Blood typing made easy with explanation on ABO blood groups and Rh factor for nurses (blood transfusions).
There are 8 total blood types from four blood groups (A, B, AB, O). In nursing we transfuse blood, but before we do this we have to collect blood from the patient who will be receiving the blood transfusion. The patient's blood will be typed and crossmatched with a donor. The donor’s blood must be compatible with our patient to prevent a transfusion reaction.
To understand blood typing, you have to understand the relationship between antigens and antibodies.
What are red blood cell antigens? They are either present or absent on the surface of RBC. All red blood cells have them EXCEPT Type O RBCs. Antigens are proteins that can elicit an immune response when they come into contact with its corresponding antibodies. Therefore, they stimulate antibodies to defend the body.
So, when the same red blood cell antigens and antibodies get together it will cause an IMMUNE RESPONSE called agglutination. This is where the RBCs will glue together, hence clump together. Therefore, it is VERY important a person is not transfused with the wrong blood type.
Blood Types: Recipient and Donor
A blood type: has only A antigens on its surface with B antibodies in the plasma.
Type A: donates to A and AB and recipient of O and A
B blood type: has only B antigens on its surface with A antibodies in the plasma.
Type B: donates to B and AB and recipient of O and B
AB blood type: has both A and B antigens on its surface with NO antibodies in it plasma.
Type AB: donates to only other ABs but recipient of O, A, B, and AB...known as the "UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT"
O blood type: has NO antigens on its surface with A and B antibodies in its plasma.
Type O: donates to all types but only recipient of other O....known as the "UNIVERSAL DONOR".
Rh factors: either present or absent on the red blood cells surface.
If these factors are present on the RBC the patient is Rh POSTIVIE, but if these factors are absent the patient is Rh NEGATIVE.
If a patient is Rh positive they can receive either Rh+ or RH- blood. While Rh negative patients can receive only Rh- blood.
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