Cheddar Man DNA Secrets ~ with DR SELINA BRACE

Рет қаралды 72,943

Күн бұрын

He is 10,000 years old. The oldest complete skeleton found in Britain. But who was Cheddar Man, what did he look like, and how did he live?
DR SELINA BRACE is a biologist who works with ancient and degraded DNA, investigating species-level and evolutionary processes. She is a researcher in the Earth Sciences Department and also manages the ancient DNA laboratory at the Natural History Museum in London, UK.
MARK from Evolution Soup talks in depth with Selina about the Cheddar Man discovery, the newest and most updated information about him... and what the DNA extracted from the bones reveal.
00:00 START
01:52 Selina's Background
03:19 Cheddar Man Discovery
06:41 Cheddar Man History
10:28 Cannibals
14:36 Ancient DNA Techniques
23:37 Cheddar Man DNA
32:17 Dark Skin & Geography
37:27 Light Skin Evolution
40:28 Future Projects
LINKS FOR SELINA BRACE:
SITE: bit.ly/2J2JGiy
TWITTER: @SelBrace / selbrace
London Natural History Museum: www.nhm.ac.uk/
KZfaq: Prof. Ian Barnes and Dr Selina Brace interview | New Light on Old Britons Conference: bit.ly/37fup5Y
Podcast: Selina & Ian Barnes on Genetics Unzipped: bit.ly/376XiRU
SPECIAL THANKS to amazing paleo artist ETTORE MAZZA for providing unique artwork for this interview!
LINKS:
Art: www.deviantart.com/ettore-mazza
Instagram: 'ettorre.mazza / ettore.mazza
ALSO: Julio Lacerda
Art: www.deviantart.com/julio-lace...
Instagram: @lacerda.julio
Interviews powered by streamyard.com/
#evolutionsoup #evolution #paleo #paleontology #paleoartist #Homosapiens #hominid #artwork #Darwin #cave #bone #fossils #Neanderthal #australopithecus #hominin #extinct #animals #science #anthropology #paleoanthropology #genus #species #africa #skull #skulls #naturalselection #lucy #paleontology #dna #cheddarman
---------------
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DISCLAIMER:
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
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Пікірлер: 568

@conner13.c16 3 жыл бұрын

Amazing interview, it blows my mind how in two decades we have been able to sequence ancient DNA to the extent of certifying that it truly comes from ancient times. Also the explanation of how those populations from ancient Britain survived even though they had this particular trait not so common at higher latitudes makes me wonder how complex (beautiful and elegant) is the evolution process and natural selection. Thank you Mark and Selina.

@pjmoseley243 2 жыл бұрын

alot of students but then she changed it to a couple of students??????????? in the same breath???????? then she said to done a PHd in her late 20s ealty 30s?????????????? I am very sceptical about everything she says. I dont believe a thing she concludes.the story has changed over the last 20 years 40,000 years ago the english were not here??? it sounds BS to me.

@conner13.c16 2 жыл бұрын

@@pjmoseley243 then don’t believe her, research for yourself. That is the beauty of sciences, you can do it on your own.

@pjmoseley243 2 жыл бұрын

@@conner13.c16 I dont have access to her detailed equipment and I dont have the skills. What I am saying is its very apt that the year in which the communist blm movement is publicised then this comes out, I find it unbelievable and I will not believe it. someone is jumping on the bandwagon.

@conner13.c16 2 жыл бұрын

@@pjmoseley243 oh now I get it, it is kind of obvious in the end. Now I realize that you truly do not have the skills.

@pjmoseley243 2 жыл бұрын

@@conner13.c16 exactly conner the story I heard is so different to the original conner. I am not a scientist I am just a mere mortal. Peace.

@oakstrong1 2 жыл бұрын

I stumbled on this video by accident I am casually interested in evolution, especially human one, and ancient & modern cultures anyway, but Dr Brace make the topic sound so interesting and as approachable as she is herself! She is the kind of educator that had she been my teacher I might have chosen to study some biology related science. I would definitely love to hear her talk about her other projects!

@theonlymeaning 2 жыл бұрын

I could repeat every word of your comment! I do wish I had teachers sparking my interest in science back when I thought English Lit would be my world! Long, long ago.

@oakstrong1 2 жыл бұрын

@@theonlymeaning I agree, some teachers spark interest and some kill any spark there might be. I had The highest grade possible when I left compulsory school but barely passed each class at the next. I tore my entire book into 1 inch squares because I hated the teacher so much and everything she represented! I regretted it 20 years later when I ended up studying for a medically related job... I could read about the genetics and inheritance of fruit flies online of course, but I prefer to read a physical book! I still have my French and psychology books, 40 years later, even though I was only mildly interested in French and recent leaps in research of psychology has evolved into a different beast! To be honest, I wish I would have kept my Russian language, geography maths and history books, too, even though sciences evolve and the interpretation of history changes with time - they would still be a refresher to build upon. And I would not have to pay for another book on Russian to support my language learning app.

@tmcb2000 2 жыл бұрын

Ironic for Cheddar man to be lactose intolerant.

@oakstrong1 2 жыл бұрын

All cheese are generally lower in lactose than milk and hard cheeses contain almost no lactose so the Cheddar Man might well have been able to eat cheddar (especially the mature and extra mature ones) had it been invented. The longer the aging process, the less lactose a cheese contains. Most cheeses that have been aged for over nine months won't contain any at all!

@TheShootist 2 жыл бұрын

He got better.

@cecil123 2 жыл бұрын

They'll claim he preferred soy and almond milk

@helenamcginty4920 2 жыл бұрын

Shame your little joke got lost. But lactose tolerance is a minority aberration. I believe it is a relatively recent mutation but suggest you check.

@tmcb2000 2 жыл бұрын

@@helenamcginty4920 Yes, it was a little joke

@amandajstar 2 жыл бұрын

I love the information, but also, as a bonus, Dr Selina Brace seems so very delightful as a person.

@kurtoogle4576 2 жыл бұрын

Dr. Brace is so good at explaining this material! Really interesting! Thank you!

@jesusexposed1848 2 жыл бұрын

ur pic is 🤣

@krisbelenky5512 2 жыл бұрын

What an amazing woman. She can explain such complex matters in terms anyone can understand. Genetics are fascinating.

@DORKSIDE616 Жыл бұрын

That's because she's acting.

@allmightlionthunder5515 Жыл бұрын

We just say it got this and people well believe it lol i believe its fake and was part of an agenda ! .

@iggie1439 5 ай бұрын

@@DORKSIDE616 Really, are you that condescending to mean that. AO

@patrik421 8 ай бұрын

I know that Tasmanian aborigines lived there for 40K years and they were very dark skinned, even though Tasmania is in a temperate climate (a subarctic climate during the last Ice Age). Just like Cheddar Man and other WHGs, they had diets heavy in red meat and seafood. Would also be interesting to look for vitamin D enhancing genes in their DNA.

@jamestodd2323 3 жыл бұрын

Just wonderful. To be able to hear the actual DNA specialist for Chedder man should put any of the controversy about skin color to rest. Ancient humans and DNA is endlessly fascinating. Thank you.

@togodamnus 3 жыл бұрын

@Dan Baker I have a potentially silly question. If an individual is tanned from exposure to the sun would that at all be detectable in the DNA profile? Just wondering, i suspect not but had to ask so i can cease wondering. This is an open question for anyone with insights or experience in genome work. Its amazing to me. Thanks for reading!

@jeuandavidjones 3 жыл бұрын

@Dan Baker Surely, if your data/analysis contradicts this finding, it should be submitted to relevant academic/learned journals for peer review and all that. Debating on KZfaq isn't where answers to important questions get resolved.

@magnificent6668 2 жыл бұрын

Not really. The same genes for skin color are in Asians, east Asians even. To say there's no difference between let's say, a Korean and a sub Saharan African in skin color is a lie.

@togodamnus 2 жыл бұрын

@John Osman Roger that, i guess there is no way to determine exposure to sun in genomic evidences. Even highly pigmented people are darkened via sunlight exposure. Interesting, thanks for feedback and input!

@ddcc66 2 жыл бұрын

@@togodamnus kzfaq.info/get/bejne/qpeElLNix8W8poE.html

@MikePhilbin1966 2 жыл бұрын

Dear Evol-Soup, thanks for this... genius idea to interview her in her boat during the last lockdown, it has to be THE MOST RELAXED and HAPPIEST interview I've ever seen with this charming geneticist, and good luck sequencing THE CANNIBALS. :)

@samanthajohnston9269 2 жыл бұрын

According to the DNA site 23& Me my husband is related to Cheddar Man even though we live in USA. My husband has similar high cheekbones.

@goombah226 Жыл бұрын

You had better be sleeping with one eye open. Chedder man was a cannibal.

@idio-syncrasy 2 жыл бұрын

Amazing person. Her students are lucky. Really interesting and a great communicator.

@dreamerliteraryproductions9423 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for a great interview! I've watched this before, but had to come back for another viewing!

@christrinder1255 2 жыл бұрын

Very interesting information on Cheddar Man, and so much more! Thanks so much for posting!👏👏👏👍

@breathoffreshair7314 5 ай бұрын

If anyone wants to be properly informed on Cheddar Man, watch the video by *Survive The Jive* on the subject. Cheddar mans recreation was done by Tom Booth who is basically a far left genealogist and has even published papers on using science to promote such agendas.

@Jimmie2429 4 ай бұрын

I will second your recommendation. STJ cuts thru the narrative and propaganda pushing this ridiculous “we’ve always been here” agenda in Britain.

@3ducs 2 жыл бұрын

Making cups out of skulls might just have been a practical matter. A handy cup for people who aren't firing clay pots.

@casteretpollux 2 жыл бұрын

@John J Kelly Very sad to say in modern times one soldier boasted of using part of s skull of a civilian victim for an ashtray.

@casteretpollux 2 жыл бұрын

@John J Kelly Sorry. It was a good joke you made and I enjoyed it. I like to think that our forebears were peaceful and neighbourly and I'm sure that the vast majority of the time they were.

@realityhelix564 2 жыл бұрын

"Ancient Cannibal Expert" is one of those job descriptions that is probably a lot less exciting than it initially sounds. Probably not much more than looking at little bone fragments, but also, you get to tell people that's what your job is.

@archibaldbagge1235 2 жыл бұрын

and get plenty of chicks at parties.

@tomjackson4374 2 жыл бұрын

Gives a whole new meaning to you are what you eat.

@jean-pierredevent970 2 жыл бұрын

Visiting Malta, I thought those who built those famous temples there, were probably very different in culture and mind set than present Europeans but these temples seem to young to be the work of Cheddar man like people.

@tamsinwood2 2 жыл бұрын

So enlightening. Great to learn new information

@CarlOttersen 2 жыл бұрын

That was a really good interview and exchange. Thoroughly understood and enjoyed it. Thanks both of you!

@bobaldo2339 2 жыл бұрын

I just want to point out that elevation above sea level is very important re the amount of UV rays people experience. You can live very far removed either N or S of the equator, but at higher elevations, and receive a very large amount of UV. I lived at 8,600 feet for 25 years in the US SW, and can tell you the UV was strong. Now think of the Tibetan Plateau at 15, ooo feet.

@oakstrong1 2 жыл бұрын

Snow and water also reflect a lot of UV rays. It is easy to get a sunburn on a skiing trip and so much faster on the boat or beach than sunbathing in the garden.

@KristinaTurnerAquarius 2 жыл бұрын

Also a lot of UV in Southwestern New Mexico at 4000 to 10000 feet above sea level. I swam outside without sunscreen for 3 hours and got a third degree sunburn.

@jamesdelk8926 Жыл бұрын

The man was before her ribzic Khan he anylized DNA before even her and found out Aryans were not white or Indo euruopeans they were swarthy dark haired but brown black to brunette and dark black man eyes and they were dark to black broad face etc he came before her he's an Indian black man

@FreedomToRoam86 8 ай бұрын

@@jamesdelk8926she said eyes were blue. Interesting that change before skin color, as implies the recessive eye color gene in both parents when he was conceived. Evolution is endlessly interesting!

@briananderson687 2 жыл бұрын

Wow! Wonderful in-depth discussion that even I can understand -- thank you!

@anikokariko1887 6 ай бұрын

Amazing information! Thank you so much for sharing this in such an understandable way! 👏👏

@updownstate 2 жыл бұрын

This is fantastic! This is what I wish my college years had been. Thank you for creating this video. I will be seeing you on others sites I hope. Wonderful, really wonderful.

@johnharris7353 2 жыл бұрын

Well she's quite fantastic isn't she! I would have " selected" her 10,000 years ago! Or today. Much thanks to Mark and Selena.

@MD-st4wi 2 жыл бұрын

So interesting. Thank you Dr Brace for sharing !

@MaryAnnNytowl 2 жыл бұрын

Oh, thank you for this one! I only just now found it, so I'm late to the party, but it's still really cool!

@Akos885 11 ай бұрын

Please , the necklace around his neck , was it found with him? Becouse my ancestors while growing up use it alot even still in this age they still use it?

@iankynaston-richards883 2 жыл бұрын

Interesting plant growing on your front deck Selina!

@robbiesadventurescom 2 ай бұрын

what a joy to watch Selina and her happy explnations and ways

@kris2435 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for sharing to you both 👍

@Madmen604 Жыл бұрын

Imagine how pristine the earth, air and water was then.

@scalabrineisgoat6010 Жыл бұрын

But if you had cancer you were truly fucked

@pruephillip1338 2 жыл бұрын

In the diagram at 26:44 there's a TA and CG. Can you can say a AT instead of a TA - can it be reversed? is that a thing?

@alansdorsetfossils4028 2 жыл бұрын

Selina I really enjoyed this program. You are able to tell this fascinating story in a way that regular people can understand. Many academics whilst extremely clever and I am sure you are, but many academics living in their bubble don't realise that they are talking a language that regular people like me cannot follow. So thank you again for communicating your fascinating research to a wide audience who share your curiosity for the past.

@brucemoore1339 Жыл бұрын

Watched only two videos from Evolution Soup and that enough for me to subscribe. Brilliant!

@Egyptologist777 Жыл бұрын

On PCA Cheddar Man clusters with ancient and modern Europeans. He had nothing to do with "black Africans" genetically, anthropologically nor geographically. The idea that he was "black" was dismissed by the scientists themselves in a news article.

@bricktwo5849 9 ай бұрын

Cheddar was not black african but he was black,a black european.

@bricktwo5849 9 ай бұрын

Some folks don't use common sense.If the first people on earth were black africans(and they were) and some left to leave to other places like asia,,from egypt and the horn of africa.

@bricktwo5849 9 ай бұрын

The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey is a 2002 book by Spencer Wells, an American geneticist and anthropologist, in which he uses techniques and theories of genetics and evolutionary biology to trace the geographical dispersal of early human migrations out of Africa. The book was made into a TV documentary in 2003.[1] Synopsis According to the recent single-origin hypothesis, human ancestors originated in Africa, and eventually made their way out to the rest of the world. Analysis of the Y chromosome is one of the methods used in tracing the history of early humans. Thirteen genetic markers on the Y-chromosome differentiate populations of human beings. It is believed, on the basis of genetic evidence, that all human beings in existence now descend from one single man who lived in Africa about 60,000 years ago.[2] The earliest groups of humans are believed to find their present-day descendants among the San people, a group that is now found in western southern Africa. The San are smaller than the Bantu. They have lighter skins, more tightly curled hair, and they share the epicanthal fold with the people of Central and South East Asia. Southern and eastern Africa are believed to originally have been populated by people akin to the San. Since that early time much of their range has been taken over by the Bantu. Skeletal remains of these ancestral people are found in Paleolithic sites in Somalia and Ethiopia. There are also peoples in east Africa today who speak substantially different languages that nevertheless share the archaic characteristics of the San language, with its distinctive repertoire of click and pop sounds. These are the only languages in the entire world that use these sounds in speech.

@bricktwo5849 9 ай бұрын

The Journey of Man: As humans migrated out of Africa, they all carried a genetic marker on the Y chromosome known as M168 (Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)).[3] The first wave of migration out of Africa stayed close to the oceans shores, tracing a band along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean including parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and into South East Asia, down into what is now Indonesia, and eventually reaching Australia. This branch of the human family developed a new marker M130 (Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)). This first wave appears to have left dark-skinned people along its path, including isolated groups of dark-skinned people in south east Asia such as the aboriginal population of the Andaman Islands (around 400 km off the west coast of Thailand), the Semang of Malaysia, and the Aeta of the Philippines.[4] The second wave of migration took a more northerly course, splitting somewhere in the area around what is now called Syria to sweep to interior Asia, where it split several more times in Central Asia, north of Afghanistan. The lineages that flowed into Central Asia carry M9 (Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)). Other markers were added after the migration paths went on in several different directions from Central Asia. From Central Asia, a small group migrated towards the northeast, following reindeer. These were the ancestors of Siberian groups such as the Chukchi people, a few of whom still live a nomadic lifestyle today. An even smaller group, estimated at no more than 20, crossed what is now the Bering Sea approximately 15,000 years ago during the last glacial period, and migrated into North America. They are the ancestors of Native Americans, and 800 years later, they had reached as far as South America. The African diaspora is believed to have begun some 50,000 years ago, long enough for many changes to have occurred in humans remaining in Africa. The genetic trends reported involve humans who left Africa, and their genetic histories. The diversity found outside of Africa may well have been accentuated since populations migrating to new hunting grounds would rarely have had individuals moving backwards into previously settled regions. But within Africa, isolation would have been geographically aided primarily by the Sahara Desert, leaving people in areas not separated by the desert to travel and migrate relatively freely.

@bricktwo5849 9 ай бұрын

If some blacks could go to asia and overtime in pre-history become asians in dna and were black asiand then some blacks could and went to europe and became black europeans.

@petehoward6143 10 ай бұрын

Excellent interview. She explained some very complex science in a such a straight forward and engaging way.

@steveconway1948 2 жыл бұрын

Great talk thanks to you both.

@danmaster9183 2 жыл бұрын

Did the cannibals cook their bretheren first or ate them raw?

@monaqualunque Жыл бұрын

What kind of razor blades and shaving cream di Cheddar Man (or his barber) use?

@jagmaster6595 3 жыл бұрын

The numbers behind this boggle my mind. Everyone is 99.99% related to each and the same DNA but then the rest is what makes all these differences that is such a small set to look at.

@johnrogan9420 2 жыл бұрын

Only 2000 breeders or less...10000 years ago...human race nearly went extinct..present humans are truly brothers and sisters.

@april5666 2 жыл бұрын

@@johnrogan9420 I wish this was more widely known and then perhaps people would behave more decently toward one another -- sigh.

@telebubba5527 2 жыл бұрын

@@johnrogan9420 Not exactly. Human population globally was somewhere between 1 to 10 million people at that time. What you are referring to is the Toba catastrophe which occured about 70,000 years ago.

@veronicaroach3667 2 жыл бұрын

But they are gradually discovering that the genome data is only part of the picture - there is another whole field of epigenetics which is influences ON the core genome data, and that means the entire subject of what-controls-what is only in it's infancy. And that is entirely separate from the recognition that our bodies contain a huge, huge population of bacteria that also contribute to the total condition & picture of each human system. And we think we 'know' anything ?

@TheStarGardian 2 жыл бұрын

*WOW! That would add further truth to the fact that they ran Hitler's DNA through many of his remaining living relatives and found out that he had North African and Jewish heritage*

@michaelpowell4202 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the very interesting and informative interview. From the comments, it appears that the determination of Cheddar Man's skin color is quite controversial in the UK so I can understand the follow-up question on when lighter skin people arrived on the British Isles but I think it would have been worth discussing if his genome shed any information on where he originally came from and how long ago was that.

@CarlOttersen 2 жыл бұрын

Yes, a number of populist/nativist people and politicians were most unhappy about the color.

@klnkat6600 2 жыл бұрын

Do you have sources to inform that statement?

@nickmiller76 2 жыл бұрын

@@CarlOttersen Personally I was indifferent, as in neither 'happy' nor 'unhappy' about the original skin colour claim. What I was decidedly unhappy about though was that the claim that was so stridently pushed by the likes of the Guardian and the BBC was almost immediately revealed to be based on dubious evidence, ie evidence which in reality neither definitely proves nor definitely disproves the skin colour claim. This amounts to hijacking science for political ends, just like the Nazis did, and we should all regard that as deeply concerning. When a retraction of the original claim was issued a few days later, it was done in the most low-profile way possible and downplayed to the max by the mainstream media, which is shocking dishonesty.

@avalondreaming1433 2 жыл бұрын

Didn't something similar happen with King Tut?

@celtspeaksgoth7251 2 жыл бұрын

The whole skin colour thing was driven by UK Channel 4 who have an agenda, promoting that 'Out of Africa' theory which itself is being challenged by recent DNA analysis. The Ch4 documentary is on KZfaq.

@markuk7935 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you both. 👏

@artistrespondingoutside6406 Ай бұрын

Please could you tell me whether Meziolithic hunter gatherers would return seasonally to the same 'tent' sites as with modern day hunter gatherers who return seasonally to suit their grazing herds' needs? I ask because I have dowsed 'huts' near some Meziolithic footprints, near Swansea, Wales.

@AMissouriMule 2 жыл бұрын

Absolutely excellent discussion.

@rodneyshackelford7529 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you. It was very good.

@FrshJurassicPrnceYA 7 күн бұрын

It’s nice to see someone who is passionate about her work talk about this subject. It’s unfortunate that those obsessed with identity politics won’t do their due diligence and research required to arrive at a sound and impartial conclusion.

@jeromebarry1741 2 жыл бұрын

It appears that the genetic selection pressure on skin color is both from sun exposure and from farming culture. I learned something.

@tomjohn8733 2 жыл бұрын

Cannibalism was also about survival, as evident by modern people who’ve been stranded, like the Donner party, etc, very interesting study…

@KristinaTurnerAquarius 2 жыл бұрын

I have the same maternal mitochondrial DNA haplogroup as Cheddar Man and the Austrian Alps Oetzi Iceman. My mom is lactose intolerant, but I am not.

@shell91 2 жыл бұрын

Fascinating stuff. I share DNA with Cheddar Man, 4 SNP chains with the largest chain 305 SNPs in Chr. 12, 235 SNPs in Chr. 11. 130 SNPs in Chr. 10, and 123 SNPs in Chr. 2. I'd love to find out exactly which genes

@shell91 Жыл бұрын

@@bekah8584 Very cool :)

@johankarlsson6 6 ай бұрын

I share the same haplogroup on the female side of my pairs and a variant of I1 common in Scandinavia. WHG or SHG, the latter stands for scandinavian hunter gatherers have left stronger admixture in northern populations in Europe but my skin color is pale or pinkish. My eye color is blue. Hair color is blond or dark blond. Autosomal DNA shows a strong North West European admixture. In fact its 100%. So it is quite possible that the cheddar man had a strong paleolithic component in his DNA. I share some of that. But that early farmers from Anatolia and the Yamnaya arrived and added genes to my ancestors.

@villhelm 3 ай бұрын

His skin was within the range for Europeans.

@robertgotschall1246 2 жыл бұрын

The rivalry between the caves sounds remarkably like the Great Bone Wars between Cope and Marsh in the early 1800s of America. I read that the human genome is more diverse in Africa then for the rest us. Is this what Dr. Brace is talking about when she says that fewer SNPs were found in European populations as compared to African populations? This complexion algorithm sounds similar to AI programs used in reconstructing photographs from very low resolution images. Isn’t it true that high northern Asian populations (Inuit) still rely more heavily on diet for Vitamin D rather than sunlight? I’ve seen that even in darker skinned people, the young are generally lighter than their parents and grow darker with age. I wonder if lighter skin may have been taken as a sign of youth and sexually selected for by everyone, but was only successful in more northern latitudes, were it caused fewer skin problems.

@helencoltart3483 2 жыл бұрын

It would make sense that children would require more absorption of vitamin D from sunlight as thier diet was probably more restricted until adulthood. Remember our cows milk is fortified with vitamin D specifically to reach Children’s dietary needs

@Teadon86 2 жыл бұрын

"I read that the human genome is more diverse in Africa then for the rest us. Is this what Dr. Brace is talking about when she says that fewer SNPs were found in European populations as compared to African populations?" This is a common misunderstanding of what the data says about genetic diversity compared within and between demographic cohorts. What the data explains is that between two different demographic cohorts there is a wider genetic difference than between the members of each group but the genetic expression, SNPs, has a broader variation but are made up of the same genetic library. This is why two individuals of the same demographic cohort will increasingly show genetic familiarity the more of their genome you compare.

@Bhatmann 2 жыл бұрын

Skoal (Skull) is still a toast used today to drink out of the skulls of enemies killed in battle. I guess they would eat the bodies if they had too also.

@paulohagan3309 2 жыл бұрын

You reminded me of Skol beer so I paid a quick visit to Wikipedia. It says the lager was originally named after the Scandinavian word for 'toast' ' 'skål'!

@catchfish2057 2 жыл бұрын

The bodies go better with toast.

@jerdonsbabbler3515 3 күн бұрын

Cave wars in Kentucky were a big deal, too. Onyx Cave, Horse Cave, Mammoth Cave, etc.

@Digeroo123 2 жыл бұрын

This is so interesting. But it only fixes on four features skin, hair and eye colour and Lactose intolerance. Did he also share Neanderthal genes for example. I am not normally very good at listening to speakers, but she had me totally hooked. More please.

@daniel8728 2 ай бұрын

Brings back bad times of Covid lockdowns. People should never allow themselves to be manipulated like that again!

@tobyihli9470 2 жыл бұрын

She so animated! I’ve never seen so many different expressions on one persons face. I couldn’t look away. If I was talking to her in the flesh, I would do anything I could to make her laugh, so I could watch her laugh and giggle. Seriously, I wish I was friends with her, or worked with her. She could brighten a guys day. She’s a gas!

@almaxx9680 2 жыл бұрын

Have you just fell in love 😍

@veronicaroach3667 2 жыл бұрын

It's her passion for her subject matter that screams loudly at you - but I bet if she got into any subject she would be the same way ! Wonderful as a teacher !

@mariongranbruheim4090 2 жыл бұрын

11:56 If the island was uninhabitable due to cold and other unpleasantnesses, it’s not hard to imagine that a klan might have faced the choice between starving to death or eating the deceased as a solution in an emergency.

@DogWalkerBill 2 жыл бұрын

There is a Scottish archeologist, Neil Oliver, who narrated a BBC TV series on the history of Scotland. In one of his episodes, about the early history, he claims long bones with DNA have been found that proves a surprising number of modern people of Scotland (like 30%) are genetically related to the people who lived there 9,000 years ago. I wonder how many modern people in England & Wales are related to Cheddar Man or his "relatives."

@thedwightguy 2 жыл бұрын

the Scots, Picts, and Irish is a book about the thirty year DNA study done to look at just that question.

@veronicaroach3667 2 жыл бұрын

The Welsh also claim nothing to do with the English - or those nasty Normans - and the ancient Irish are also now known not to be what are called 'Celts'. AND there is a clan of New Zealanders that are not Maori, that have been there for millenia -- have genetics that match to Persian. I love this stuff - So a lot of history is getting uprooted by all the new genetics discoveries !

@mvmv4017 2 жыл бұрын

I have the same haplo group as Cheddar Man and I am Irish.

@celtspeaksgoth7251 2 жыл бұрын

@@veronicaroach3667 Genetics only confirms those self-evident differences. Southern English are Germanic, others are of Viking descent while the darker Irish + Welsh are related to the original Iberians, e.g. the Basques. Meanwhile Marxists tamper with science to reverse-engineer British societal history to match the inner cities, the Ch4 TV documentary which conjured up the Cheddar Man model being a case in point.

@arminiusdergrosse 10 ай бұрын

Pretty soon, if they haven't already, Cambridge and other mainstream outlets will claim that the Windrush arrivals are more closely related to Cheddar Man than we "huwhite supreeeem-a-cist" indigenous Britons.

@judyklein3221 Жыл бұрын

Fascinating!

@OlafChang9359 Жыл бұрын

What about privolone man?

@texcatlipocajunior144 2 жыл бұрын

I have to speculate that there are more factors involved in skin color genetics than mere distance from the equator. The Eskimos have lived in the Arctic for at least 5000 years and have considerably more melanin than say, the Sami. It has to be more than a one variable equation that determines skin color.

@sgjoni 2 жыл бұрын

They were hunter gatherers and lived on allot of D vitamin rich foods. Seal liver etc. No need to shed the UV protection. It's the farming diet that is probably the main culprit, on top of low UV light. Diets rich in grains.

@fainitesbarley2245 2 жыл бұрын

@@sgjoni Plus lots of glare from the ice all during hunting seasons.

@pete2814 28 күн бұрын

@@sgjoniAMEN...more people need to understand that... vitamin D retains melanin as the sun is a supplier as well

@goodtoGoNow1956 2 жыл бұрын

I think that there is a fair chance their training data is invalid for 10,000 years ago.

@tommygamba170 2 жыл бұрын

I have issue with their interpretation of the physical features of the face.

@lilylove2021 2 жыл бұрын

3.38 it starts.....

@iamtheroadwanderer 2 жыл бұрын

this was interesting, thank you 👍

@codewordslinkydog Жыл бұрын

Cheddar man is my great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great grandfather

@peterbreis5407 2 жыл бұрын

Makes you wonder about the health implications for the recent immigration of darker skinned people to northern latitudes. Do they have problems with rickets?

@beccabbea2511 2 жыл бұрын

Apparently they do. As many of them are often fully covered and are not exposed to enough sunlight rickets has been rearing it head again. I can't remember where I read it but there was a report a while ago.

@trashbeansoup2467 2 жыл бұрын

@@beccabbea2511 Did a quick search, can't find any mention in The Lancet nor National Library of Medicine. Doesn't mean it doesn't exist, maybe it is made up by diet?

@celtspeaksgoth7251 2 жыл бұрын

@@trashbeansoup2467 Well the Covid 'experts' are talking more and more about Vit D as they have BAME in mind so it may always have been an issue but now chickens are coming home to roost so scientists have ditched the old 'we're all the same' mantra to warn those groups they have to improve their natural defences.

@mandyjk4203 7 күн бұрын

Yes. We have to be careful to consume enough Vit D in our diets and sometimes need supplementation.

@mandyjk4203 7 күн бұрын

@@trashbeansoup2467 Try some US sources. It's documented here.

@user-rq7el8nh6q Ай бұрын

Cheddar man also carried the sheepshagging gene which has erroneously been attributed to the modern day Welsh R1bs

@jaynehorn151 2 жыл бұрын

Omg such stunning finds.

@pjmoseley243 2 жыл бұрын

@johnmaccallum7935 2 жыл бұрын

Blue eyes and dark skin, a rare combination. The problem here, if there is one; is what is considered to be dark skin. Is it as a Greek or a Sub/Saharan?

@mansamusa2012 2 жыл бұрын

Depends. If you’re comparing a Southern European to an Englishman than a Greek would be considered dark skinned

@johnmaccallum7935 2 жыл бұрын

@@mansamusa2012 Exactly. This is not discussed in any articles on the genetic analysis. You know why obviously.

@NoRockinMansLand 2 жыл бұрын

@@johnmaccallum7935 what on earth is a "sub saharan"? I don't think you understand that many "sub saharan" countries are actually also in the sahara ironically LOL and not all Africans have the same skin tone. Ever seen an Erhiopian, Nigerian, Congolese, south African, Somali, etc?

@johnmaccallum7935 2 жыл бұрын

@@NoRockinMansLand Hi Samaale, Sub-Saharan is the term used to describe the area south of the Saharan Desert. It's often used in context to describe the peoples who inhabit this vast area. Of course it's populated by many diverse inhabitants.

@NoRockinMansLand 2 жыл бұрын

@@johnmaccallum7935 yes, but the problem is that the term itself makes Africans south of the sahara seem like a monolythic people

@oliverave1234 3 жыл бұрын

She seems to avoid talking about the missing alleles from Cheddar Man's genome which would have been used in predicting his skin color, had they been obtainable. Instead those alleles or loci were filled in or calculated by some speculation, as far as I understand it,

@amirblack3149 2 жыл бұрын

You people sick

@magnificent6668 2 жыл бұрын

@@amirblack3149 Because they're interested in truth?

@nickmiller76 2 жыл бұрын

Indeed. Science and political dogma, bad mixture.

@oliverave1234 2 жыл бұрын

Additionally, Brace spends a solid 5 minutes discussing Vitamin D and its synthesis without contributing one iota of new information, only to conclude neither she nor anyone else knows with any certainty how Cheddar Man survived with skin as dark as equatorial peoples. (They could do bone analysis to see what his diet had been.) She does say there are are Europeans with SNPs for "dark" skin and blue eyes but never says there are ethnic Europeans with skin as dark as the famous reconstructed figure seen in this video and widely endorsed by her.

@celtspeaksgoth7251 2 жыл бұрын

@@oliverave1234 She slavishly adheres to the Channel 4 model. When the skeleton was first discovered 25 years back they traced a relative in Wiltshire. more likely he was no darker than Christiano Ronaldo.

@velvetunderpants44 2 жыл бұрын

She's great!

@jasonsspecial 2 жыл бұрын

Just because a person has a gene doesn't mean it's an active gene.

@magnificent6668 2 жыл бұрын

Indeed. East Asians have the same gene. And we can look at again, a Korean and see that their skin tone is typically not very dark.

@alisonholland7531 2 жыл бұрын

Oh dear, have you a problem with Cheddar man being dark skinned - I don't, I think it's fantastic.

@jasonsspecial 2 жыл бұрын

Cheddar man is old,his ancestors were no.t living in northern latitude continuously for more than 10.000 yrs.so he's somewhat of a recent arrival.

@NoRockinMansLand 2 жыл бұрын

Is it such a big deal if he dark skinned? Lol

@NoRockinMansLand 2 жыл бұрын

@@magnificent6668 you again

@SDongil 2 жыл бұрын

Great video. Flashback when you brought up the Fitzpatrick scale. When I was a grad student, Tom Fitzpatrick, Art Sober, John Lee and I got into a long discussion about skin color. We reckoned the darker skin would result in rickets in lower UV flux, which in children deforms the pelvis. So the lighter skinned people reproduce better, and there you are - a pretty fierce force of evolution. Dark skin advantages, though, we were lost on. Prevents skin cancer, okay, but so what - that confers no reproductive advantage; by the time you get a cancer you've done your reproducing. So, what is it? Darker skin means you live longer so having grannies and grampas around is a reproductive advantage? It was puzzling to us all those years ago, and still us.

@letsdothis9063 10 ай бұрын

What if they have dark skin, and diebetes?

@mweskamppp 6 ай бұрын

I read about some old english and irish myths and legends that tell of a dark skinned nobility. It might have been that in a time of bad harvests that a farming population got defeated by a hunter gatherer tribe who then was able to cement themselves as the upper crust for a long time.

@manoflemancha2407 2 жыл бұрын

Imagine getting the named after cheese instead of a dragon.

@tommygamba170 2 жыл бұрын

Actually revising the time day for farming there's evidence of Nayanthara dolls farming

@nikemozack7269 6 ай бұрын

The white skin in Europeans comes through the Neanderthal connection, same for red hair. The pastoralist Yamnaya people, North of the Black Sea were not farmers, they were the Proto Celts who conquered Western Europe.

@russpaxman3660 2 жыл бұрын

Originally I was highly sceptical that political correctness and modern Afrocentric views were impacting empirical scientific research, and that cheddar man’s DNA would have given a range of skin tone, hair and eye colour, and that to appease the most aggressively vocal in our society, a darker skin tone had been assigned to him in death, than he had in life. Though I should not be, my perception has been modified by the open and genuine way of this lady.

@Ck-zk3we 2 жыл бұрын

It’s a joke. His was no darker than dark skinned Southern Europeans today. She has guaranteed the future financing of her work. Ver smart interpretation for her

@russpaxman3660 2 жыл бұрын

@@Ck-zk3we When funding is at stake, scientific rigour can take a back seat. Especially if it fits a popular agenda.

@dariomartinez459 2 жыл бұрын

Sadly too much of science has been corrupted by financial pressure and political correctness so it is smart to have doubts.

@klnkat6600 2 жыл бұрын

In my opinion, we need to press for the peer review process to have rigorous argumentation again. Perhaps we can add peer pressure to the politicians to get government agendas completely out of the science loop. We must somehow remove monetary gain and/or climate or anti aging band-wagoneering as as the primary goal in research. Currently, there is very little ethical integrity left due to the prevalence of Marxist influenced, non scientific, language manipulation that compromises our hard science conversations in the Universities today. The very fact she spends so much time on the skin pigmentation proves that political correctness and racial activism has bastardized our scientific conversations into nonsensical new speak. Word saladitis is the new nerd speak as scientists reach around the back side of the universe to justify their wild leaps of logic to support the currently "agreed" upon agenda - the precise opposite of the actions called for by the scientific method.

@russpaxman3660 2 жыл бұрын

@@klnkat6600 Not the same, however akin to climate research, those that a few years ago conformed to the notion of man made global warming were giving large grants from the public purse, and those that doubted the findings, found themselves with no funding at all. This forced the hands of sceptics to tow the party line.or go without funding. When ideology and finances enter the world of empirical science, truth and facts, can easily be abandoned. I am not a climate change denier, I am a believer in facts and evidence, even when it runs counter to the current fashions of received wisdom.

@Madmen604 Жыл бұрын

I love the environmental mock ups.

@gentrynewsom2080 Жыл бұрын

He looks very much like northern plains original inhabitants of the USA

@jacobtracy7847 2 жыл бұрын

But did he have that most British of traits (according to Austin Powers)? Bad teeth?

@MOEMUGGY 2 жыл бұрын

No, you can see by his skull that he had excellent teeth. Bad teeth are a sign of poor diet and health, not genetics.

@jacobtracy7847 2 жыл бұрын

@@MOEMUGGY so Fish and Chips hadn't been invented yet?

@MOEMUGGY 2 жыл бұрын

@@jacobtracy7847 Nope, just cheese burgers and fries.. They all got fat and went extinct.

@charlottebruce979 Жыл бұрын

@@MOEMUGGY I don't agree, I've been healthy and cleaned my teeth scrupulously all my life, but genetically my teeth are not strong, nor are my family's

@MOEMUGGY Жыл бұрын

@@charlottebruce979 No. that's false. You can have crooked teeth due to genetics. But your tooth enamel is directly related to your health and diet. You have poor dental health like your family, because you eat like them.

@kevinhickman6837 2 жыл бұрын

Having found this video a year after it was posted, it has lost none of its interest or relevance. Fascinating to fill in some details of Cheddar Man, a name I had heard but not understood. Glad I came across it.

@JungleJargon Жыл бұрын

The descendants of Nimrod in Europe could have affected the skin color.

@CrowdPleeza 2 жыл бұрын

Based on skull examinations. How do you think this Hofmeyr person appeared? This skull was found in southern Africa. "She compared the Hofmeyr skull with contemporaneous Upper Paleolithic skulls from Europe and with the skulls of living humans from Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa, including the Khoe-San (Bushmen). Because the Khoe-San are represented in the recent archeological record of South Africa, they were expected to have close resemblances to the South African fossil. Instead, the Hofmeyr skull is quite distinct from recent sub-Saharan Africans, including the Khoe-San, and has a very close affinity with the European Upper Paleolithic specimens." Source: Hofmeyr-Skull supports the "Out of Africa"-Theory-Max Planck

@mosesm6040 2 жыл бұрын

Check present day East Africans! Most of them have skulls far closer to Europeans than the rest of SubSaharan Africans. Strong arguments could classify some of these East Africans as Caucasoids! Craniology/phrenology is an archaic approach to origin and ethnicity of human science at least in Homo Sapiens!

@CrowdPleeza 2 жыл бұрын

@@mosesm6040 Which east Africans are you referring to? Somali and Ethiopians are known to have Eurasian admixture.

@jimroth2473 2 жыл бұрын

My takeaway from this is Cheddar man ( his immediate predecessors) came north from more southerly latitude’s. After their arrival other immigrants from northern latitudes arrived, and as they were better adapted to the northern environment, they “flourished” and Cheddar man (broad generic sense) declined and eventually disappeared. Ok, so using the same science of DNA analysis when did the earliest,light skinned, species become the dominant species? Crudely put, how far back do you have to go to find the first “ Englishman (or women)” that looks like the scientist that is making these investigations? Cheddar man is dated to 10,000 years ago, light skinned immigrants arrived 8,000 years ago, is it suggested that evolution was rapid enough to blend the two groups? My understanding has always been that evolution is tremendously long, slow process .

@lucabrasi8420 2 жыл бұрын

Sometimes evolution takes big leaps. I think trey the explainer did a video on this but I have forgotten the exact title of it.

@pisquared1827 2 жыл бұрын

Another possibility is that hunter gatherers like Cheddar man would have migrated south for the summer following the herds he hunted. There would not have been any reason for him to stay in the winter when there was nothing to hunt. When farming took off, farmers would have to remain in the north through the winter to ensure others did not encroach on their land. This was about the same time skin colour got lighter.

@Ck-zk3we 2 жыл бұрын

Or the cheddar man people had only recently migrated north , where he died

@pisquared1827 2 жыл бұрын

@@Ck-zk3we Northern European populations all had dark skin until farming started. That is proven by DNA analysis on remains found all over Europe. At that time there were no farmers in Europe, and Cheddar man's people would have been the only population there. All hunter gatherers migrated regularly and their food was meat or fish which had sufficient vitamin D - hence dark skin. Only farmers stayed put, and farmers had a low vitamin D diet, so farmers needed light skin. Light skin was found only after about 7000 to 5000 years ago when farming began. Farming started in the Middle East, then those people migrated to Southern Europe, and then to Northern Europe. These were the people who replaced the hunter gather people of Europe. They probably interbred with the European hunter gatherers (since some modern people have been found to be related to by DNA analysis Cheddar man in England, but the farmer population that moved into Northern Europe would have been many times the size of the hunter gatherer population because farming can support much larger population densities than hunting and gathering, so in terms of what happens to European DNA, it would look like DNA replacement even if they interbred.

@Leodachef1 11 ай бұрын

@@pisquared1827 Not quite true. Pale skin comes from neanderthales, which mixed with people 250k to 40k years ago which created the pale or lighter skin tones. So there were people with lighter skin tones even much earlier.

@pisquared1827 11 ай бұрын

@@Leodachef1 White skin is absense of melanin, so it isn't a gene we inherited from the neanderthals. Skin colour varies across the world and in indegenous people, it is dependent on three things with which there is a 100% correlation - UV radiation levels, how much clothing is worn (due to climatic temperature), and how much dietary vitamin B intake people have (which reduces how much Vitamin D needs to be synthesised from the the sun - note that Eskimos who eat mainly fish and meat are darker than Europeans, and neolithic hunters were darker than neolithic farmers as determined by DNA analysis of European populations). kzfaq.info/get/bejne/qclkgqmUuZvRYY0.html This is a fairly short term adaptation, otherwise there could not be such a direct correlation).

@Shaden0040 2 жыл бұрын

Englishmen didn't arrive in the UK unril rhe saxns appeared. He could have been a Briton.

@eljanrimsa5843 2 жыл бұрын

No way. The island of Britain didn't exist. He was a European. You were part of the mainland back then.

@syleiswiley4037 2 жыл бұрын

You came from the eastern steppes, or rus and mixed with cheeses. Cheeses left family where he originally came from. We're all related

@NigelJackson 2 жыл бұрын

Britons (Brython, Prydain) were Celts, speakers of Indo-European language. Englishmen are a fusion of Celtic, Saxon and Norse strains...

@catchfish2057 2 жыл бұрын

Before agriculture people where black.

@Leodachef1 11 ай бұрын

@@catchfish2057 No. Neanderthales had the genes for pale/light skin they mixed 250k-40k in that timespan, went exstinct and left a part of their genes which are the reason for pale skin tones in europe.

@jimkennedy7050 2 жыл бұрын

like donkey and horse offspring, the males were infertile or barely fertile at best. However the female mule equivalent of modern man and neanderthal offspring may have been more fertile.

@boffutt87 2 жыл бұрын

Very probable. It would appear the we basically replaced the nuclear DNA of Neanderthals with our own and assimilated the female mitochondrial dna giving most non African modern humans around 2-3% of our genome inherited from Neanderthals.

@dariomartinez459 2 жыл бұрын

@@boffutt87 Non Sub Saharan Africans, people from the Maghreb have Neanderthal DNA.

@jeuandavidjones 3 жыл бұрын

The 'oldest Englishman' makes me laugh.

@yakuzapower8505 3 жыл бұрын

What you mean?

@jeuandavidjones 3 жыл бұрын

@@yakuzapower8505 the cheddar man is 10,000 years old? There were no English then; it would be a stretch to even call them British but if we have to give ancient people labels ...

@johnbrereton5229 2 жыл бұрын

@@jeuandavidjones 10,000 years ago there was also no Cheddar Cave either, so no Cheddar man. However, if we are going to talk about him we have to give him a name and a location. And as as he was found in what is now called Cheddar, we can call him Cheddar man and as Cheddar is in England, he is the oldest complete man ever found in England. I also remember that they found his English descendants still living locally, so he is indeed, the first Englishman.

@fainitesbarley2245 2 жыл бұрын

@@johnbrereton5229 Until someone finds an older one. I find it interesting that each new discovery of ancient humanoid fossils is hailed as the earliest and the origin of mankind. Yet every time an older one is found elsewhere a few years later.

@fainitesbarley2245 2 жыл бұрын

Why? So you can feel sophisticated and superior to a load of early 19th century archaeologists who were developing an early field of knowledge?

@ibrahimatanoh8917 Жыл бұрын

Quelle était la couleur du soleil il y a 50.000 ans?

@rrshowtime3900 2 жыл бұрын

Proof of all claims required.

@jamestodd2323 2 жыл бұрын

What do to think this video is? Do you need a test tube to examine or something??

@Teadon86 2 жыл бұрын

@@jamestodd2323 It isn't proof, it is only claimed up till she presents the evidence. You can do a quick research on this topic and see the numerous dark patches which she liberally interprets to depict Cheddar man as a black/brown individual when in fact this claim hails from Dr Tom Booth, in stark contradiction to the paper he co-authored.

@nanunanu8745 9 ай бұрын

If Netflix did Cheddar man...

@andreabarrington3239 16 күн бұрын

No one would believe it. The history of blacks on the European continent have either been erased by whitewashed, destruction or being hidden in private collections around the world. Even though there are drawings of black European rulers and it blacks are prominent in their heraldry, they would never accept it. Of course, the Royals know their history, but it has been hidden from the masses. This will not even make it to K-12 textbooks.

@FrshJurassicPrnceYA 7 күн бұрын

@nanunanu8745 This joke wasn’t funny the first thousands of times… let it go already.

@pauliosantos6379 2 жыл бұрын

My god, his teeth are better than most modern British people (myself certainly included)

@munsifali7188 Жыл бұрын

How far this my concept in evolutionary science is correct, that humans started to get refined shape after they started to drink clean water. Is it possible for a today,s human to live in similar conditions.

@Nuts-Bolts 2 жыл бұрын

Isn’t DNA Away just very expensive drain cleaner (sodium hydroxide)? It hydrolyzes protein and DNA is a string of proteins. The Health & Safety specs are the same too. Get a chemist to compare the two.

@petersteenkamp 2 жыл бұрын

DNA is a string but not a string of proteins.

@Nuts-Bolts 2 жыл бұрын

@@petersteenkamp I should have made it clearer by saying drain cleaner breaks down the amino acids which make up the DNA string. Well spotted.

@Ladoyar77 2 жыл бұрын

there is contradiction in lighter skin color origin, because Anatolia is not high latitude, and yamnaya culture (modern Ukraine) also in not Sweden, there a lot of Sunlight here.

@martinstephenson557 2 жыл бұрын

Ladoyar77. Once the Anatolians became farmers, they did not get as much vitamin D from their diet so needed more from sunlight. Hence lighter skin colour

@charlesstuart7290 2 жыл бұрын

Wonder is there was a competition with Piltdown man as "the oldest Englishman".

@charlesstuart7290 2 жыл бұрын

@@Craigx71 Not in 1903 - it was also termed the "oldest Englishman" though not shown a complete forgery until years later, even though some American academics were skeptical about its authenticity from the start.

@catchfish2057 2 жыл бұрын

@@Craigx71 He does nt like to think this guy was black. Sad