Former french horn player here. The sound character is amazingly close to the real thing. This is going to be huge once out. Good luck man

This is so cool! It goes quickly from "huh, that's a neat simulation" to "wow, that visualization looks incredible!". I also appreciate the non-fearmongering VPN ad.

you could totally charge money to have a sim like this as a very accurate VST for music producers

I want to say that its impressive how you send the information to the viewer. I dont know most of the things you say but somehow I understand everything.

I love that it takes multiple research papers to understand the effects of your lips on sound, and musicians are just like "it's right when it sounds good"

I literally cannot wait for the release. The sheer potential of Engine Simulator is proper insane!

first thought on the first sound was "hm, straight cut trumpet sounds like Sax with a very, very wet mouthpiece", i guess it's more about the lip params and I wish someone will take it upon themselves to jump through the hoops making this the most versatile physical modeling VST-Instrument ever. Ange, you are breaking new ground in software development, with a perseverance and consistency that is nothing short of legendary.

I find this project so inspiring, and I can't help but feel so much pride watching this! You've done so well! Edit: like seriously, as someone hugely interested in audio, music, physics, engineering, computer science, statistics, and many forms of visual art: this project meshes my biggest interests together in a way I'd never have expected. I cannot wait to see what's to come!

Oh my god, this is an amazing project. As a passive fluis sim enthusiast, you have just reignited my passion for this field thank you! 1 tip, i think 1 of the reasons why you needed so much pressure to make a noise is the mouth piece. Not sure if the modeled mouthpiece is the same as the simulated one, but the concave section is too small. From what I remember from playing a trumpet in middle school is that the domed section in the mouthpiece was much deeper, and the walls where thinner. Hope that makes sense haha, can't wait to see the next update of this!

I really like the particle visualization for fluid flow! It reminds me of… an infomercial for a vacuum cleaner. I think including the ability to create extruded 2D shapes in engine simulator would be a good feature, because that would allow simulating different muffler designs.

This is absolutely incredible from start to finish. The data visualization is a master class in visual representation, and the project itself is just mind boggling.

having heard a good deal of trumpet-including music, both live and online, i have got to say that this sounds pretty damn good for a fluid simulation. there were some small parts where the audio became noticably "rough" in a way that i only really know from computer-generated audio, but during some other parts it sounded like an authentic trumpet being played by someone just getting used to playing the instrument. i've got to say, i am very, very impressed by your work and i'm certain that the quality of your other computer simulations can only go up from here.

I've always wondered how trumpets worked and I was not expecting to learn it from this channel, but I'm so glad I did. This is mindblowing

Would you consider doing a similar simulation for the human vocal tract? That would be a great educational tool. There are no truly good online resources that explain how and where the different formants of speech are created, the explanations are quite rudimentary. E.g. visualize how the same formant (in the output spectrum) may originate from two alternative configurations of the tract, due to the tounge position.

You're one of a kind man, keep up the insane work!

As a former trumpet and horn player and current software developer, BRAVO sir. The way the note breaks apart when the embouchure is too flat for the instrument on that note is EXACTLY how it sounds in real life! And the way the pitch transitions between pitches on input changes was spot on too

Truly unbelievable the fidelity you can get with a simulation, I cant beleive how you can get those note transitions without nuances of the valve shapes, and the sound quality with that simple lip simulation, amazing.

The timbre of the sound is much more saxophone than trumpet, but the valve sound is unmistakable. Incredibly cool!

This is incredible! I was doing a project a while ago, where I simulated the sound of a guitar string with the wave equation + diffusion equation, I was never able to get it to run in real time , but this video has inspired me greatly!

Very impressive, Ange. As always! This simulation is fantastic and I'm really excited to see what this means for future iterations of Engine Simulator. I love the fluid simulation visuals, as well as the math thrown in. These videos have something for everyone, regardless of interest or familiarity with fluid simulation or, now, musical instruments. Incredibly well done mate. 👍

This is quite possibly the coolest thing I've seen come out of this fluid simulation project you've been working on. I've been following this project since the first video of the car sound engine, and I downloaded the build of that as well as the steam engine simulator on (ironically) Steam. I love this content! I hope good things come of this project!

Fantastic video as always, keep up the great work. I can’t wait to see what’s to come!

With the speed that this guy cranks out acoustic simulators, we're gonna have basically everything by the end of the decade xD It's just amazing. I also did /not/ know that lip "vibration" is a factor for making a trumpet's sound. The more you know. I simply thought it's like a flute, just that for some reason you put the mouth piece over your lips, instead of the other way round with flutes. But beyond that, I never bothered wondering about it. Now I do.

Former trumpet player, now engineer who had to give up dreams of programming interesting side projects. I'm floored by what you've done here! Absolutely amazing! I was just recommended your video today, but will now follow with interest!

I would actually spend money for the instrument simulation alone to demonstrate how this all works to folks. This is phenomenal. You never cease to amaze me Ange. Very well done!

This video devoured my internet bandwidth like a snack... What truly blows me away about you, and this resonates with me (haha, resonates), is that you give your 110% in everything you do. In this instance, not only is the video content top-notch, but the production quality is off the charts. I mean, even your compression settings seem like you've mastered them to perfection just to deliver the most incredible results. Simply mind-blowing.

the lip simulation could be used as a Reed Valve used in some 2 stroke engines

This is a pretty mindblowing video, definitely could see this being used in countless way. Amazing stuff man

Your content just keeps getting more and more impressive. Awesome stuff!

Oh my god. Oh my god. This is AWESOME! First of all, this video showed up in my feed while i was in a practice room practicing trumpet. Second, when this is finished, PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE make a VST3, AU, and AAX plugin for this if you can. Also! As a trumpet player and an audio engineering student I have a few observations, questions, and suggestions which you may or may not have already taken into consideration: It sounds like a french horn, or other low brass instrument. Making it sound more like a trumpet (i.e. generally brighter) is going to come down to the resonation of the metal in the bell. I couldn't tell if you were simulating the actual metal itself resonating, but the temperature, thickness, material, and plating of the metal is going to be very important to the sound. Heres a few parameters that I think could improve the accuracy of the simulation (and are also interesting to tweak): metal materials (i.e brass, copper), plating (gold, silver, none), presence of lacquer, Bore size, Bell size, Bell thickness, Different mouthpieces(??), just to name a few. I noticed that your tuning slide wasn't adjusted at all. Unless it is VERY cold in your room, you are going to need to put it out a little to get proper intonation. Also, when playing middle D (Valves 1&3) the third slide will need to be extended slightly, and fully extended when playing middle C# (123) for proper intonation otherwise they will be very sharp. On the topic of the bore and the bell, these things have a significant effect on the brightness and tone. I play a Bach Stradivarius Model 25L, meaning it has a relatively small bell (brightens the tone and increases projection) and a large bore increases the richness but requires significantly more air. I've played quite a few other trumpets and the difference in intonation and playability is massive. Mouthpiece - not sure if you did research into this. Theres a bunch of different parameters for this (cup size, depth, shape, rim size, thickness, etc.) and it affects both intonation and playability. Each mouthpiece has its pros and cons in terms of range, tone, and playability. You can buy a screamer mouthpiece for playing lead and screech all day long but it wont be very rich and warm. Im not sure if any of that applies tho, as theoretically the simulated lips aren't subject to pain or fatigue. Again, if you aren't already simulating resonating metal id say do that first, as it has an enormous impact on tone. I know thats a lot of things to simulate, but I think it would make a significant improvement. Also, I think the most impressive thing here is what you've done already. It sounds like a brass instrument, and it does tuba pretty convincingly. You just need a few finishing touches (and high end). It would be super cool to see this released to the public, but regardless I'm dropping a sub on patreon right after I finish typing this out so I can start playing around. The ramifications for this in the production community are insane. Hyperrealistic brass instruments right in your daw???? Theoretically, this simulation could be used to recreate room reverbs, without the need for an Impulse Response and convolution reverb. I wonder if there is enough performance optimization available to make a sim that large work effectively in real time. Anyways, this is super awesome, and bravo for making something real that I've only ever dreamed about. I can't wait to see how you improve this, and whatever other projects you have in store.

During your research did you use the book Computational Fluid Dynamics with Applications by John D. Anderson? It uses a finite difference approach which can be easier to program. The other very good book that maybe you used is Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics - The Finite Volume Method by Versteeg. This book really gets into the details of the solvers, PISO and SIMPLE.

Dude I swear the entire time I was sat here expecting this to be a long drawn out VQ engine joke, but alas, you really did deliver! This is seriously impressive stuff, you can definitely hear the "life like" tone in the sound, proving the simulation is astonishingly accurate.

first time I've seen someone give an ACTUALLY accurate sponsorship segment for a VPN service. subbed!

The detail in the attacks of those notes is insane. If someone works out a comfortable mapping for pitch+velocity, this would be an incredibly useful VST synthesizer on its own :D Keep it up!

You could make it as a VST so it can be played with midi inside a DAW or other programs. There aren't many pysical trumpet simulation so it could be interesting

Trumpet player here, been playing for about 13 years and just finished my degree in games development. WOW!! Christmas has come early! I find it super interesting that despite modelling it off a real Bb 'key' trumpet (i.e, when you play a 'C', it sounds like a 'concert pitch' Bb), it sounds like it's tuned to Ab. It was a super minor section in the demo, but when you demonstrated the crescendo (going from low volume to high volume), I was blown away by how it accurately simulates the sound 'opening up' - something that trumpet manufacturers can play with to change the character of each instrument. This is awesome!

It's so awesome that you're coming through with all of these cool ideas! Once again, a smart and passionate person will make a difference in multiple industries if given an opportunity.

The mathematics reminds me very much on my recently finished university project about finite difference methods for electrodynamics (Since they are also hyperbolic equations). You said something about further sources about the math behind your simulation is available in the video description. But I can’t find any link. Edit: Links are now available. Thanks!

Dude you’re such a role model for me. I’ve always had ambitions to write a ton of simulations myself, but you’re actually doing it, fast and in amazing detail. Do you take apprentices? 😁

Oh man, I thought about this yesterday and now this video appears! Congrats, great job!

your voice is ASMR to my ears. Impressive stuff btw and the explanation was very clear along with the visuals, thanks!

First of all, this is amazing and thank you for showing us your work. I understand this is a giant technical feat and worthy of praise and I agree with everything you said. Second of all, the moment the trumpet started playing, I burst out cry laughing and haven't stopped since

If you don't have the bell it is expected that you need a lot of air to make it sound. Probably the amount of air you need to pump will be reduced a lot once you add the bell.

18:40 The way the tone spatters like a junior high early learner is absolutely hilarious!!! Really LOL!!!

Amazing! You make the world a better place. Thank you for your incredible work and for sharing so openly.

That trumpet sounds great! Have you considered turning this into a VST instrument to sell to people using music software / digital audio workstations?

This is impressive considering the various limitations. Good job! Keep at it!

😭It's beautiful. I can't wait to see where this goes. I need to try this. Can't wait to show this to my friend who plays trumpet. Gonna need this on steam please. If you don't mind.

I was thinking about how you could use a fluid simulation to simulate a subwoofer or smaller speakers in a range of different enclosures with different sizes and such, and how different length ports and transmission lines change the sound and group delay and such, it would be a cool video, I don't know how hardware intensive it would be but it would be cool.

I see someone creating VSTs based on this.

That's a very impressive piece of work! congrats!

now we are getting closer to a real world simulation, you have the motor/piston simulation, now the fluid/air simulation, it is not far away from creating a something bigger, awesome work!

Seen a vid in my suggestions last week of a trumpet playing mario theme with a condom restricting airflow we should have some back pressure aswell 😂

Sounds already great, even with parts missing Just a few questions: Do you handle partial valve opening, not that I know how that sounds on a trumpet? And do you think it's feasible to simulate the resonance characteristics based on the material and shape of the tube, to my knowledge it's a important part of the sound of some instruments, and I guess it could be approximated by estimating the volume change of the tube based on the internal pressure. Anyway keep up the great work, always learning something new watching your videos

As a clarinet player (and hobbyist musician) i found this video very pleasing. It sounds REALLY good.

This is incredible dude, great work! Can't wait to see the other cool stuff you make