Chromosomes and Karyotypes

Рет қаралды 1,796,954

Күн бұрын

Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important, and how they can be arranged in a karyotype! This video also tackles a few misconceptions about how chromosomes.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:15 What makes up a chromosome?
2:18 Understanding replicated vs. unreplicated chromosome
3:28 Introducing a Karyotype
4:01 Potential Misconception with Karyotype
5:28 XX and XY Chromosomes
* As we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here:
XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/cond...
X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene...
Vocabulary includes chromosome, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, nucleosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gametes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes!
Reference: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Mar 21, 2018 cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e....
Special thanks to Dr. Brian Davis for his expertise in verifying that a typical karyotype would show 2 chromatids per chromosome. (This has been a misconception we've seen in the classroom from many diagrams)
A real life karyotype from NIH (in public domain) commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... can be excellent for viewing alongside this video.
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TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
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Пікірлер: 443

@AmoebaSisters 5 жыл бұрын

We make pinned comments for clarifications or corrections. Some updated versions of textbooks are using a more detailed definition of molecular sequences making up the centromere - which means that when you have a chromosome with replicated chromatids - you could consider it to have two centromeres (one per sister chromatid) although they are bound together in a region. Many textbooks still refer to a single centromere on a chromosome with two fully attached sister chromatids - as they are considering the complex where the centromeres are attached - and then they show fully separated sister chromatids with their own centromere. While we have done this as well by illustrating one centromere per eukaryotic chromosome, we think it is important to understand this complex is where they are joined with cohesin in the case of sister chromatids - as well as also understanding how the definition of centromere has changed. You can see a conversation about this here: twitter.com/AmoebaSisters/status/1192621868605419520 It would have been better for us to have said "centromere region" - and again, when sister chromatids are attached at the centromere region, it is still counted as one chromosome. If we update this video, we'll probably feature this information about the centromere and we'd like to improve our drawing to show the bound centromeres. -------- Other things to note: just as we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here: XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/ X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene: medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/ -------- We appreciate the comment that there was a point in the video where one of our chromosomes had sister chromatids that didn't match in our illustration! It has been corrected. (Sister chromatids should be identical) -------- This is not our only playlist about chromosomes- we have a heredity playlist here! kzfaq.info/sun/PLwL0Myd7Dk1FVxYPO_bVbk8oOD5EZ2o5W Also, you can find resources that go with our videos here www.amoebasisters.com/handouts

@testacals 2 жыл бұрын

Did you guys fix the video ? I can't see any difference (except the highlight) in those chromatids .

@thienly102 Жыл бұрын

I love your videos but i have to keep pausing and rewinding to think because it's too fast.😥

@EthelPriscaKumbanga 3 ай бұрын

? 0

@victoriaprince78702 4 жыл бұрын

Amoeba sisters and crash course are literally the reason im making it through college!!

@sho-kq8hc 3 жыл бұрын

@@ashwikasingh4967 same

@Pihu_1810 2 жыл бұрын

class 10th boards

@hanamohammed7450 2 жыл бұрын

And ninja nerdddd

@dndwigg 5 жыл бұрын

My teacher makes his salary off these videos

@jjj-nz8sf 4 жыл бұрын

butter than having salary while she/he is setting in the chair

@shaniangelie 4 жыл бұрын

DNDwiggins 😂 me too

@alibehzad1699 4 жыл бұрын

😂😂😂😂😂

@jakegonski4591 4 жыл бұрын

Especially now bro since quarantine

@teddytsoromocos3796 4 жыл бұрын

@@jakegonski4591 Learning an entire bio unit from the Amoeba sisters lmao

@trentvarga470 4 жыл бұрын

When a 7-minute youtube video teaches you more than your teacher can in 50 minutes

@nightblade6962 4 жыл бұрын

Facts

@carlasaab1288 3 жыл бұрын

Not 50 minutes, make it 2 months

@daniellelopez3683 3 жыл бұрын

@tammywilmans4351 2 жыл бұрын

perhaps you didn't listen in those 50 minutes. I use these videos in class often. But there is no denying that students don't always pay attention in class. Many of my students love these videos, and many have asked me not to show them as they understand my way of explaining better - I now use both formats to hopefully reach more students.

@minions2350 Жыл бұрын

Stating the truth there

@mohamedmagdy621 5 жыл бұрын

I am a 5th year medical student .. karyotyping was always confusing me ..and i was so shy to ask my professors ...thank u for clarifying this

@badenclosson8195 3 жыл бұрын

So then maybe you can help clarify it to me... a karyotype is the shape of the chromosomes or how they look?

@aryareddy3377 3 жыл бұрын

@@badenclosson8195 A karyotype is a chart that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

@aryareddy3377 3 жыл бұрын

@@badenclosson8195 so you would need a karyotype - for example - to confirm that you had a trisomy, or maybe a monosomy or things like that, also to check for other types of mutations

@seeratkhan5505 3 жыл бұрын

Is it important to study cytology in medical?

@expertise2103 2 жыл бұрын

shouldve got it down by 9th grade freshman year, like i did. *smirks

@tessa4181 4 жыл бұрын

Amoeba Sisters University... I would attend. Y'all have taught me so much I might as well get my degree from y'all instead

@1_-Uzi-_1 4 жыл бұрын

Tessa SAME

@jessiedos3917 3 жыл бұрын

LITERALLY

@luxury_kingdom7364 4 жыл бұрын

I've got to say...I began biology at the start of this year and absolutely dreaded it! Just recently I found the Amoeba Sisters and found biology more entertaining and found myself wanting to learn more. This channel has done a phenomenal job helping people understand complex studies and teaching in a family-friendly environment. Keep up the great work!

@nathansfunland3875 Жыл бұрын

Ikr!

@imlegit8325 6 жыл бұрын

My teacher plays your videos in class whenever we start a new topic

@shauntaybelton1153 6 жыл бұрын

Im Legit mines too

@MachineWashable101 5 жыл бұрын

Im Legit same

@sanctuary6054 5 жыл бұрын

me as teacher lol

@animeandstuff5377 5 жыл бұрын

if only every teacher did lmao but nah instead we gotta listen to dum lectures that boring and uneducating af lmao

@animeandstuff5377 5 жыл бұрын

@@sanctuary6054 if im a teacher ever imma give a list of youtube videos i used to learn from on the topic so even if im shit they always have youtube

@konkecele1770 4 жыл бұрын

I really love how simplified yet accurate and fun these videos always are. Thank you.

@Sky-rn2kt 3 жыл бұрын

I have been struggling with the whole cell phase in general and genetics with chromosomes and Karyotypes. Your videos have helped me so much this semester because you easily explain everything in a very simplistic way that makes sense and is clear to understand! I am so grateful for you guys, thank you so much for your amazing videos!

@iffatjahan5305 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you SOOO much for this!!! I have literally spend my entire life trying to figure out why two sister chromatids are still a chromosome, and you explained it so simply. These videos are the best!

@CanonShot Жыл бұрын

I have a final today. These videos have helped me immensely to gain an idea of what’s going on, then my required readings make more sense than they would had I not found this channel. The drawings are also great. Thank you.

@honey7062 6 жыл бұрын

It's been an 1hour since I discovered this channel.....and now I am a fan . GREAT WORK AMOEBA SISTERS

@ananya.a04 3 жыл бұрын

God I cannot put in words how much I love your videos! They help me understand complicated concepts so much! Please never stop making such videos!

@teenangel4426 6 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I ironically have my test on this in... about 40 minutes. Quick and easy to understand review! Life saver♡

@lolaenay 6 жыл бұрын

Stargazorlily how did it go?

@user-tl5lk3oy1n 4 жыл бұрын

how did it go lmao

@gamingwithdanger1538 4 жыл бұрын

Its good

@kaitling6527 3 жыл бұрын

Ayo how did it go?

@eastaeg Ай бұрын

how did it go?

@sarrakitty 6 жыл бұрын

I already knew all of this, but I'm gonna compliment on a very good video! Very easy to understand explanations about how all of this works and how to understand it, that someone who didn't know much about it before could follow along. A perfect video to show kids in school, and from the comments it looks like plenty of teachers have!

@noemerida29 3 жыл бұрын

I finally found a video that explains this subject perfectly! Thank you!

@rosette_renah 3 жыл бұрын

In this pandemic,you've come as a KZfaq angel to save lives,,thank you

@rachittarase9837 4 жыл бұрын

So i found this channel.. AND IT’S LIKE STUMBLING ON A GOLD MINE!! YIPEE!!!!!

@ginagarcia2016 4 жыл бұрын

I love your videos. I am actually taking a Human Heredity class and this helps a lot. I am a visual learner so this is perfect and much nicer than powerpoints!

@plantedbythebrooks1499 10 ай бұрын

Everyone of these videos I watch, I always write new ones down. Thank you, amoeba sisters!😊

@kwoneunbie_0780 4 жыл бұрын

This is the most useful channel existed in history of youtube!!!!! I wish this can expand to different topics. Either way, keep up the good work!!!!!

@ohlookadandelion Жыл бұрын

i love the way u share ur stories with us, and it makes me happy we both had the same misconceptions. plus the way u teach is so enthusiastic. u don't sound dead or like a robot and speak really slowly and it helps me process the informations. sending lots of love :)

@jordanmorales4818 5 жыл бұрын

love these videos. thanks for clearing up some things for me in a fun and enjoyable way! keep it up!

@rudrapsinghsolanki7918 5 жыл бұрын

Great work Ma'am! After spending more than 4 days on internet I found this kind of video exactly explaining my queries. Thanks a ton! I thought only I was having these kind of doubts regarding no. of chromatids during metaphase and issues with 2n chromosome. This become further difficult to understand when you are not a bio student. Excellent work again! Thanks a lot!

@Jane-jx7nr 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you! You hit all of the things that have confused me throughout my biology classes (like when things are called chromosomes vs. chromatids)!

@me-yf3cb 2 жыл бұрын

These were the exact doubts I was having since many years and I didn't get answer in any one of the youtube videos but I got it from you so thank you so much

@purushottam_paramdharma 2 жыл бұрын

woah, you literally single handedly made me invested into biology, great stuff!

@ektalakhera1 3 жыл бұрын

I'm a teacher and this video made me so happy. Really appreciate all the hard work you've put here to give quality education to all students of biology :-)

@peaceofpiety Жыл бұрын

Today began my personal journey of learning more about DNA coding. Thank you for creating videos of which are easy to watch, follow, and understand.

@mr.waller.gaming 3 жыл бұрын

I have never laughed so hard to an educational video. I died when it started talking about eyes making stomach acid. This channel is awesome. XD

@fairybunz8583 3 жыл бұрын

this was super helpful! Im a very visual learner and my professor is all talkie and no pictures. I needed this

@potatochips1953 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you for these videos Amoeba Sisters! They really help me with my Biology Class. 😊

@cookinginchaos4488 3 жыл бұрын

This video explained so much in a short amount of time and was easy to understand.Thank you

@rogsang9764 3 жыл бұрын

you are trully incredible, i am sure that almost 90% of students dont undestand de graphic of the karyotype because the problem on the counting of chromosomes, you have clear a doubt that i have had for years, thanks

@stayingcurios Жыл бұрын

this is so fun to watch while learning, the illustration itself is so helpful to visualise and understand while it also gives entertainment.

@briannahoff8589 5 жыл бұрын

Thank you!!! This really helped to clear up a lot of confusion about chromosome shape.

@LucasSousa-yc4pr 2 жыл бұрын

This channel is simply THE BEST!!!!

@themcvanister3855 3 жыл бұрын

Me stumbling across this channel like I was looking for help.. But friggn found the Amoeba Sisters dis do be the best discovery ive ever made

@jinsdadjokesismyaesthetic2581 3 жыл бұрын

I've literally done all of my exam revision with youtube... When a video teaches you more than your teacher does

@rahoomaaa9267 5 ай бұрын

my teachers would explain this lesson in like 50 minutes. it's insane how you explained everything so well in just 7 minutes

@ruxtic6224 5 жыл бұрын

Ok I definitely fell in love with those videos. Thank you so much!!!

@JoChen-gb4xr 4 жыл бұрын

GOD. You totally understand the questions that made me so confused. University professors should adopt your videos to play in lectures.

@PalomaNegra873 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much for these videos. The explanations and animations are great. They have helped me better understand my human genetics class.

@ericbenitez4082 5 жыл бұрын

Amazingly explained chromosomes and how they are counted! Thanks so much!

@1029lexibaby 6 жыл бұрын

This video rocks!! thank you guys this is exactly the information I need for my bio exam! :D

@Godloves11388340 5 жыл бұрын

You ladies are amazing!!! Thank you Thank you! I’m a teacher and this really helps me better explain to my students!!!

@ayeshaasif7364 3 жыл бұрын

Love you from the bottom of my heart . 😍😍got this clear after a long time

@asmaasma1524 3 жыл бұрын

i just love you ♥ you answered all my questions that no one did before

@RyanEmeryLovesCars 5 жыл бұрын

I actually stumbled upon this channel by accident, but I'm SO glad I did. You explain stuff SO much better than my college Biology teacher. Subscribed! P.S. I love the animations

@person1945 5 жыл бұрын

hey @ryan emery, are you a college student? like you mean UNI? & if you don't mind me asking can I know what are you studying?

@embarrassingusername7125 5 жыл бұрын

First to not say "I got this channel from my class"🤣🤣🤣

@studyonly7875 3 жыл бұрын

thank you so much for this video..... I have been always confused about chromosomes for years..Our teacher don't pick up common misconceptions...but you did..It was really helpful !!! :)))))

@rihan2815 Жыл бұрын

i litterally love you, i was so confused about chromosomes and chromatids and this popped up

@I_DidntKnowThat 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you guys so much! I'm starting reading materials from a high school book, but a lot of the information is confusing or partial. Just like the way they described chromosomes!

@BeverlySkits 6 жыл бұрын

My teacher plays your videos in class. Great channel and a quick and easy to learn.

@user-yy1li5ju2m 3 жыл бұрын

I really love this channel, very unique, simple way of explaining biology

@jennhello2522 5 жыл бұрын

thank you for making this complicated topic really easy to understand!!!

@swapnomoysarkar1733 4 жыл бұрын

These channel is awesome in one word.

@WowFan991 6 жыл бұрын

i really like your videos, they are funny but most of all they explain stuff really well

@llaury2663 6 жыл бұрын

Hooray for the Amoeba Sisters! My students love you.

@OrdenJust 3 ай бұрын

Best explanation I have found on this subject.

@SaeedNeamati 3 жыл бұрын

your videos are very informative. specially when you talk about misconceptions.

@maryambatool6986 5 ай бұрын

Just got to say amoeba sisters is saving my life🙏

@guitarkid1234 4 жыл бұрын

Thanks I have a test on this next week and u really helped me out on the studying!

@JoDavi-wj1nn 3 ай бұрын

Mel and I found this content very helpful!

@flimmyjimmy9724 2 жыл бұрын

Y’all are literally saving me

@finnwilliam4125 5 жыл бұрын

I have watched this entire play list a good 5 times now

@pavithrat178 5 жыл бұрын

You're doing a great job 👍 I've no words to say how helpful this is... tq amoeba sisters😇😇

@sas6010 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much for this animated vedio..I could clear most of my doubts

@Othwgsh12445 Жыл бұрын

watching this for my bio final in 3 days. literally life saving

@emilyzheng7559 2 жыл бұрын

This is the video I really need to solve my problem. I was sooooo confused about the numbers of chromosomes. But one thing I'd like to add is the reason after the duplicated chromosome is still consided one chromosome is because it still contains only one set of infomation. ( read it from our textbook.) Thanks Amoeba Sisters. This really helps

@lorenlaunen3438 Жыл бұрын

THANK YOU x 1 000 000 for addressing the annoying tendency of showing chromosomes only as they exist after DNA replication and not how they are "most of the time" in the cell. Thank you for all your excellent video content.

@rachaeLeighxo 3 жыл бұрын

Love your videos. I’ve been watching alll morning!

@ej_l2525 4 жыл бұрын

Dude,this makes studying biology even more fun because of this illustrations. I'm studying Cytogenetics,Anatomy & Physio, Bio-chemistry and Bio-statistics because University are mostly online now. Pdf's makes me sleepy sometimes.

@krashh78 Жыл бұрын

i’m too adhd to focus in class these things save my life thank you so much

@Xyzeye Жыл бұрын

ABSOLUTELY!!!...ABSOLUTELY!!! LOVE YOUR VIDEOS. you wouldn't believe the amt of difficulties I went through regarding this representation of chromosomes in karyotype. thank you for existing🥰🥰

@marylight9700 6 жыл бұрын

I have you on Notification, but it didn't tell me about this or any of your other videos :-( (/cries) Anyway, cool video, loved it!

@suzannedm1223 3 жыл бұрын

Wauw THANK YOU, I did not understand how to read this karyotype at all, I thought that the pair's where the sisters for way to long.... This video rocks!

@sarahfeathers6173 3 жыл бұрын

I LOVE UR VIDEOS!!! I always earn so much from u guys it’s honestly amazing! Thanks to you I’m passing my bio lectures

@vaishnavisachdeva4862 3 жыл бұрын

I am a neet aspirants and can u believe me..bec of these online classes I can't understand a word but if I do score good in neet I am definitely gonna recommend others of this channel..this channel deserves so much more ❤️

@momiima 3 жыл бұрын

ugh thank you. I was so confused why karyotypes only showed one chromatid!!

@shirleymapu657 4 ай бұрын

I'm not really good at writing in English so my comment í going to be written in Vietnamese😅 Em là một học sinh lớp 9 tại Việt Nam. Tại nước em, các học sinh lớp 9 sẽ tham gia vào kì thi học sinh giỏi về 1 bộ môn mình yêu thích và em chọn môn sinh học. Thật may mắn làm sao khi em đã đậu quận và được dự thi vòng thành phố. Và ngày thi thành phố ấy chỉ còn 12 tiếng nữa là đến rồi. Tìm thấy một kênh youtube giải thích cặn kẽ, dễ hiểu và dễ thương về Sinh học đã giúp em bớt lo lắng và thoải mái hơn rất nhiều. Trên hết, em còn được tổng hợp tất cả kiến thúc về sinh học phân tử nữa chứ. Thank you, Amoeba Sister❤❤❤❤

@angelisvegan5826 2 жыл бұрын

This was the most important video ever

@taylormorrison2888 6 жыл бұрын

I like these videos 10x better than Crash Course

@j.l5463 5 жыл бұрын

Man, both are great

@hangettingstronger 5 жыл бұрын

I don't know why a lot of y'all want to make everything a competition... both are amazing in their own way.

@vasantharumugam602 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot, Ameoba sisters. I can't explain in words how much I have benefited, Now only I understood fully about Chromosome and chromatid count. very nice explanation

@manasvisharma3949 5 жыл бұрын

Amazing way to explain complex topics .... thanks for yr effort . ♥️♥️

@sunandaacharjee6005 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you.... One of the best vids

@tjtj45 4 жыл бұрын

Omg absolutely love your videos there so easy to follow and understand and the drawings are so cute

@sarkisianelin 3 жыл бұрын

I love this channellll

@yoihenbath Жыл бұрын

4:02 I am so thankful for this!!! My god you're my hero

@rihabch3647 3 жыл бұрын

I LOVE ITTT THIS IS JUST JUST AMAZINGLY SIMPLE. I GOT EVERYTHING ❤❤

@theteenageangstpodcast5283 5 жыл бұрын

I LOVE YOU GUYS, THIS VIDEO READ MY MIND. IM HONESTLY IN AWE

@jollyjumper7862 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you very much, you make that topic so easy understandable:)

@muzamilkelam2957 5 жыл бұрын

It looks like you're the only one that understands my confusions and misconception. I had a lot of confusion regarding these monad and dyad chromosomes. You solved it, as always. Oh! I am in love with you 😍😍. Thanks a lot.

@alexg3268 5 жыл бұрын

thats wierd

@akash-cm4xf 4 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much guys. You are fantastic. You clear my biggest doubt thank you soooooo much😘😘

@JihadAlAnsari 5 жыл бұрын

Your explanations were quite confusing but eventually I got it. Thank you :)

@alimukhtar4759 11 ай бұрын

Awesome explanation👍🏻

@shirfridman1823 5 ай бұрын

I owe you my degree

@tiffanykim5556 3 жыл бұрын

these animations are top-tier damn

@chandayadav7572 6 жыл бұрын

Thankuuuuuuu , for so long I was confused between chromatids & chromosomes 🙏🙏🙏

@carolinaaguilar4380 2 жыл бұрын

I am from Costa Rica, and i am teacher of sciences. I really think it are the better videos for to teach sciences tha i have seen in my live. Really GOOD JOB !!! You are a geniuse. I am sorry for my english, in reality i dont know this languaje.

@AmoebaSisters 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much!! Pinky got to visit Costa Rica for the first time this June. Such a beautiful country with so much biodiversity - we love Costa Rica!! We wish you a wonderful school year!