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Diarrhoea is when your bowel movements become loose or watery. The definition of diarrhoea is passing loose or watery bowel movements 3 or more times in a day (or more frequently than usual).
Diarrhoea occurs when the lining of the intestine is unable to absorb fluid, or it actively secretes fluid. There are many causes, including infection and inflammation.
Diarrhoea may have many different causes including the following.
1. Infection (with a virus, bacteria or parasite). Infectious diarrhoea is most commonly caused by viruses passed from person to person, or by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with viruses, bacteria - such as Salmonella, or a parasite - such as Cryptosporidium.
2. A change in diet.
3. Food intolerance (e.g. lactose intolerance). Some people have diarrhoea after eating foods containing fructose (a type of sugar) or artificial sweeteners such as sorbitol and mannitol.
4. Drinking excess alcohol.
5. Bowel conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease), coeliac disease or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
6. Malabsorption (e.g. due to problems with the pancreas).
7. Surgery (e.g. when part of the bowel has been removed).
8. Some medicines can cause diarrhoea as a side effect. Antibiotics are a common example.
Anti-motility medicines (sometimes called anti-diarrhoeal medicines) can help slow down the diarrhoea. These medicines may be useful in relieving symptoms of mild or moderate diarrhoea if short term control is needed, for example during travel.
Available products include:
1. loperamide (e.g. Gastro-Stop, Imodium, Stop-It); and
2. diphenoxylate and atropine (e.g. Lomotil, Lofenoxal).
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