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Footnotes:
[1] Bodie Hodge, “How Did Attack/Defense Structures Come About?” in The New Answers Book: Over 25 Questions on Creation Evolution and the Bible, ed. Ken Ham (Green Forrest, AR: Master Books, 2006), 266.
[2] Tim Clarey, Dinosaurs: Marvels of God’s Design: The Science of the Biblical Account (Green Forest, AR: Master books, 2015), 79.
[3] Joshua John Van Ee, “Death and the Garden: An Examination of Original Immortality, Vegetarianism, and Animal Peace in the Hebrew Bible and Mesopotamia,” (PhD diss., University of California, 2013), xiii.
[4] Daniel J. Stulac, “Hierarchy and Violence in Genesis 1:26-28: An Agrarian Solution,” Submission for Ecological Hermeneutics Open Section at SBL Annual Meeting 2013, 4, 6. www.academia.edu/5186990/Hierarchy_and_Violence_in_Genesis_1_26-28_An_Agrarian_Solution.
[5] Quoted in Van Ee, “Death and the Garden,” 333. Originally, Karl Möller, “Images of God and Creation in Genesis 1-2,” in A God of Faithfulness: Essays in Honour of J. Gordon McConville on His 60th Birthday, ed. Jamie A. Grant, Alison Lo, and Gordon J. Wenham (New York: T & T Clark, 2011), 20-21.
[6] Van Ee quotes the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary entry on kabāsu: “to crush, defeat an enemy, to bother, to make people do work, to press people.” (“Death and the Garden,” 203.) In order to make the creation mandate comport with an idea of original vegetarianism, scholars like Lohfink have tried to argue that the Akkadian kabāsu, which refers to treading over, might be an idiom for taking symbolic possession of something. Van Ee (“Death in the Garden,” 202-204) rejects this analysis because: 1) It must be implied without any textual confirmations that such a meaning was ever used for it (i.e., we have no texts confirming its use as such an idiom). 2) It is strange to supply that meaning in the perfect Niphal stem in conjunction with the preposition לפני in a passage like Josh 18:1. If kavash in that passage is simply an idiom for taking possession and doesn’t refer to conquest then the passage would be translated something like, “The land had been stepped on (i.e. possessed) in front of them.” What does it mean that the Israelites had already stepped on and came to possess what was in front of them? Most importantly, 3) Josh 18:1 and 3 seem to contrast the Hebrew word for “possess” with the term for “subdue.”
[7] Ibid., 207.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Ibid., 210.
[10] Ibid., 217. Van Ee directs us to Postell’s comment: “The militaristic overtones of the creation mandate, therefore, make sense only when understood as the prototypical mandate to conquer the Promised Land.” Seth D. Postell, Adam as Israel: Genesis 1-3 as the Introduction to the Torah and Tanakh (Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2011), 102. As an aside, Gen 2:18 says Eve was created as an ‘ezer kenegdo-what the King James translated as a “help meet” for Adam. The Hebraist Robert Alter has pointed out that the translation “help,” “is too weak because it suggests a merely auxiliary function, whereas ‘ezer elsewhere connotes active intervention on behalf of someone, especially in military contexts, as often in the Psalms.” Eve was created as Adam’s “sustainer”-again, a term suggesting military connotation. See note on verse 18 in Robert Alter, The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary (New York: Norton, 2004), 22.
[11] Peet Van Dyk, “Challenges in the Search for an Ecotheology,” Old Testament Essays 22.1 (2009), 190. Footnote citations removed from within quotation.
[12] Van Ee, “Death and the Garden,” 245.
[13] This seems circumscribed by the term “violence” in Gen 6:11, given as one of the conditions motivating the flood judgement. Ibid., 246. Later, the Enoch corpus took up the same themes.
[14] John J. Bimson, “Reconsidering a ‘Cosmic Fall,’” Science and Christian Belief 18.2 (2006), 70.
[15] Van Ee, “Death and the Garden,” 300. Footnote citations omitted from quotation.
[16] Ibid., 308.
[17] Ibid., 312.
[18] Gijsbert van den Brink, “God and the Suffering of Animals,” in Playing with Leviathan: Interpretation and Reception of Monsters from the Biblical World, ed. Bekkum et al. (Netherlands: Brill, 2017), 189-190.
[19] Amos 9:13. Van Ee, “Death and the Garden,” 314.
[20] Nell Greenfieldboyce, “Tyrannosaurus Rex’s Bite Force Measured 8,000 Pounds, Scientists Say,” NPR, May 17, 2017. Accessed, Sept 18, 2017, www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/17/528677883/tyrannosaurus-rexs-bite-force-measured-8-000-pounds-scientists-say.
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