Punnett Squares and Sex-Linked Traits (UPDATED)

Рет қаралды 422,198

Күн бұрын

Explore how to solve Punnett squares that involve sex-linked traits, specifically focusing on X-linked traits. Video has a resource available here www.amoebasisters.com/handouts This 2023 UPDATED sex-linked traits Amoeba Sisters video has more detail and improved art from the old 2015 Punnett squares and sex-linked traits Amoeba Sisters video.
OLD VIDEO: • Punnett Squares and Se...
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Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:49 Sex Chromosomes
2:25 Solving Sex Linked Punnett Square Problem
5:40 Five Things to Keep in Mind
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TEXTBOOK REFERENCES
Clark, Mary Ann, et al. “12.2 Characteristics and Traits - Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 28 Mar. 2018, openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/12-2-characteristics-and-traits.
Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
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ADDITIONAL DETAIL INFORMATION
*More info on Hemophilia: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia...
*More about red-green colorblindness & other forms of colorblindness: my.clevelandclinic.org/health...
*Biological sex described by NIH & Yale School of Medicine:
NIH: orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender
Yale School of Medicine: medicine.yale.edu/news-articl...
*Footnote about "male" & "female" terminology from NIH at BOTTOM of orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender/se...
^^Above sources also explain difference of sex & gender.
*This video is about traits on sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have XX chromosomes & males have XY chromosomes BUT as video mentions, this is not always the case.
Examples:
XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/cond...
X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene...
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FURTHER EXPLORATION
1. How did X and Y sex chromosomes get their names?
From Arizona State University's "Embryo Project Encyclopedia" embryo.asu.edu/pages/sex-dete...
2. Preeclampsia was mentioned as an example that many disorders may have a genetic component yet are NOT single gene traits (and thus can't be easily worked on a Punnett square). In addition, many disorders may involve autosomes and other external factors. As mentioned, the cause of preeclampsia is currently not well understood though gene involvement is being studied.
*Genetic Risk Factors: jamanetwork.com/journals/jama...
*Recent News regarding Preeclampsia:
FDA clearance of Preeclampsia risk assessment assays: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news...
*Preeclampsia Foundation's Page of Research News: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news...
3. Sex chromosomes in other animals can vary & may not be able to be worked in same type of Punnett square:
Sex chromosomes in birds? Written by a professor of genetics:
theconversation.com/how-birds...
Platypus:
www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas...
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MUSIC:
Intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the KZfaq audio library.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
We gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. We also have videos using an artificial voice via aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility.
Visit www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-...

Пікірлер: 91

@AmoebaSisters 11 ай бұрын

We've updated our old 2015 video with improved art and detail! In addition, we've also updated the handout to match. You can find all of our resources on: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing As our video mentions, our video description has more details and further exploration links - we're additionally pasting it into this pinned comment: *TEXTBOOK REFERENCES* Clark, Mary Ann, et al. “12.2 Characteristics and Traits - Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 28 Mar. 2018, openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/12-2-characteristics-and-traits. Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017. ---------------------------------------- *ADDITIONAL DETAIL INFORMATION* *More info on Hemophilia: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html *More about red-green colorblindness & other forms of colorblindness: my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11604-color-blindness *Biological sex described by NIH & Yale School of Medicine: NIH: orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender Yale School of Medicine: medicine.yale.edu/news-article/what-do-we-mean-by-sex-and-gender/ *Footnote about "male" & "female" terminology from NIH at BOTTOM of orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender/sex-and-gender-in-health-and-disease ^^Above sources also explain difference of sex & gender. *This video is about traits on sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have XX chromosomes & males have XY chromosomes BUT as video mentions, this is not always the case. Examples: XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/ X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene: medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/ ---------------------------------------- *FURTHER EXPLORATION* 1. How did X and Y sex chromosomes get their names? From Arizona State University's "Embryo Project Encyclopedia" embryo.asu.edu/pages/sex-determination-humans 2. Preeclampsia was mentioned as an example that many disorders may have a genetic component yet are NOT single gene traits (and thus can't be easily worked on a Punnett square). In addition, many disorders may involve autosomes and other external factors. As mentioned, the cause of preeclampsia is currently not well understood though gene involvement is being studied. *Genetic Risk Factors: jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2805948 *Recent News regarding Preeclampsia: FDA clearance of Preeclampsia risk assessment assays: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research/thermo-fisher-scientific-gets-fda-clearance-for-preeclampsia-risk-assessment-assays *Preeclampsia Foundation's Page of Research News: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research-news 3. Sex chromosomes in other animals can vary & may not be able to be worked in same type of Punnett square: Sex chromosomes in birds? Written by a professor of genetics: theconversation.com/how-birds-become-male-or-female-and-occasionally-both-112061 Platypus: www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0405702101

@starreturns1 11 ай бұрын

Hey are your plushies still available? I would love to buy one! EDIT: I found them! I might get them soon as they're absolutely nice!

@WrenGirl 11 ай бұрын

Thank you both so much, your videos help me in school all the time! You don't skimp on the information, and present it in an understandable and memorable way. Thank you! -a high school student

@parkhayoon1724 10 ай бұрын

Can you do a video about (Auditory canal ) please 🥺

@rogerbadal3081 10 ай бұрын

Thank you amoeba sisters🥰I really like all your videos when I want to study our lesson😍,because I understand all your videos and it is so amazing, keep up the good work🎉

@revllanes7354 7 ай бұрын

TOO LONG! SHORTEN!

@GEVids 11 ай бұрын

Respect to the Amoeba Sisters for carrying our biology classes 🫡

@qwerty2723 10 ай бұрын

I never expected to see a GEVids comments while studying for a biology test 💀

@AnaiahCain 10 ай бұрын

@polarpanda454 10 ай бұрын

why did u stop uploading?

@Phymacss 10 ай бұрын

Wow, 5 million subs.

@GoogleUser-rw4jr 9 ай бұрын

@@polarpanda454he is probably busy with school

@Spantos 10 ай бұрын

i just want to stop by and say that you saved my rear end on my test this weekend. I saw a 4-year-old video and I'm so happy you're still making content. keep being awesome!

@ohlookadandelion 6 ай бұрын

on my test out of all the chapters, i got most of the questions wrong from this chapter. Now im focusing on my weakness, and u explained this so well! Sending all my love and support :)

@pirateninja1001 11 ай бұрын

Love your work Amoeba Sisters!! ❤❤ your videos keep getting better and better

@HHDarkHawk 6 ай бұрын

My teacher is having us take notes on your informative and easy to digest videos. Thx

@tsukasayugi9065 9 ай бұрын

Thank you so much for this video ❤❤❤❤ I was making sure if what I studied is correct and it is you explained it really well 🥰 Thank you so much ❤❤❤

@bloxy_brown 6 ай бұрын

Thank you so much, I never focus on my biology class, the amoeba sisters are 🔛🔝

@StaticBlaster 11 ай бұрын

It’s a coincidence that you uploaded another biology video today, just as I was visiting the zoo/aquarium. In fact, I just returned home from the aquarium.

@sejb12922 5 ай бұрын

This is super helpful for my nursing pediatrics class! Thanks for covering both X-linked recessive AND dominant in the same video!

@queenglory9352 10 ай бұрын

Amoeba sisters I miss you so much 😭😭😭😭😭😭 You guys carried me through bio and now I am STRUGGLING in Chem because none of those videos are as good as yours. I’m begging you to make Chem vids. 😭🙏

@caseyandtoryshalloween1236 3 ай бұрын

Watch hank green

@caseyandtoryshalloween1236 3 ай бұрын

They do not wan't to make non-biology videos

@mrwaffles536 10 ай бұрын

Holy moly, I remember watching these guys in my biology 7th grade class, these were the best

@friedrice7807 9 ай бұрын

this was a month ago dude

@mrwaffles536 8 ай бұрын

@@friedrice7807 no I don’t mean this video I mean some other ones

@Daisy_That_Dane 4 ай бұрын

I'm in seventh grade and my teacher assigned this as home work over the weekend and she gave us papers to make sure we did NOT THE BEST

@RossPeterson06 11 ай бұрын

Amœba Sisters: Congratulations on successfully sailing between Scylla and Charybdis!

@ilmunnooreasha9853 11 ай бұрын

Finally you guys came up with a new video 🥳🥺

@trainfan4014 11 ай бұрын

Ameoba sisters love your amazing content!

@qtravelgtn5655 11 ай бұрын

love your work keep it up❤

@marcusscience23 11 ай бұрын

For females with XX chromosomes, each cell randomly and permanently chooses one X chromosome to activate and silences the other. If there is an X-linked trait on one of the X chromosomes, the cells that have that X chromosome activated will be affected, but the cells that have the other X chromosome activated will not. In males with XY chromosomes, all the cells will have the only X chromosome activated, and will be affected by any X-linked traits present.

@cartoondoggy 11 ай бұрын

OMG, I had preeclampsia, too! So scary. Nice updates!!

@Fr05Ty-YT 10 ай бұрын

My 8th grade science teacher loved you last year

@tundraent 11 ай бұрын

thanks so much this was so helpful am gonna ace that test tomorrow😅🙂

@sulfrum 11 ай бұрын

Love it!

@circus.dream2008 7 ай бұрын

Average amoeba sisters dub (Tysm for allowing me to pass class without having to talk to anyone 🙏)

@silentmoonlight834 8 ай бұрын

Its the best easy to understand

@serious_person2 10 ай бұрын

Wonderful! I wonder I you guys will ever do a vid on gene editing? Like crispr or something...

@killerwlf9631 10 ай бұрын

It's easier when they explain it!!!

@lillyazevedo3838 9 ай бұрын

best videos ever

@maggiehojati8110 11 күн бұрын

I love you guys❤

@darwinradhi9350 8 ай бұрын

Please make videos on linkage and crossing over

@iseriver3982 11 ай бұрын

Is this an example of the mothers curse? Or does mothers curse only apply to mitochondria.

@sjared8938 11 ай бұрын

Would you please make a video on cell culture

@BoraniumArt 11 ай бұрын

Awesome

@sailormoonii 10 ай бұрын

Do ionotropic and metabotropic receptors plsss!

@Moissanite_ 10 ай бұрын

Hi there, I'm not sure if you'll read this but I'm trying to create a novel and in this work, I have a set of non-identical twins one with very white almost blonde hair and the other with very dark black hair. I was wondering if this was possible and if so, what would the parents possibly look like?

@Artmakerthenightwing 9 ай бұрын

One probably has white blonde hair and the other has Dark hair.

@SolaSky 8 ай бұрын

Yeah, that’s possible. Hair color is polygenic (multiple genes affect hair color) and multifactorial (non-genetic factors such as the environment). So, we can’t really put it on a pedigree-it’s much more complicated. But, for an overly simplified example, assume hair color is decided by a single autosomal trait (it’s not in real life) where black hair is dominant over white hair. Then, one parent that is heterozygous for the hair color character (and thus has the black hair phenotype) and another parent that is homozygous recessive (so has white hair), will produce offspring with a 50% chance of white hair, and 50% chance of black hair. Also, two parents who are heterozygous for the black hair trait, can also produce children with pure white hair if they were both heterozygous.

@Moissanite_ 8 ай бұрын

@@SolaSky thanks so much!!

@kiel5390 8 ай бұрын

And you saved me

@ashvini192 8 ай бұрын

But for females with X^h and X^h is a lethal combination ryt?

@GuidonBedon 11 ай бұрын

Based channel

@Pleetu 7 ай бұрын

Hey, really ridiculous comment, but I was kind of confused about the joke at the end of the video. I think it was supposed to be a Y chromosome pretending to be an X chromosome, but it ended up the Y chromosome trying to be a Y chromosome. Was there a mistake, or did I just not understand it?

@bblssk 7 ай бұрын

The Y chromosome is trying to make itself into the shape of the letter "Y", emphasizing that the name "Y" (or "X") doesn't have anything to do with its shape.

@Solslayer-nu4dr 6 ай бұрын

5:18 I guessed it to be 25%

@user-nv5hh4se3d 2 ай бұрын

Any body for cxc?

@user-qw7kp2oq4p 2 ай бұрын

where the heck is backup??? lol

@rezescat780 7 ай бұрын

4:13

@kenwatanabe4637 7 ай бұрын

"Would you like to know one of the most under appreciated pieces of cytoplasm out there? Platelets." Platelets are a component of the blood. They are not pieces of cytoplasm - the gel-like liquid inside cells.

@AmoebaSisters 7 ай бұрын

Hi, there! While cytoplasm does include a gel-like portion (specifically the cytosol of the cytoplasm), the cytoplasm actually consists of all the inner parts of the cell except for the nucleus (if the cell has a nucleus). This is why platelets are often referred to as a "cytoplasmic fragments" or "fragments of cytoplasm." Here are some sources to support the use of the word cytoplasm with defining platelets: *Platelet defined from Openstax, a peer-reviewed open source textbook based at Rice University: openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-4-leukocytes-and-platelets *Platelet also defined and described: www.jthjournal.org/article/S1538-7836(22)15116-0/fulltext

@mstrand176 6 ай бұрын

I love you

@DawsBoss12-df9dg 8 ай бұрын

why am i not subscribed

@misskirbychan3192 11 ай бұрын

Why am I not as smart as these two.....

@hschwartz9277 2 ай бұрын

That freak, the Platypus

@jacobssaw3346 9 ай бұрын

I have hemophilia

@cricketislove4548 11 ай бұрын

@connorbeighley6981 11 ай бұрын

If I remember correctly, the Y chromosome only makes a male a male. If a male got the damaged X chromosome, they would have that problem because all the Y chromosome does is make a male a male. Since females have 2 X chromosomes, all long as they have one X chromosome that's healthy paired with the damaged chromosome, they'll be a carrier of the trait but might not show it.

@Felix_Able 8 ай бұрын

👍

@jr3414 5 ай бұрын

@@Felix_Able not only maleness, but if the gene exists on the X without a respective allele on the Y then yes, it would be activated, however the Y can have genes dominant over the X so can lead to certain traits

@Microclass86 3 ай бұрын

😂

@adamhasan4380 11 ай бұрын

Can you do a video about Parasites?

@kaysers428m7 Ай бұрын

This needs to be clarified. Why does genetics have to be so freaking hard to understand! These punnet squares don't help. You mentioned that the individual didn't have it the Hemophilia, so why add it on the punnet square?