I simply enjoy the fact you and nick make all this information public. Living here my whole life there have been so much assumption by myself. The definition you two have given me is absolutely priceless man. Much appreciated

I want to clarify in this earlier comment of mine that by “many ice ages”, what I really meant was “many stadials” or “many glacial advances”. Technically the entire Pleistocene can be considered one Ice Age altogether, within which have been several cycles of stadial (cold period/glacial advance) followed by interstadial (warm period/glacial retreat), and many scientists even push the date of the current overall ice age back from the start of the Pleistocene to around 35 Ma, when the Antarctic ice sheets started to grow. Still some others refer to the Pleistocene ice age and Antarctic ice age as two separate, but consecutive ice ages. But again, my comment relates to the many separate stadials/glacial advances during the Pleistocene…not actual, proper ice ages. The Earth has, however gone through many proper Ice Ages too, also known as “glaciations”, or “icehouse climates”, as opposed to a “greenhouse climate”, in which there is no ice at either pole. Previous ice ages include the Archean Pongola glaciation, Paleoproterozoic Huronian/Makgenyene glaciation, the possible-but-scant-supported Mesoproterozoic King Leopold Glaciation, the controversial Tonian Kaigas glaciation (our own Mike Eddy, who many will be familiar with on this channel has in fact helped to publish the latest supporting evidence for this event, which has been challenged by many Precambrian glaciation experts), the famous Cryogenian Sturtian and Marinoan “snowball earth” glaciations, the Ediacaran Gaskiers and Baikonurian glaciation (the latter extends just into Cambrian time, and may be labeled with the more old-fashioned “Infracambrian” or “Vendian” time periods), the Ordovician Hirnantian/Andean-Saharan glaciation, and of course the Permo-carboniferous Karoo/Late Paleozoic Glaciation. There is also increasing evidence for occasional Mesozoic icehouse events or “cold snaps”, though the scientific community has not gone so far as to label these as proper “Ice Ages” quite yet…these seem to have occurred sporadically throughout the Mesozoic, namely during the Late Pliensbachian, Bajocian-Bathonian, and Tithonian epochs of the Jurassic, and the Valanginian-Hauterivian and Aptian-Albian epochs of the Cretaceous. The evidence includes possible glacial tillites, dropstones, and glendonites (cold water carbonates), nannofossil physiological changes, oxygen isotope data, and even purported glacial scour marks. So, yes-the earth has seen many ice ages, but within an individual ice age, there are many cycles of stadials (cold periods, glacial advances) and interstadials (warm periods/glacial retreats, like the interstadial during which we currently live, even though we still live during an ice age, overall), governed by perturbations in the earth’s orbital characteristics with regard to the sun (see: Milankovitch cycles), and it was to these repeated stadials/glacial advances of our current Ice Age that I was referring in my comment.

Lauren Alter>> In high school geology was one of my favorite course but I always got C's and slipped off the honor roll (math grades sucked, too) because each class, I was so incredibly fascinated by learning the deep stories of this planet we live on that come the pop quizzes and tests I blew it because I took lousy notes and blew off all those really important factoids like dates and pHs and things I was supposed to be absorbing. The "romance" and scope of the geologic record was what packed the wallops for me. Now, with Nick and some others, I can just listen and look with no test coming later! Trance time again, right??

Finally, someone who gets it!

Same here , hello from Finland.

Should've added the whole mountain is Tertiary dated and the Calcrete outcrop is found on top

Fascinating. How do you prepare the raw calcrete for ceramic slipwork?

@@taleandclawrock2606 smashing, grinding and sieving, two or three different sieves thicknesses to get the fine powder and separate harder stuff, then mixing it with water and apply by bath or brush over fresh clay to even the drying so it sticks well and no more than the layers needed because calcium melts above 1100 C

Thankyou!

My thought was an electric bike with an out rigger attached Has to be light enough to get off the tracks rapidly. Lol

The gaggle of little kids in my neighborhood nicknamed me Ground Hotly. I just figured out why.

Like Mr Wheeler head of the railway workers union in UK, or Mr Horner, CEO of a condom manufacturing company there too!

They should just be thankful that it is cattle and not pigs!

I'm not sure either. The lakes formed in Pasco Basin at the end of RIngold time probably didn't form by ponding against the Horse Heaven Hills, as has been said for years. The HHH and Wallula Gap appear to be older than 3 Ma. The young Simcoe volcanics near Goldendale may be the culprit. Their eruption may have swamped the Columbia Gorge, forming a dam for a while until the river cut through. Not sure. That story, first proposed a hundred years ago, is being sorted out by others right now.

@@skyecooleyartwork But the Columbia used to run through the lower Yakima Valley on to Goldendale?? HHH formed after this time?

That makes two of us.

Rural Iowa can curl toes in the summer time too!

There is a retired u of u geologist just this last year did three u tube vids on breaching of red rock pass by tsunami from quake in saltlake vall6 by little cottonwood canyon and bell canyon. He started with Gilbert's trench thought to be a Groban but he proposes and I thinkproves it was actually an underwater land slide . Also by bells canyon

@@jeffbybee5207 I believe i saw that one, or one similar. I might just go up to USU which is 3 minutes away from me and see who i can chat with. if i can find the time during the day.

try Shawn Willsey he teaches at an Idaho University

Are you the big operation off Rd E SE south of the golf course? I'd love to take a look at what you've got if you'll have me.

Of course, by "amazing" you mean "not very tall" and "a bit shifty".

@@skyecooleyartwork well at least he does not wrangle grizzley bears for a living.

Calcretes developed atop a low-relief, low-elevation surface formed after a base level drop of the Columbia River system at ~3.2 Ma, possibly a result of the river defeating the Simcoe volcanic pile. The calcrete-armored surface has since been folded and faulted by Yakima Fold Belt structures. So calcretes would be younger than the base level drop (and post-Ringold unconformity). They are no older than ~3 Ma and no younger than ~50 ka. Young uplift of some YFB ridges seems quite possible, though they may have developed in stages. Some anticlines may have begun to form 10-15 million years ago. Pulses of uplift? Also, the Cougar Point Tuff (~11 Ma) that Nick showed us in a previous video sits today atop the Saddle Mts ridge. It was deposited and thickened in a lowland setting. The Saddle Mts ridge - at least the Sentinel Gap portion - must not have been there at 11 Ma.

The impressive north face of Saddle Mts only drops 600m to Crab Creek, a flood-scoured coulee. Calcrete-armored benches on the south side of Frenchman Hills match up well with the Smyrna Bench surface. A great view can be had along Rd 15 SW off Beverly-Burke Rd. The alluvial fill that used to span the Crab Creek valley (prior to ice age flooding) looked a lot like it does on the gently-sweeping south slope of Saddle Mts, between the crest and White Bluffs. Structurally and topographically, the wrinkle ridges are not that big. But that hike up the north face is still pretty darn tiring.

@@skyecooleyartwork interesting, Smyrna bench and Frenchman Hills benches match elevation. Thxs

Guessing steam moving up and out of the wet ash bed was responsible for red discoloration at the base of the basalt flow. A slight chemistry change occurred during eruption and was later highlighted by weathering (oxidation). I bet Dr. Shamloo knows.

BNSF runs the trains the old Milwaukee was abondaned years ago.

Map is here: www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/ger_gm45_geol_map_se_wa_250k.pdf