Art of Noise - Close (To The Edit) version 1 (AI upscale)

Рет қаралды 118,461

Жыл бұрын

Directed by Zbigniew Rybczyński, 1984.
The video won MTV Music Video Awards for Most Experimental Video and Best Editing in 1985.
The cast of this video later appeared together once more in the video for the Art of Noise track "Dragnet," also directed by Rybczynski. My upscale of that video is hosted on the official AoN channel: • The Art of Noise - Dra...
The girl "was possibly the daughter of a friend of the video’s director, named Sylwia." Despite some effort to find her, no one has come forward to confirm or deny this, and she's not credited in IMDB or anywhere official.
The men in the video are not members of the band.
The distinctive "Hey!" that reappears as a sample in tracks by the Prodigy and others was not performed by a member of the band. The voice belongs to Camilla Pilkington-Smyth, a student of band member JJ Jecsalik's girlfriend. Other spoken word in the track is provided by Karen Clayton, girlfriend of band member Gary Langan.
The video was commissioned by Island Records, who distributed ZTT (the Art of Noise's label) at the time. The commissioner of the video, Kris P. Taylor, worked in the Artist Development and Publicity department at Island and was apparently a fan of Rybczynski, who had won the 1982 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film and emigrated to NYC in 1983.
The video was shot in NYC on "a section of disused elevated railway that ran through a meatpacking district, between 450-456 West 14th Street (you can also briefly see a stretch it during the opening montage sequence of Woody Allen’s 1979 film Manhattan). It’s now a 16-block long elevated urban parkway called 'The High Line' (or, 'High Line Park')."
The band was not involved in supervising the shoot, and had mixed / negative opinions about it on first reaction, in part feeling misrepresented as "Huey Lewis and the News" by the three male actors. Cultural reaction to the video however was largely positive, except in New Zealand where it was banned for apparently promoting violence toward children.
Two other official videos for the track were produced, very similar to each other. Version 2 is hosted on ZTT's channel here: • Art of Noise - Close (... and Version 3 is hosted on ZTT's channel here: • Art of Noise - Close (...

Пікірлер: 526

@kevinconley1575 5 күн бұрын

The algorithm is wild. I have not seen this video in 35 years.

@boossersgarage3239 4 күн бұрын

sounds legit

@richardb6609 4 күн бұрын

Same. How did I not remember that angry karate-chopping punk girl in all that time?!

@beaudwayful 4 күн бұрын

Same

@watchmore4109 4 күн бұрын

this is my first time

@moonchild242 4 күн бұрын

First time for me. How have I never seen this before?

@djdksf1 7 күн бұрын

Literally haven't see this in 40 years. Holds up!

@earthwormandruw 3 күн бұрын

No it definitely does not hold up. It's cool as fuck! But no sorry, it does not hold up

@allanarnold3619 3 күн бұрын

Has it really been that long my, god I'm old

@mjt1517 2 күн бұрын

@@earthwormandruwit holds up. You’re just mad.

@earthwormandruw 2 күн бұрын

@@mjt1517 Mad as in angry or mad as in insane? I'm not either. This is a great song and video but it's very outdated.

@BanthaPooDoo64 2 күн бұрын

80’s videos are GOLDEN GEMS, MTV took off like a rocket showing us a new whole way of music.

@freewheelburning8834 Күн бұрын

if it wasnt for European music MTV would have never taken off, mtv is pretty much dead now

@MoeSlislack Күн бұрын

@@freewheelburning8834 sure there was some great European music but most requested videos in the 80s were American bands like Motley Crue. Mtv killed itself with reality shows and leftist propaganda.

@NoahMotion1970 6 сағат бұрын

Is anyone really denying that? There is no Music Television anymore, hasn’t been since the 90s. It’s all “reality” television now. Euro music has always been more cutting edge…I hate saying that because I’m American.

@freewheelburning8834 6 сағат бұрын

@@NoahMotion1970 at least we still have Sting and Mark Knopfler

@MaxOranges777 4 күн бұрын

Imagine if instead of 1,000,000+ KZfaqr "influencer" clones making KZfaq videos about HOW to make KZfaq videos, all using the same goofy thumbnails with a big thumbs up or pointing finger. . . People actually put effort and thought into make TRUE ART and TRUE CREATIONS like THIS. Everyone claims they are a content "CREATOR" and yet, with all of the modern resources, few are making anything even near this level of creativity in 2024.

@astropioneer3296 3 күн бұрын

Love, love, love this music video. Remember watching it on NightFlight in the midwest USA as a child in the 80s. Thought it was a curiosity back then. Seeing it again some 40 years on proves how genius Director Zbigniew Rybczynski and the Art of Noise were. Bought the cassette and many of their subsequent releases because of this.

@conedust 3 күн бұрын

It's a good video yeah.

@DeadShallows 2 күн бұрын

Well said. You’re exactly right

@dbaargosy4062 2 күн бұрын

@@astropioneer3296nothin but do you remember democrats being the red ones and republicans being the blue ones...this band in the eighties before i could vote, before registration for selective service...maybe before driver ed. yeah writing a letter to young me, don't stop.Adjust.Pay Attention To The One Called God...Figure Youself Out With Him Alone Like A.S.A.P., You Will Fall, And You Will Be Killed, Trust God Then. He Has Your Woman

@olympian3 2 күн бұрын

If people had the will we have all of the tools to live in a music utopia

@ekummel 4 күн бұрын

When Art of Noise debuted, it was the very edge of cutting edge Avant Garde music! Something nobody at that time had ever heard...and we liked it!

@jdallinder 2 күн бұрын

This woke me up on my clock radio in 1985.

@rong2912 Жыл бұрын

This video scared the hell out of me when I was a kid.

@miamikaos5958 7 ай бұрын

Me too!! That little girl and the jump cut editing was scary af.

@joeldrummer81 5 ай бұрын

Es bizarro y extraño para su epoca

@lhun3952 3 ай бұрын

Lol!! Yes, I can see why it would scare a kid. I love this song!

@Brett0000 3 ай бұрын

Haha I loved this video as a kid!!

@rong2912 3 ай бұрын

@@Brett0000 I loved it because it scared me.

@seanmeisner3190 5 күн бұрын

I remember this one. Watching them destroy those beautiful instruments was pure agony, and the first time I saw this I thought: "Oh god what are they going to do to the dog??"

@planzed.2 5 күн бұрын

Omg flashback!! What a great album this came from. I was early teen growing up in the West Country of UK when they released it, hadn’t heard anything like it at time. What a time to grow up eh!! Thanks for the flashback!

@HAL_9000__ 7 күн бұрын

OMG! Yes. The Prodigy samples the “Hey!” here from this song on their song “Firestarter”! I came looking for this video a few days ago because I was listening to the Prodigy and the “Hey!” sounded familiar! Ok… now my brain can let that go. 😆

@RISCGames 6 күн бұрын

Fascinating to learn about the HEY sample in Prodigy, thanks for that!

@cnfuzz 6 күн бұрын

The sample was Anne Dudley , not the little girl

@mondegreen9709 6 күн бұрын

They actually had to give AoN full co-writing credit just for that tiny bit.

@HAL_9000__ 5 күн бұрын

@@cnfuzz Well, yes of course. The little girl mouths it for the video, but it’s actually not her voice. I’ve corrected my initial comment 😬

@scotto2317 5 күн бұрын

@@cnfuzz the voices were done by a student of JJ’s girlfriend

@alanm7186 8 күн бұрын

Always loved this video back in the days of MTV and still love it!!

@Groundedsquirrel 5 күн бұрын

I can’t believe I never saw this video even though I played their albums over and over in art school. It’s 🔥

@jeffmclean9411 5 күн бұрын

The best decade for new music - period.

@Kommander_Rahnn 4 күн бұрын

Wrong. That would be the 70's

@donlarocque5157 4 күн бұрын

In the 83 I was 18. Most of the stuff I was listening to was greatest hit tapes from the 70s. Steely Dan is still one of my favorites to sing along with. Pink Floyd being #1.@@Kommander_Rahnn

@reldwob22 3 күн бұрын

⁠@@Kommander_RahnnWrong. That would be the ‘80’s. (Although as it’s art, it’s subjective, so daft to say right or wrong…)

@CJJC 3 күн бұрын

Certainly the best for New Musik

@dyscotopia 3 күн бұрын

As far as musical innovation in production techniques the 80s probably had the most movement, but it's hard to look at any era where there wasn't amazing new music being released... I think the 80s also get a big box tick as there was a receptive audience for new sounds. The music that dominates the mainstream now is often bombastic fluff, but there are tons of indie artists in all genres killing it despite the unlikeliihood of ever making a viable career in today's industry

@filmsforsmartpeople3587 3 күн бұрын

I used to love this back in the day. Tough little girl.

@CanadianTimeLord 4 күн бұрын

It's stuff like this that made the 80s the best decade for music. This would never see the light of day if recorded today.

@mash83 2 күн бұрын

What on earth does that mean..

@richardthompson6366 2 күн бұрын

Digital killed the video star.

@silvermica 4 күн бұрын

I bought the album when it came out. I never saw the video until just now (2024) - 40 some years later..

@ronniefarnsworth6465 7 күн бұрын

Ahhh Classic MTV when it was Koool !! 😁 👍

@eklektikTechno 7 күн бұрын

Actually when music was cool

@planzed.2 5 күн бұрын

@@eklektikTechno100%

@DavidWilliford 5 күн бұрын

Yes absolutely when the M stood for music instead of moron.

@planzed.2 5 күн бұрын

@@DavidWilliford 😂🤚 yes

@ronniefarnsworth6465 4 күн бұрын

@@DavidWilliford Yes 😆

@SamLowryDZ-015 9 күн бұрын

Key foundational moment in the digital revolution that forever changed popular music.

@jamesrowden303 7 күн бұрын

Erm, no.

@The-KP 7 күн бұрын

Oh? Care to explain?

@MrOtistetrax 6 күн бұрын

Haha. No. Trevor Horn and The Art of Noise have their place in the pantheon of early electronics-only stars, but nothing about this track is “foundational”. It wasn’t even that innovative. Yes, sampling was new and surprising to most people, but they were hardly using it to do anything really groundbreaking. I find it ironic how in the video they’re symbolically destroying all these real instruments, while the track is made up of so many badly synthesised piano, brass and string sounds. The really foundational stuff wasn’t happening in big studios where producers were playing incredibly expensive pieces of kit like Fairlights as though they were pianos so they could make Pop, it was happening in bedrooms and basements, where people were pushing cheap machines to their limit and coming up with entirely new sounds and styles.

@jamesrowden303 6 күн бұрын

@@MrOtistetrax It sounds like a demo from the Commodore Amiga.

@Gk2003m 6 күн бұрын

…for the worse

@ashfaq1999 3 ай бұрын

Remember seeing this great video on the tube back in 1984 🎶

@nickcassettes 4 күн бұрын

This was the sound of cutting hair in Croydon in 1984 - (Scratch/The End) - AON, Thomas Dolby, FGTH, Xmal Deutschland, Bowie, Bauhaus, Banshees. It was the best of times. xxx

@sailorpluto9914 3 күн бұрын

This is one of my favorite videos and musical groups from the 1980s.

@mediaassassin 9 ай бұрын

Amazing upscale. The clearest I've seen this video in decades. - HA

@ksteiger 6 күн бұрын

It's just been sharpened. Not magic.

@user-qm2py9xd1g 7 күн бұрын

That little kid is flipping hilarious

@ksteiger 6 күн бұрын

Serious vibe

@Gene-XL 2 күн бұрын

Man! I had forgotten all about this! I remember loving this from the old V66 days!!!!!

@djkenry 5 ай бұрын

This is probably my favorite video. I've been a huge fan of AON since 83. I try to get people into this video, but it scares most people. Tra la la, Ha ha hah

@jellyrollnorton 6 күн бұрын

Is its message "We must destroy traditional musical instruments. Synthesizers only!"

@agoodday4pi Күн бұрын

Wanna feel old? The girl in the video is probably 46 years old now 😊

@rcfanaticdublin 22 сағат бұрын

Yeah...same age as my Youngest Sis...Born in 1978.

@michaelparylak5649 10 сағат бұрын

If you're a guy that's not that old.

@thesean3194 4 күн бұрын

Wow does this bring back memories. Good job algo.

@christopherwlaschin1291 4 күн бұрын

This is my favorite music video of all time. I first watched it at First Ave when I was like 14. My brother worked at First Ave when this first came out.

@CaptainRetroStation 26 күн бұрын

I remember first hearing this when it came out. I was just a kid. So, when someone turned the radio on, and all I hear are chainsaws, car engines, and breaking glass, I was like, “you can do this?… Cool!” 😃👍

@ladyraven30 8 күн бұрын

OMG! I completely forgot about this video!

@peterlundskow4061 5 күн бұрын

Ditto! The 1980's a great music decade!

@SirHatchporch 5 ай бұрын

Wow, stunning work! I have never seen this in such high quality before. I remember when MTV used to play this every hour. It is still one of my all-time favorite videos.

@Aramanth 7 күн бұрын

Beautifully clear upscale!

@eklektikTechno 7 күн бұрын

I can’t picture this track put to anything but this video 😁👍🏾👍🏾👍🏾👍🏾 classic!!!

@okiejay 20 сағат бұрын

I'm now 49 years old. The last time I saw this video I was probably around 10 years old. Crazy.

@Rantacular 10 ай бұрын

..STILL, one of the dopest, boldest, punkest concepts in music videos...when this came out, it was a bit controversial & very daring, destroying yesteryear's instruments - some were definitely up in arms about this video....a forever favorite of mine.💯💯🤘🏽🤘🏽🤙🏽🖖🏽 *00:41 is my fave scene "

@zmpfl5044 9 ай бұрын

😂Kills me every time.

@zindi1138 8 ай бұрын

trippy af

@tangosierradelta 5 ай бұрын

"What he said..." and my favorite parts are 00:20 en 00:38 .

@sandwich-breath 2 күн бұрын

Used to listen to this album on cassette when I was a kid. They were a huge influence on my taste in electronic music, so much so I started making it in the 90’s and never stopped to this day.

@kjaze Күн бұрын

Yep. Right there with you!

@KingOFuh 3 күн бұрын

I loved this the first time I saw it on MTV way back. One of my favorite all time videos.

@william21990 8 күн бұрын

Trevor Horn was a quite the innovator.

@sammencia7945 4 күн бұрын

By time videos added Dolby NR in mid-1984, one could then play these in a club via a VCR in stereo with decent SQ and bass. We used U-matic and BetaMax. This one filled my dance floor in 84 to 86 handily.

@shinigami146 4 күн бұрын

This randomly popped up in my feed. I haven't seen or thought about this since the 80s. The video is a bit more interesting than the song itself, but i think it gave me nightmares back in the day. Hopefully it will not today.

@KEvronista 6 күн бұрын

zbigniew rybczyski directed the best rock videos of that period. his masterpiece, inho, is "all that i wanted" by belfegore, but this one is definitely iconic. KEvron

@jjmalaprop9968 4 күн бұрын

Thanks for the recommendation. It was quite enjoyable.

@theshamanarchist5441 Күн бұрын

The guy who told the Mujahadeen to fight the Russkies??? Bollox

@thevoiceman6192 4 күн бұрын

I saw this on Night Flight alot. I see they cleaned it up in post production. The original quality did not hold up.

@larry785 Күн бұрын

I haven't seen this in 800 years!!!

@s.wilson5675 Жыл бұрын

Excellent tune and video. Great upload. Thank you.

@jimliebel201 6 күн бұрын

And then the instruments came back !!!!! Stronger than ever !!!!!

@ladietrich1794 3 ай бұрын

Such a creative band - so odd that this original video isn't on their official youtube page so thanks for putting it up!

@darthkek1953 8 күн бұрын

Yes I WONDER WHY.

@justinbennitt835 8 күн бұрын

It was an unofficial video, nothing to do with the band or ZTT

@NickSBailey 6 күн бұрын

it was the first video I saw on TV for this track then at some point they did a different never more bland one, knew why they decided this wasn't good enough I always preferred it, it matched the spirit of the music breaking with tradition and entering new sonic territory

@scotto2317 6 күн бұрын

@@justinbennitt835 it was definitely official

@justinbennitt835 6 күн бұрын

@@scotto2317 not according to the band or ZTT regardless of whether MTV were playing it.

@bradleyconrad678 5 күн бұрын

That baseline is so Trevor Horn it hurts.😊

@HAL_9000__ 17 күн бұрын

😄… so great. Gonna go check out Herbie Hancock’s “Rockit” after this!

@meesalikeu 8 күн бұрын

that is the correct follow up i think 🎉😂

@KennToomey 3 күн бұрын

I've been to the studio where that was engineered. :-)

@billmoran3219 6 күн бұрын

Didn’t get this video 40 years ago and 40 years later I still don’t !

@cnfuzz 6 күн бұрын

They smash up conventional classic instruments and use fairlights instead and you don't get it ?😅

@malebolgia07 5 күн бұрын

It’s an 80s music video. What’s to “get”. This when I used to sit on my couch with a bottle of Jack on a Saturday evening and watch MTV till 3:00am and then go to church with my family. 😁😁😁

@cnfuzz 5 күн бұрын

@@malebolgia07 the AON manifesto written for ZTT is right there visually in the video , sure there was a message to be had

@malebolgia07 5 күн бұрын

@@cnfuzz What part of “bottle of Jack” was not clear.😅

@veranet99 28 күн бұрын

This looks great, thank you.

@Bladerunner4924764 6 күн бұрын

Crazy! I was recently thinking of this video but couldn't remember anything about it other than that little girl doing karate chops to the beat.

@andyp3834 5 күн бұрын

Thanks, been going through a rough time lately, im sure U and everyone else has been there, but this made my day, thank U!

@danielgarlock2074 4 күн бұрын

Hey slow deep breaths and strong peace at everyone, love happens.

@andyp3834 4 күн бұрын

@@danielgarlock2074 Just 3 hours ago I was in my first AA meeting and it went awesome, this has been the hardest thing I have ever had to deal with, and I've been through a lot in just 55 years, thanks so much for your comment, Love was definitely the in air at today's AA meeting and everyone felt it, including me and you. Thank You ;-)

@danielgarlock2074 3 күн бұрын

...anytime 😀✅💜

@jumpstar9000 3 күн бұрын

@andyp3834 I quit back in October. I was in a bad state. Was a bit rocky to start with but not a problem now and feel much better for it. We're the same age mate. You can do it!! ❤💫

@andyp3834 3 күн бұрын

@@jumpstar9000 Thanks, I do have some hope now, had none before, but I'm still drinking 2-24 oz 5% beers a day, last 2 days, I just cant believe how I am powerless over alcohol, I really appreciate you and people like you, without people like you who care, I'd never make it, I'll keep you posted my friend, thanks again, God bless. . . ...

@joebutta105 5 күн бұрын

This is a work of art....

@itsthe1 39 минут бұрын

I had this album back in 1984 here in the U.S. This is the first time seeing this video. I have the album on my Ipod Classic and still play Beat Box while working out.

@Goldie56937 Күн бұрын

I forgot all about this one, flashback, WOW!

@campion10 6 күн бұрын

This video is referenced in the venture brothers episode what goes down must come up along with firestarter and David Bowie and many other references.

@clarebear5559 2 күн бұрын

Never seen this video until yesterday. Why is it so captivating? Love the little girl.

@7mountainsMatt Ай бұрын

I have been a fan of AON for 30 years. I follow them on Pandora, and never would I have imagined this video! Pretty cool techno, I give it a thumbs up 👍

@Forced2DoThis1 Ай бұрын

I feel old....I remember when this video premiered! lol

@Xcorgi Күн бұрын

Best quality of this video since I saw it for the first time on USA channel’s Night Flight ✈️ show back in the 80’s.

@walrtbstudios5430 8 күн бұрын

Never seen this video before- but I worked in a record shop in the 80s and we used to play the album to piss off the musos…

@Groundedsquirrel 5 күн бұрын

Same except our record store had limited stuff we were allowed to actually play so I resorted to Sinead O’Connors Lion and the Cobra and Weird Al!

@mikeydeloa7348 5 күн бұрын

What was a muso?

@Groundedsquirrel 5 күн бұрын

@@mikeydeloa7348 I had to google it myself as it’s apparently Brittish

@michaelanthony9068 2 күн бұрын

Loved this video!

@ericbabcock846 7 күн бұрын

My first industrial music. & this was on my first day of MTV went with road warrior

@Markycarandbikestuff 5 күн бұрын

Can highly recommend looking up the live performance of this at the Prince's Trust concert from 2004, Clem Burke is an absolute beast on drums and Trevor Horne is an awesome base player, Anne Dudley on keyboards. .

@projektkobra2247 2 күн бұрын

Hate to take away the 420th comment...but ...possibly the most dangerous looking video ever made.

@maxbrandt6 4 күн бұрын

Cutting edge stuff for 1984, I wonder what became of little punk girl.

@bmminc3001 4 сағат бұрын

Forever one of my favorite cuts..

@hardtfelt 3 күн бұрын

First time I saw this I was dancing at the Boathouse video bar in Austin, TX in 1984; couldn't take my eyes off it!

@jamesjackson9606 2 ай бұрын

The great 80s, when music was different.

@akm7453 22 күн бұрын

Это были прекрасные времена, когда не было никаких жопошников

@thecrapartistx 2 күн бұрын

I think I was too young when this video was new because it really disturbed me as a little kid..

@markli3889 3 күн бұрын

ahh the unmistakable sound of the Fairlight CMI

@conedust 3 күн бұрын

Wonder if the girl in the video has ever been interviewed about it. I mean retrospectively, as an adult. Looks like fun 😆

@ericosterman810 3 күн бұрын

I haven't seen this video in like 25 or 30 years

@kenniferlopez1 Күн бұрын

Oh the FM synthesis in this baby! I'm back in the 80's!!!

@mis4nthr0p3 Күн бұрын

🎵 "Hey! Hey! Yy-eah! Hey!"

@RobRymill 19 күн бұрын

One word - Brilliant!!

@flamencoprof 5 күн бұрын

That "hey" was also sampled for LOVELY DAY ( 88 Sunshine Mix ) remixed by BEN LIEBRAND - Bill Withers.

@MartySulls 5 күн бұрын

I bought that on CD single. It also had original version s of Lovely day, Lean on Me and Ain't no Sunshine. It introduced me to Bill W as a 17 year old and took me on a musical journey of a lifetime. I'm also a massive fan of Trevor H's work and Anne D.

@skumsters2323 3 күн бұрын

wtf there is a video of me as a kid thanks you mucho love from Rotterdamn man

@peterpaul231 10 ай бұрын

A top 5 video of all time.

@petermgruhn 5 күн бұрын

But it's tedious and dull.

@BrucknerMotet 4 күн бұрын

They didn't know it but they were three future War Boys and one Furiosa! And they would ride the Fury Road historical. All shiny and chrome!

@jedimindtrick8966 2 күн бұрын

Oh, what a day... what a lovely day!

@murrayshekelberg9754 5 күн бұрын

Prodigy sampled "Hey!" for Firestarter from this but also seemed to take some inspiration from the video as well for their own video. A Lot of similar elements. Both are classics in their own right and not calling it a ripoff, more of a nod of respect to a past influence

@BrettCaton 2 күн бұрын

That kid could be a grandmother by now. Life is weird.

@joshmos 7 күн бұрын

Greatest Music Video of all time. Fight me.

@xphile01 4 күн бұрын

Love this classic! My fav Art of Noise is Paranoimia w/ Max Headroom

@theshamanarchist5441 Күн бұрын

MMMMax Headroom was gooooooooood man.

@markusb.6730 Күн бұрын

yes, I had the CD ... back then

@adey88splace 2 ай бұрын

almost like the first time i have seen it. Good job!

@jamescromer550 5 күн бұрын

I remember MTV showing the hell out of this back in the day. Loved it, but I did smoke reefer back then, lol.

@churrymurray 3 күн бұрын

Great video

@steelstreet79 2 күн бұрын

I am a 45 year old Hispanic man and this is the first time watching this..

@theshamanarchist5441 Күн бұрын

No one cares mate.

@steelstreet79 Күн бұрын

@@theshamanarchist5441 I love this video it's so cool. Thank you!

@troymcdonald Жыл бұрын

Nice! Thanks

@reneelyons6836 4 күн бұрын

Oh, Snap! That was tuff!! Very creative. A little hard to watch, beautiful instruments being tore up.

@sketchypeoplepdx 6 күн бұрын

This is the sketchy that my soul needs!

@busywl69 10 ай бұрын

really good job

@DeLanfer 6 күн бұрын

Merci je ne l'avais jamais vu !

@Harland_Globetrotter 3 күн бұрын

I haven’t seen this in so many years. Crazy I wonder what happened to the little girl. Like what’s she up to these days

@neil6958 3 күн бұрын

This clip made sense to me in the 80's, but now I don't know what the meaning is! There was a connection back then, but it does not make sense to me now!