How do we know how much dark matter there is in the Universe?

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Күн бұрын

AD - Go to ground.news/drbecky to stay fully informed with the latest Space and Science news. Subscribe through my link to get 40% off the Vantage plan for unlimited access this month only. | I often get asked how do we know dark matter exists? Which is why I've made a video on all the observational evidence we have before (linked below)! But occasionally I'll get asked how do we know how much dark matter there is, which is a really fun question. There's many different ways we can calculate this, including the ratio between normal (baryonic) and dark matter, but in this video I just wanted to highlight three different ways astrophysicists calculate this.
Here's my previous video on all the evidence we have for dark matter - • All the evidence we ha...
My previous video on whether dark matter could be made of black holes - • Is dark matter made of...
My previous video on whether black holes contain dark matter - • Do black holes contain...
My previous video on why galaxies merge if the universe is expanding - • If the Universe is exp...
Allen, Evrard & Mantz (2011; review on galaxy clusters observations) - arxiv.org/pdf/1103.4829
Zwicky (1933; first virial theorem paper in German) - articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/p...
Zwicky (1937; virial theorem applied to the Coma cluster) - articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/p...
Alpher, Bethe, & Gamow (1948; big bang nucleosynthesis; behind paywall) - journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/...
Alpher & Herman (1950; more BBN work; behind paywall) - journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract...
Planck collaboration (2015; cosmological parameter results for our best model of the Universe) - arxiv.org/pdf/1502.01589
00:00 Introduction
02:04 Ground News AD
03:54 Method 1 - Galaxy Clusters and the virial theorem
08:49 Method 2 - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
11:39 Method 3 - Cosmic Microwave Background
14:35 Outro
15:24 Bloopers
Video filmed on a Sony ⍺7 IV
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👩🏽‍💻 I'm Dr. Becky Smethurst, an astrophysicist at the University of Oxford (Christ Church). I love making videos about science with an unnatural level of enthusiasm. I like to focus on how we know things, not just what we know. And especially, the things we still don't know. If you've ever wondered about something in space and couldn't find an answer online - you can ask me! My day job is to do research into how supermassive black holes can affect the galaxies that they live in. In particular, I look at whether the energy output from the disk of material orbiting around a growing supermassive black hole can stop a galaxy from forming stars.
drbecky.uk.com
rebeccasmethurst.co.uk

Пікірлер: 1 200

@DrBecky 10 күн бұрын

AD - Go to ground.news/drbecky to stay fully informed with the latest Space and Science news. Subscribe through my link to get 40% off the Vantage plan for unlimited access this month only

@osmosisjones4912 10 күн бұрын

Wormholes linking area's of gravity . Explain everything seen assumed to be dark matter

@Jeremybro 10 күн бұрын

Any insights new discoveries on black holes? 👀

@esecallum 10 күн бұрын

still peddling the pseudoscience of dark matter. you should be embarrassed...

@esecallum 10 күн бұрын

Oh, dark matter, the cosmic clown that's had astronomers chuckling for a century, and there's still no sign of a punchline that makes sense. It's like they've been on an intergalactic wild goose chase for a hundred years, and all they've got to show for it is a bunch of cosmic whoopee cushions that keep deflating when they sit on them. Now, enter axions, the absurdity's absurdity. Astronomers, in their never-ending quest to turn the universe into a comedy show, have introduced these quirky particles into the cosmic script. It's as if they've decided to juggle flaming bowling pins while riding a unicycle on a tightrope that's on fire - you know, just to make the whole thing even more ridiculous. Picture this: Astronomers, with telescopes pointed at the void, staring blankly at the cosmic canvas, suddenly shout, "Dark matter, axions, and...um, other stuff, I guess?" as if they're naming random things from their grocery list and hoping it will magically make sense. It's like trying to play chess with a set of Scrabble tiles - chaotic and utterly incoherent. They've essentially turned the pursuit of knowledge into a century-long cosmic slapstick routine, where the punchline is eternally delayed, and dark matter is the banana peel that keeps astronomers slipping. Axions, in this carnival of chaos, are the cotton candy that's been flung into the crowd, sticking to everyone and making everything even stickier. So, here's to our persistent astronomers, who've transformed the cosmos into a never-ending cosmic stand-up show, with dark matter as the bumbling, pratfall-prone comedian. Keep the popcorn handy, folks; this spectacle of cosmic confusion shows no sign of a sensible ending anytime soon.

@jakewilliam15 10 күн бұрын

the atheist can only affirm he was destined to "believe" in dark matter LMbO

@lethargogpeterson4083 10 күн бұрын

Ooo, missing baryon problem video please :-) (When convenient.)

@csh43166 10 күн бұрын

Yes, please!!

@ghaznavid 10 күн бұрын

Agreed. Even better - a second book. Her first one was really interesting and well written.

@lexinwonderland5741 10 күн бұрын

AGREED! I think she did a video that addressed BAO (Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation) relevant to the CMB recently...? could be misremembering, but if so that's a good reference for the start of WHAT WE'RE EAGER TO SEE!!!

@robfenwitch7403 10 күн бұрын

There seems to be an unlikely amount of baryonic matter in my spare bedroom.

@lethargogpeterson4083 9 күн бұрын

@@robfenwitch7403 It's not your fault. An overdensity of dark matter pulled it all in.

@threadripper979 10 күн бұрын

Now when people ask, "What's the matter?" I'll have an answer.

@DrewNorthup 10 күн бұрын

Presuming, of course, that you have the energy to do so-unless you're harnessing the dark "side" of the energy equation.

@DeFrisselle 4 күн бұрын

Okay, What's a Proton

@jml_53 10 күн бұрын

Fun fact, Hans Bethe didn't contribute to the original paper. George Gamow just thought it would be fun to have the authors names be the first three Greek letters.

@DecafKauffee 10 күн бұрын

So I’m not the only one who noticed Alphers, Bethe, Gamow sounded so much like alpha, beta, gamma!

@llywrch7116 10 күн бұрын

@@DecafKauffeeGamow was well known for his sense of humor.

@SpeakertoLampposts 10 күн бұрын

Bonus fun fact: it was published in Physical Review on April Fools' Day. Gamow later explained: "The results of these calculations were first announced in a letter to The Physical Review, April 1, 1948. This was signed Alpher, Bethe, and Gamow, and is often referred to as the 'alphabetical article'. It seemed unfair to the Greek alphabet to have the article signed by Alpher and Gamow only, and so the name of Dr. Hans A. Bethe (in absentia) was inserted in preparing the manuscript for print. Dr. Bethe, who received a copy of the manuscript, did not object, and, as a matter of fact, was quite helpful in subsequent discussions. There was, however, a rumor that later, when the alpha, beta, gamma theory went temporarily on the rocks, Dr. Bethe seriously considered changing his name to Zacharias. The close fit of the calculated curve and the observed abundances is shown in Fig. 15, which represents the results of later calculations carried out on the electronic computer of the National Bureau of Standards by Ralph Alpher and R. C. Herman (who stubbornly refuses to change his name to Delter)."

@frankowalker4662 10 күн бұрын

@@llywrch7116 Was'nt he one of the Marx Brothers ? (lol)

@Demonrifts 9 күн бұрын

@@DecafKauffee She literally said "in the famous Alpha, Beta, and Gamma paper," in the video. The authors noticed it when they originally published the paper under those names 75 years ago, hence Bethe being credited, the science community noticed when it was published; hence it being "famous," and anybody remotely paying attention to the video noticed when Becky explicitly points out the intentional and obvious pun. So with it being that astoundingly obvious, I can't believe you picked up on it!

@SiqueScarface 10 күн бұрын

15:45 I have to defend Fritz Zwicky here. In his 1936 paper, he clearly states that he only calculates with stars bright enough so we can see them. He does not speculate about the nature of all the stuff we can't see, just that it does not send out enough light for us to detect it. Hence he calls it "Dark Matter", because to him, that's what it was, matter not bright enough to be seen from the Earth. He also extensively quotes Edwin Hubble and his observations of the expanding universe, and because methods at the time weren't well calibrated, he uses a number for the Hubble constant that is way off today's estimates: 500 km/(s*Mpc), seven times higher than currently measured - but that's the number all cosmologists at the time, including Albert Einstein and Alexander Friedmann, were using.

@byrnemeister2008 10 күн бұрын

To be fair that’s what dark matter is today as well. While there are some hypotheses we do not know for sure which is correct. It could be that more than one of these hypothesis are correct and contribute to dark matter observations.

@SiqueScarface 10 күн бұрын

@@byrnemeister2008Lets put it like this: Only today, we assume non-baryonic Dark Matter, because nucleosynthesis and the CMB tell us how much baryonic matter is out there. At Fritz Zwicky's time, there was Alexander Friedmann's estimation of the average matter density of the Universe, but it is based on the Hubble constant, which was, as mentioned, estimated to be 500 km/(s*Mpc), not 70 km/(s*Mpc) as today.

@michaelsommers2356 10 күн бұрын

We have better telescopes than Zwicky had access to, and can see more.

@arctic_haze 10 күн бұрын

I agree. Zwicky thought the dark matter is what we now call barionic but simply dark. At the time this was a sensible conjecture.

@pansepot1490 9 күн бұрын

⁠⁠@@SiqueScarface thanks for the additional context on Zwicky. I personally find historical perspective extremely helpful for better understanding complex concepts. 👍

@ericeaton2386 5 күн бұрын

An episode covering "the energy budget of the universe" would also be a great addition! You mentioned it several times in this video, but simply as a given (I know it's not what this video was about, haha).

@ayac.4998 10 күн бұрын

Thanks for fixing the echo issue. Your previous video was also a bit echoey but I didn't say anything to not seem annoying lol. This is the first video that you've truly fixed it so I just wanted to thank you for it.🎉

@spacemissing 10 күн бұрын

Likely enough, the new room now has more furnishings that either absorb or diffuse sound waves.

@samuilzaychev9636 10 күн бұрын

Love how half of this comment section is conspiracy theories an dthe other half is people saying becky is amazing😂 though this is said near the upload of the video so it will probably change

@hanks.9833 10 күн бұрын

Probably not

@samuilzaychev9636 10 күн бұрын

@@hanks.9833 being notified of your reply and looking at the comment section again... yeah... probably not😭

@hanks.9833 10 күн бұрын

@@samuilzaychev9636 I look at it this way, at least they are not exposed to misinformation here

@samuilzaychev9636 10 күн бұрын

@@hanks.9833 well yeah atleast

@atticmuse3749 10 күн бұрын

Yeah, dark matter and/or dark energy always brings out all the armchair astrophysicists who think they know better than scientists.

@marypotter_2010 4 күн бұрын

Hello there, Dr Becky. Ive watched many of your videos and I must say you are the best astrophysicist KZfaqr I know. The detail, the information and the way you turn complex concepts, easier to understand, is absolutely amazing! I wanted to ask you if you could make a video on how we heard the first sound after the big bang and how it was decoded for humans to hear. It sounds like a pretty interesting topic and id love to hear your input on it. Hoping you'll consider my request. Thank you. Also, i just received your book 'the brief history of Black holes' and its really beautiful and looks so interesting. Excited to read! And happiest birthday! Wishing you an amazing life full of new discoveries and successes ahead!

@dominikvonlavante6113 10 күн бұрын

Becky. This was amazing. Can you please do more of these basic lectures.

@daviddenaldi816 10 күн бұрын

Thanks for the video- still my favorite topic in astronomy and physics.

@decam5329 10 күн бұрын

Two days at the pub! Intrigued.

@patchvonbraun 10 күн бұрын

We're running our first STEM summer camp at the observatory this summer. The main task of the students will be to make observations of the galactic hydrogen, in the first quadrant of the galactic plane, and use that to show that the rotation curve is non-Newtonian, and thus supports the Dark Matter hypothesis.

@CyberiusT 8 күн бұрын

Wish that sort of thing had been available when I was that age. That sounds insanely interesting to me.

@stephenmiller4948 10 күн бұрын

I watched a PBS show yesterday where they talked about neutrinos and how the elusive "fourth" neutrino may lead to a way to actually identify and measure dark mater. Can you shed some light on this? I may be thoroughly wet with how I interpreted what I heard, but I thought I heard about some relationship between dark matter and this theorized, yet to be actually discovered fourth neutrino.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 10 күн бұрын

So-called "sterile" neutrinos are a possible candidate for dark matter, I think you mean that.

@alphalunamare 8 күн бұрын

It is just another bollux pipe dream that some one has come up with on a Grant from a funding agency. Seriously, where is the 4th family of particles? Even Cern would laugh this out of court.

@anonymous223 7 күн бұрын

But what, if any, relationship does the theoretical graviton have to dark matter :D

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 7 күн бұрын

@@anonymous223 Probably the same relationship as to ordinary matter: It mediates the gravitational interaction between the particles.

@longlostkryptonian5797 10 күн бұрын

For all the trolls out there, just because some things are beyond your comprehension, doesn’t mean they’re beyond everyone’s or that they’re not a possible part of reality.

@LEDewey_MD 10 күн бұрын

Amen

@jeffspaulding9834 10 күн бұрын

I recently saw a video of a guy responding to anti-science types titled, "Science isn't dogma, you're just stupid." Summed things up pretty well.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 10 күн бұрын

@@jeffspaulding9834 Professor Dave explains. I watched and liked that, too. :)

@likebot. 8 күн бұрын

@@jeffspaulding9834 While the response is spot-on, it's the worst way to deal with anti-science ignoramuses. They should be either ignored and allowed to be wrong, or slowly tricked into figuring things out - one painstaking step at a time. Considering that they'll not matter to the world of knowledge in the least, I'd go for option # 1.

@jeffspaulding9834 6 күн бұрын

@@likebot. For regular science deniers, that's sound advice and what I usually do. In the case where Prof. Dave was dealing with, the person in question was a science denial advocate and making anti-science videos. That's a different situation.

@BeckyStern 9 күн бұрын

I learn so much from your channel, oh dear Dr. Becky!!! Thanks for explaining. 🥰

@flwi 5 күн бұрын

So fascinating how clever minds come up with all these conclusions. The more I learn about the universe the more in awe I look at the night sky. Thanks for sharing your knowledge and passion!

@KipIngram 10 күн бұрын

Yeah, I think if we can assess this in three ways that are truly independent of each other and arrive at the same estimate, to within a reasonable range, that's pretty compelling.

@antonystringfellow5152 10 күн бұрын

Not just that but the only competing theory is modified gravity (MOND) and that can only explain one of the observations made here - the rotation of galaxies. Another observation not mentioned here is that some galaxies have a lot more dark matter than others. Some galaxies have hardly any at all. No way that modified gravity could explain that, it would have to apply equally everywhere.

@user-ds7uk1ft2x 9 күн бұрын

@@antonystringfellow5152 Correct about MOND. It's ad hoc curve fitting, and doesn't do that very well. Big Bang theory is also ad hoc curve fitting -- 96% of it is made-up "dark" stuff. And it isn't predictive: the galaxies the JWST found look just like the galaxies we already knew, not the baby galaxies BBT predicted. The only self-contained physical theory of the universe, which is also predictive (see JWST results), is plasma cosmology. Odd that mainstream cosmologists simply ignore it. Or is that the only way they can deal with it.

@user-ds7uk1ft2x 9 күн бұрын

@@antonystringfellow5152 Correct about MOND -- it's ad hoc curve fitting and doesn't do it very well. Big Bang theory is also ad hoc curve fitting, as shown by 96% of it being made-up dark stuff.

@alphalunamare 8 күн бұрын

Mond is old news, something better is needed, Besides the 3 approaches are not mutually exlusive nor without flaws. They are just the best theoretical frigs at the moment. If The Pope and his church have no clothes then they have no clothes ..even if they spout Physics these days. And No, that is not a dig at Lemaitre but at those who unthinkingly adopt the dogma of the day.

@kylebushnell2601 8 күн бұрын

That’s extremely erroneous, Mond is not the only competing theory.

@icaleinns6233 9 күн бұрын

Follow up video please! Missing baryons FTW!

@LisaJeannetter 4 күн бұрын

Revux consistent progress updates show dedication.

@conrad4852 10 күн бұрын

This was really cool. I'd only ever heard of the first way. Fascinating to learn about the other two. Thank you.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 10 күн бұрын

Most people have only heard about the first one, and even that, they usually misunderstand as simply "galaxies rotate faster than they should". That's why soooooo many people come up with claimed explanations without dark matter which obviously don't work at very first sight.

@curtislindsey1736 10 күн бұрын

I think it means we've figured out about 5% of the universe. It's not a bad start but we clearly have a lot to figure out.

@ackillesbac 10 күн бұрын

I think this is the best way to think of this. Dark matter and dark energy, are not things, they are just a place holder for our lack of understanding.

@patreekotime4578 10 күн бұрын

@@ackillesbac Well, the current understanding is that dark matter IS things, literally particles... we just don't understand what kind of particles they are yet. It could certainly be something else entirely, but this is just what matches current observations like CMB.

@ackillesbac 9 күн бұрын

@@patreekotime4578 100% agree. It could simply be miss calculations and a general miss understanding of how the universe works. By favorite theory is based on string theory. Saying dark matter is gravity leaking into our 'brane' from near by 'branes'. I actually got a chance to ask Brian Greene about this in a redit AMA and he agreed, said there are grad students working on it, but no reliable math describing it yet.

@curiosity389 7 күн бұрын

No , not even 5% . Many stuffs are missing out 😢

@noisymouse2014 10 күн бұрын

Please do make a video about the missing baryon problem!

@Backpack-su4yn 8 күн бұрын

I purchased your "Brief History" book. Even though it has many equations I don't fully understand , I found it very informative. I actually read it twice. The second time, i was able to understand even more. Excellent read...

@bobjackson6669 9 күн бұрын

Loved the video and sent it to my grandchildren to watch. They love your videos.

@markhollis5850 10 күн бұрын

Dr. Becky, I sent your department today two letters to be handed to two members of the US Congress regarding the Chandra Observatory. I am hopeful that the NASA budget will be modified. Thank you for letting us all know.

@Pumpkineater472 10 күн бұрын

Bro congress is literally on drugs .

@erkinalp 10 күн бұрын

she is british, not american

@piratk 10 күн бұрын

Where do you think Oxford is?

@erkinalp 10 күн бұрын

@@piratk england

@oberonpanopticon 10 күн бұрын

@@piratkit’s in Oxford, shockingly. (Actually I think piratk might’ve been replying to OP)

@Gunni1972 10 күн бұрын

"The mass to light ratio is around 3-ish..." Can we make it PI, just because everything we see out there is kinda round-ish? That would be one heck of a Pi in the sky.

@stephenlitten1789 10 күн бұрын

Groan. A Groan so bad it is Titus Groan

@paulmichaelfreedman8334 10 күн бұрын

@@stephenlitten1789 Bollox, that was quite witty.

@jpdemer5 10 күн бұрын

That's not how you round a number...

@fedfraud.protection.servic2557 10 күн бұрын

@@jpdemer5Should it be the square root of 10, then?

@hervigdewilde3599 10 күн бұрын

That would be irrational. . . _I'll get my coat..._

@jlindcary 9 күн бұрын

That is the best explanation I have yet heard. Thanks.

@daveseddon5227 5 күн бұрын

Happy Birthday Dr. Becky. ❤😊

@billpockels3957 10 күн бұрын

Can you produce a video of the discussed disagreement between the galaxy cluster viral theorem and the other two methods for calculating the baryonic content?

@mattthomas1574 10 күн бұрын

Since the CMB was emitted over a finite amount of time, will we someday no longer see it? Or is its position at the farthest red-shifted expansion (from our perspective) keeping it in our view?

@user-ds7uk1ft2x 9 күн бұрын

Or is it something currently being generated by our solar system, as shown by the "axis of evil". That would make explaining the CMB a lot simpler.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 9 күн бұрын

@mattthomas: It's the second possibility. (Well, the farthest red-shifted sources which are visible via electromagnetic radiation; stuff which is even more red-shifted could e. g. be observed when we manage to detect the neutrinos from that sources.)

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 9 күн бұрын

@@user-ds7uk1ft2x That contradicts lots of other observations, like the BAOs, the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect and the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect.

@muzikhed 10 күн бұрын

Thanks for this enlightment.

@nigelgriffiths5747 7 күн бұрын

Ah this is a brilliant video really fascinating how you get all the facts together ,and put them out there, to make it quite simple and understanding ,although the picture is very big.🛸😜🐎🧐🤸‍♀️😁🤭😇🤪👍 thank you👍

@robwalker4548 10 күн бұрын

I understand why we used the name dark matter. It would be my first guess too since we think the effects can only be explained by what we know normal does. But until we actually figure it out there is a chance it is something different than we thought it was. Figuring out mysteries is what makes physics fun. I would just like to know for sure before I die. I do love the reference (not sure who to credit for it) but if our knowledge of the universe was a bubble the outer edge of it is where the mysteries are. As we solve them our bubble of knowledge expands but then the number of new mysteries expand too.

@stephensmith1118 10 күн бұрын

so Dark matter is simply a label to denote the currently unknown.... similar to the old maps stating 'here be dragons'....

@esecallum 10 күн бұрын

Invented woo

@kasperholm 10 күн бұрын

the night betwen the 8th and 9th of may 2024, there was a beautifull night sky with many stars really shinning, i looked up that night. Where i live it gets pretty dark compared to places like big cities, or areas around places like that, and we have those LED streetlamps that turns way down when there is not traffic. And for the first time in like 8 months there where no clouds, no moon, it was warm enough to be outside without it being to cold, and there where no wind. I spend a good part of an hour just looking up, and more and more stars got visiable. At one point my gaze just slide over the sky i saw the big dipper, and i simply just couldnt stop starring at the general area of where hubble snapped the deep field image. 1000s of galaxies in that tiny spot and my thought sweept past Carl Sagans "billions and billions of stars".. I then searched and found the andromeda galaxy a tad under the W, i had to put my glasses on for that one though. But just seing it and thinking that light was emitted roughly the same time as the early species of humanoids where learning to use stone tools, and now i see the photons is mesmerising. I could keep going but i just want to say our night sky is so beautiful and awesome to look at when its visable.

@jeffspaulding9834 10 күн бұрын

Yep. When I was up in northern Greenland I saw some photographs taken by an Air Force sergeant in the winter, and they were just mind blowing. Thousands of stars clear as day. Sadly, I never had the chance to go up there close to the winter solstice.

@annmoore6678 9 күн бұрын

Thank you!

@MCsCreations 10 күн бұрын

Thanks, dr. Becky! 😊 Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

@barthvapour 10 күн бұрын

Question: we can work out the mass of the dark matter, but we can't work out its volume, right? So, is there any way to determine whether the dark matter is made up of something thousands of times denser than baryonic matter, or whether it's actually about the same density but there's just loads more of it?

@tonywells6990 10 күн бұрын

Dark matter forms halos around galaxies, which means a large roughly spherical or elliptical volume maybe 10 times the diameter of a galaxy with the density of dark matter increasing towards the centre. This is a rough idea, in reality dark matter halos are most likely distorted quite a bit by all of the gravitational interactions between galaxies.

@tonywells6990 10 күн бұрын

If you mean a dark matter particle's volume, then we just don't know. It may consist of WIMP's, that may be as massive as a large nuclei, or it may be something like an Axion with a mass much less than any subatomic particle that is spread out over several light years.

@LightDiodeNeal 10 күн бұрын

Still just about my favourite source 🙂 Thanks Becky! One question I'd have, does light going past the event horizon add to the mass of the whole? Does any go over the edge?

@randar1969 10 күн бұрын

A photon (light particle) has no mass, remember what Einstein said anything with mass cannot be accelerated to light speed as it would require infinite amounts of energy. Photons have no mass so they can't go anything slower then light speed in a vacuum.

@ronald3836 10 күн бұрын

@@randar1969 Photons have energy = mass. Photons have no rest mass.

@MrMctastics 10 күн бұрын

Watch the Veritasium video idk

@byrnemeister2008 10 күн бұрын

So the answer is yes. Photon brings more energy. Energy =mass. Einstein.

@LightDiodeNeal 10 күн бұрын

@@MrMctastics :-?

@user-ft3ed5wv7w 10 күн бұрын

Nice ! A good video to explain things people can understand. Its not fractioned or scientific overloaded, thanks. I had a thought, while 2. was explained. When you can say about possibilities about how often a molecule could have been made by reactions, isnt it maybe a way to calculate the AGE of the universe, too ? We can see whats there today, and whats was there at the beginning, so how many iterations of transforming, creating bigger stars creating heavier elements must have been there in the time all about, and how much time this would have been taken ??? This is unprecise age number I know, but you CAN come out with a number......

@robertkiss5461 10 күн бұрын

I love your sense of humor which you show at the end of the video. Just great!

@luudest 10 күн бұрын

Do we know the total amount of energy (including matter) of the universe or do we just know the ratios?

@ronald3836 10 күн бұрын

Ratios.

@a.karley4672 10 күн бұрын

We don't know the size of the universe - just the size of the *observable* universe. So , we don't know the absolute numbers,just the ratios in the universe we can examine (plus the Copernican Principle - that the universe is on average the same everywhere).

@corlisscrabtree3647 10 күн бұрын

Thank you 🙏

@myrlyn1250 9 күн бұрын

Okay, the next video has to explain "two days in a pub" because everyone wants to know! 😊

@wangshu9615 10 күн бұрын

I don't understand the second method, why the Baryonic Fraction play a role in matching the early nuclear synthesis with today's observation?

@garethdean6382 10 күн бұрын

The denser matter is in the fusion epoch, the more heavy elements form. So the ratios of elements tell us how much normal matter existed at that point, which thins out as the universe expands. The measurement we get suggests that about twice as much normal matter as we see now in galaxies is present. (The 'missing baryons problem'; half of all normal matter actually being found as plasma between galaxies.) Again there's too much gravity to be caused by the stuff we measure.

@DonsArtnGames 10 күн бұрын

Yay!

@sanxi34 9 күн бұрын

How there is no blooper of The BigBang Theory theme song? I started singing in my head at least twice this video hahaha

@CourtneyK87 6 күн бұрын

I think I'm understanding this correctly, its like we haven't discovered a different gravity, that's faster and more dense for light. Fascinating

@isbestlizard 10 күн бұрын

That CMB is used for everything o.o

@GentleReader01 10 күн бұрын

It’s the chilly duct tape of the universe.

@steveclark2205 10 күн бұрын

Did the Matter/Antimatter anhillation affect the Inflation, or have any Effect on the CMB at all?

@fedfraud.protection.servic2557 10 күн бұрын

How do we KNOW that half of the stars and galaxies out there are not anti-stars and anti -galaxies? I had a banker friend ask me if the Sun had one less hydrogen atom in it would it upset the order of the universe. I told him I didn't think so. Was I right?

@a.karley4672 10 күн бұрын

@@fedfraud.protection.servic2557 IF the universe is half matter and half anti-matter, they can be distributed in two general ways : matter and anti-matter evenly mixed, or matter and antimatter separated into distinct domains. In the first case, we'd see a background glow of soft gamma rays (specifically, 511 MeV GRs, for antielectron-electron annihilations ; another glow for antiproton-proton annihilations ; another for anti-pion-poin annihilations ...). We do not see such a glow. Alternatively, we'd see a directed glow for where the antimatter and matter domains border each other. We don't see that either. So that leaves the options of some process in the first few seconds unbalancing the creation of matter vs antimatter (which the particle physicists are still trying to understand), or we are observing from an unusual location where the boundary of antimatter and matter domains is beyond our "observable universe boundary", which violates the Copernican Principle. Which is as unsettling for cosmologists as the antimatter-matter imbalance is to particle physicists. And that's where we are. AIUI.

@jeffspaulding9834 10 күн бұрын

@@fedfraud.protection.servic2557 There's enough gas floating even in intergalactic space that we'd see the radiation from matter-antimatter annihilation all over the place. That kind of thing is hard to miss.

@Bessie-Alexandra 4 күн бұрын

The precision in Revux development roadmap is reassuring.

@AaronEastman-gf5fx 9 күн бұрын

Great video Dr. Becky but I have so many questions 😂.

@PrimordialOracleOfManyWorlds 10 күн бұрын

Dark matter existed on sy-fi channel. but it was canceled after season 1. no more dark matter exists. lol. sorry. i couldn't resist. lol. my bad. lol.

@TheDanEdwards 10 күн бұрын

New show on Apple TV.

@PrimordialOracleOfManyWorlds 10 күн бұрын

@@TheDanEdwards tyvm for tip.

@invertedpolarity6890 10 күн бұрын

So we have no idea what 95% of the universe actually is.

@byrnemeister2008 10 күн бұрын

Correct. Well some ideas but not more than that. Hypothesis.

@michaelsommers2356 10 күн бұрын

And a hundred and twenty years ago we didn't know what 100% of the universe was.

@bryandraughn9830 10 күн бұрын

Empty space.

@NeroDefogger 10 күн бұрын

I do, you don't

@frankfowlkes7872 10 күн бұрын

I find it interesting that the more we learn the more we realize that we don't understand. Maybe the Hindus are correct and we all live on the back of a giant turtle.

@COSMOS_AND_SUPER_ULTRA_MIND 9 күн бұрын

👍👍 Dr. Becky is divinely amazing!!! 👏👏👏👏👏👏👏

@MisterItchy 10 күн бұрын

DOCTOR BECKY!!! I bought my first telescope! A 5" reflector. It's been pretty much total clouds since I got it and all the planets and the moon are huddled around the sun so I haven't gotten to see anything except stars which look like ... stars. I can't even see very many of those where I live. Anyway, just got to see the moon tonight just after sunset and it was a wonderful toenail moon! I really need a camera, though.

@DrDeuteron 10 күн бұрын

Toe nail, her fave. Moon was bumping tonite

@TheInternetIsDeadToMe 10 күн бұрын

Probably Trisolarans folding three dimensional space time into two dimensional space time. Sods.

@oberonpanopticon 10 күн бұрын

Nah they weren’t the ones who destroyed the universe. They’re victims of it as much as we are.

@juanstepbehind 10 күн бұрын

Sabine Hossenfelder has entered the chat. Insert witty remark in a German accent here:___

@paulmichaelfreedman8334 10 күн бұрын

Her sense of humor is not her problem(as they say germans have none), she should quit the annoying vocal fry and just use her normal voice like she has during interviews. Now she sounds like she's trying to copy the late queen, way too posh.

@MichaelBrown-me3bh 10 күн бұрын

@@paulmichaelfreedman8334what an idiotic comment 😂

@paulmichaelfreedman8334 10 күн бұрын

@@MichaelBrown-me3bh It's just my opinion bro

@MichaelBrown-me3bh 10 күн бұрын

@@paulmichaelfreedman8334 I’m just messing with ya chief 😃

@paulmichaelfreedman8334 10 күн бұрын

@@MichaelBrown-me3bh Seriously, she has interesting topics but that vocal fry (me being a brit of course) annoys the shit out of me. Germans may actually have a sense of humor, but they are notorious for their atrocious tongue for english. And rightly so, the Germans say the same about the brits (always bad sounding german). Ironically I live in the Netherlands, right inbetween LOL. I speak English and Dutch fluently, and my german is not good either :P

@lewebusl 8 күн бұрын

Great concept explained . Where does the data used to developt theories comes from ...

@annmoore6678 8 күн бұрын

Helpful!

@Vort_tm 10 күн бұрын

"How do we know how much dark matter there is?" Because that's how much it takes to make our calculations work...

@Gunni1972 10 күн бұрын

So we are about 1x5 times away from what scientists should earn. Because History teaches us, every new method costs 5x of what our last one was. And that IS probably the only TRUE Cosmic CONSTANT.

@sharkeyCFC 10 күн бұрын

Observations not calculations you mean. The calculations are based on what we SEE.

@hectornonayurbusiness2631 10 күн бұрын

@@sharkeyCFC But then we are back to calculations. Our math doesnt match what we see. So we come up with an explanation (dark matter). And 30 years later we havent been able to detect it. Maybe its time for a new explanation.

@patreekotime4578 10 күн бұрын

@@hectornonayurbusiness2631 By all means, there's a Nobel Prize waiting for you if you have a better answer.

@hectornonayurbusiness2631 10 күн бұрын

@@patreekotime4578 I don't have a better answer but another one exists. Monds modified Newtonian Dynamics.

@kylebushnell2601 10 күн бұрын

A far more sincere and accurate title would be how do we estimate How much, Rather than how do we “know”.

@user-fy8tr3kn5i 4 күн бұрын

Happy birthday!!! Today May the 15th... I found it today by serendipity ☺️🤷🏻‍♂️🎶🍻🎉

@garypalmer997 9 күн бұрын

Please do a video on the evidence that suggests dark matter doesn't exist or be something completely different. 😊

@barryfoster453 9 күн бұрын

The evidence that it doesn't exist is that if the Universe is 27 billion years old (and not 14 billion) it doesn't need to exist for our observations to make sense. My money is on 27 billion, but what do I know, I'm just a geologist, not a smart BS physicist like this girl.

@highlander723 10 күн бұрын

whenever I see these videos I always remember that sometimes these videos are being transmitted out into space. And there is a alien civilization watching this and laughing their asses off at how clueless we are at the moment. EDIT: Okay for a lot of you that are saying that it's impossible or that it's not going to happen..... How do you know they're not monitoring us right now...... Got you there!!!

@ronald3836 10 күн бұрын

We aren't really transmitting radio and tv into space anymore. Most transmissions are going through cables, and those that are in the form of radio waves are digitally encoded in such a "crazy" way that even a highly intelligent civilization almost certainly won't be able to make much sense of it. This development may be part of a solution to the Fermi paradox: we are wondering why we are not seeing other civilizations do stuff that we do today, but the things we' do today will have been replaced with new things a few decades from now.

@richardlynch5745 10 күн бұрын

or not🤔🤔🤔 2:03

@esecallum 10 күн бұрын

no...transmissions turn to noise after 2 light years

@hellegennes 10 күн бұрын

@@ronald3836 Even when we did transmit freely there was no chance of us being heard by aliens. A broadcast will not going to reach another stellar system and still be distinguishable from noise. That's actually one of the biggest hurdles of sending spacecraft to other systems. Even if you somehow manage to reach significant fractions of the speed of light to get there, sending back the information is one hell of a task, and that is with transmitting the signal into as narrow a beacm as possible; broadcasting the signal will get you nowhere.

@gbcb8853 10 күн бұрын

All hail our insect overlords!

@RileyBabbage 4 күн бұрын

Revux approach to data security is unparalleled.

@TragoudistrosMPH 5 күн бұрын

4:00 islands of stars is very poetic

@skyhawkheavy7524 10 күн бұрын

Knowing and speculating are 2 different things though.

@bryandraughn9830 10 күн бұрын

And peanut butter.

@TraitorVek 10 күн бұрын

... All sounds a bit Sketch to me... 😎

@michaelbreed7255 10 күн бұрын

“Naught point Naught!” I love it!

@orchidquest 7 күн бұрын

I would love a video on where the "normal matter was hiding" in the galaxy cluster method of determining normal to dark matter ratios!

@Leetut 10 күн бұрын

Dark matter sounds like another aether

@chrisoakey9841 10 күн бұрын

the joys of usingg the same basic assumptions to prove your basic assumptions. it must be or our math would be wrong. so forget that we cant find it tthough we should be swimming in it. dark matter and energy has to exist and in these amounts or relativity and the expanding universe would be wrong. and just because jwst shows the early galaxys should exist but do. and the expanding universe violates relativity because it expands faster than c. but lets pretend these problems dont exist and our assumptions are instead true. so the math proves observation is wrong.

@oberonpanopticon 10 күн бұрын

It looks a whole lot like there’s a bunch of mass we can’t see. No alternative theory or combination of theories explains everything. Also, the universe can expand faster than light because nothing is moving faster than light. It’s just that more space is being added, creating the illusion of motion.

@chrisoakey9841 10 күн бұрын

@@oberonpanopticon the argument is space is expanding due to gravity. that is part of the need for the dark matter and dark energy. so aside from this being like a trailer going 10 x faster than the car that is towing it, it has a second issue which is that space itself is never explained. we are told that space is being squashed and stretched but not once is it defined. so its like drawing a curved line on the table and expecting a ball to roll along the curve. no in most of physics we expect something to impart force to change motion. the model makes all the non sensical stuff done by invisible matter and undefined whatever. even with the ether argument it fell over with the nicholson morley experiment. or gravity does exist, and light slows over time. and the universe is fairly stable. it explains hubbles observation without placing earth at the center of the universe. and it gets rid of most of the need for magic matter. or space the undefined stretching etc.

@alskidan 10 күн бұрын

Dr. Becky, thank you for this video. I think it's a vibrant example of how science works. You won't believe me if I say that there are strong parallels between the scientific method and software engineering. S/W engineers do exactly what you described :^) not to stars and galaxies, though. :^D

@rverm1000 6 күн бұрын

As more info comes out the mystery of the universe deepens

@danielkrcmar5395 10 күн бұрын

Kinda feels like Dark Matter and Dark Energy are creations to make a flawed model work. So instead of coming up with a new model you just put in however much dark matter/energy is required to make the current model work.

@TheDanEdwards 10 күн бұрын

" Dark Energy are creations to make a flawed model work." - do you know why _dark energy_ is called energy?

@garethdean6382 10 күн бұрын

And yet, 'new' models keep failing. It's not like people haven't tried. And the alternative theories range from the wrong to the ridiculous to creationism. This is why feelings aren't important in science, unless a new, working theory can be found, you have to stick with what you have.

@JoeBlowUK 10 күн бұрын

Yes, another word for "dark energy" and "dark matter" is simply "fudge".

@Le3eFrereBrunet 10 күн бұрын

That is the scientific method… emit an hypothesis and prove it right or wrong… have peers review… rinse and repeat, repeat and rinse…

@Sableagle 10 күн бұрын

@@Le3eFrereBrunet Not prove, and not right. Come up with a bunch of hypotheses and ways to test them, find them all lacking and ditch the lot, come up with more and try again, _fail to disprove_ one of them, hang on to that one and come up with some more, try to disprove all of them, fail to disprove a couple, add those to your collection of not-yet-disproven hypotheses and so on. Sometimes you get things like Relativity being better than Newtonian physics, as supported by the edge cases of light bending around black holes, Mercury's orbit precessing too fast (a few arc-seconds per century too fast, ffs) and something about loose electrons, and you reject Newtonian physics because you have a better explanation, but hang onto all the equations because they're so much easier to use and they're good enough for almost every job. You never prove that Bruce Wayne is Batman, but when the CIA, the FBI, the NTSB, MI5, MI6 and GSG-9 have all tried to prove he isn't and none of them has succeeded you can start calling that suspicion a theory.

@user-rv2qx9yy9x 10 күн бұрын

No dark matter. Only penguins.

@tom1138 5 күн бұрын

Happy birthday!

@jonallen726 10 күн бұрын

Loving the Lego collection. I want the WEC Peugeot, F1 was a fun a build and I can recommend the Fast and Furious Charger.

@Galahad54 9 күн бұрын

I'd love a Fast and Furrious Charger. My home charger takes 12.5 hours to fill up my chinese EV.

@jeffmorris5802 10 күн бұрын

"How do we know that dark matter exists?" We don't. I just saved you all 15 minutes of your day.

@stargazer7644 9 күн бұрын

If dark matter is 5 times more prevalent than normal matter, and the two interact gravitationally, then why doesn't dark matter have a 5 times bigger effect on everything we can measure the mass of? Presumably there's 5 times more dark matter in the vicinity of the Earth than there is matter in the Earth. Why doesn't it have a huge effect on me when I step on the scale? Presumably that dark matter is also free to move and oscillate as it is attracted by the mass of the Earth. Why doesn't this result in small changes in the weight of things? I'm not buying it.

@barryfoster453 9 күн бұрын

You're wise not to buy it. Before the JWT we thought the dark stuff had to exist as the Universe is only 14 billion years old. After JWT, and if it's 27 billion years old...there is no need for the dark stuff. This girl is going to find out what egg on face means.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 9 күн бұрын

@stargazer: "then why doesn't dark matter have a 5 times bigger effect on everything we can measure the mass of?" Because (1) dark matter is much more uniformly distributed, not concentrated in "clumps" like stars and planets, and (2) most of the dark matter is in the outer parts of the galaxies, not in the inner parts were we are. "Presumably there's 5 times more dark matter in the vicinity of the Earth than there is matter in the Earth. " No, there isn't. Just because there is _in the mean_ of the whole universe 5 times more dark matter than baryonic matter does in no way imply that this ratio is also true for the vicinity of the Earth. "I'm not buying it." Educate yourself before you reject something.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 9 күн бұрын

@@barryfoster453 There was one single scientist who claimed that the universe _may_ be 27 billion years old, and essentially all other scientists immediately pointed out why that claim makes little sense. So no, the JWST did ___NOT___ show that the universe is 27 billion years old. Becky even made a long video on that, did you miss that? And even if the universe really would be 27 billion years old, that would in no way mean that dark matter does not exist! Where did you get that idea from?!? "This girl is going to find out what egg on face means." :D :D :D So you think you can just better what is right and wrong in cosmology than a professional astrophysicist? Or to be more precise: better than tens of thousands of professional astrophysicists? Ever heard of the Dunning Kruger effect?

@stargazer7644 9 күн бұрын

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Why would it be uniformly distributed if it interacts gravitationally? Just as it concentrates where galaxies are, I'd expect it to concentrate where stars and planets are too. Dark matter isn't uniformly distributed throughout the universe. If it was, we wouldn't notice it. It wouldn't cause effects like lensing where it concentrates. "Educate yourself before you reject something". I could say the same for you. You act like you know something everyone else doesn't. I have news for you. Nobody knows what causes the effects attributed to dark matter. Despite lots of looking, dark matter has never been detected. I have exactly as much evidence that dark matter ISN'T invisible matter as you have for it being invisible matter. So you have absolutely no ground to stand on while stamping your little foot.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 9 күн бұрын

@@stargazer7644 I said that it is _more_ uniformly distributed than normal matter. _Not_ that is is uniformly distributed. And the main reason for that is that it can't cool down like normal matter, by giving off infrared radiation, so it stays relatively hot and hence does not clump down so much as normal matter. Yes, it concentrates a bit around stars and planets, but not much, again due to its temperature. ""Educate yourself before you reject something". I could say the same for you." Thank you, I actually have a PhD in physics, I know what I am talking about. It's not my fault that you attack a straw man argument I never made. "You act like you know something everyone else doesn't. " No, only like someone who knows far more than you. "I have exactly as much evidence that dark matter ISN'T invisible matter as you have for it being invisible matter." Becky gave _lots_ of astrophysical evidence in this video and in here other, older one, that dark matter very probably is a type of "invisible" (or rather, transparent) matter. Additionally, we have evidence from particle physics. "So you have absolutely no ground to stand on while stamping your little foot." You essentially attack the judgement of tens of thousands of experts with your snide remark "I'm not buying it", and now you act petulant because I schooled you on what you don't know and essentially call _,me_ arrogant? Priceless. :D

@BiswajitBhattacharjee-up8vv 6 күн бұрын

Excellent, a key question for age old physics is this discrepancy is mathematical OR a feature of fabrics of space-time we have or a quantum reality of matter and other equivalent forms coexist. A power of learning, a channel to mine the hidden behind computer simulation. AI modern.

@Stephen_Lafferty 10 күн бұрын

15:10 - thank you for including the Joe Rogan/Elon Musk tweet and the response from Sophia Gad-Nasr! Some people just want to believe wild things without any proof :D

@mxb2432 10 күн бұрын

Yeah they mislead/misinform for clickbaits and views. I find that scary and sad.

@patreekotime4578 10 күн бұрын

@@mxb2432 The really scary/sad part is that their followers largely believe themselves to be "critical" or "free thinkers" as if applying edgelorde logic to science somehow means they are smarter. 🤦‍♂️

@mxb2432 9 күн бұрын

@@patreekotime4578 yep true 😮‍💨🤦🏽

@ryanquick1824 9 күн бұрын

so, it is basically INFERRED by noting discrepancies between how we EXPECT visible matter to behave versus how it ACTUALLY behaves. SEEMS STRAIGHTFORWARD ENOUGH TO ME...

@user-dh6bj2me5p 10 күн бұрын

Believing in dark matter is just like believing in God. There's no direct evidence.

@barryfoster453 9 күн бұрын

It could be argued that a god is more plausible!

@MargaretJ.Powley 4 күн бұрын

The adaptability of Revux to market changes is a key strength.

@gyinagal 10 күн бұрын

5:07 wouldn’t the Doppler shift only show the component of their velocity pointing directly toward or away from us

@FelineBlender 9 күн бұрын

You can probably get the other component by observing over time

@studibakre 10 күн бұрын

I still doubt the existence of dark matter even though i do understand all the theories Occam's razor would lend itself to my thought; we have a gross misconception about gravity in these large scale calculations

@Hexcede 10 күн бұрын

I actually agree with this. I think it's more likely that it's a behavior of space or the matter that's already there than particles at this point.

@ronald3836 10 күн бұрын

What you are saying is "it is easier to throw up our hands and just give up". If you don't want to give up, then come up with a proposal to correct our understanding of gravity. A lot of very smart people have tried this, but what they came up with is just creating more and more problems, which then themselves need more and more fixes upon fixes. The dark matter hypothesis, on the other hand, can explain what we see in one go and without rejecting Einstein's GR (which we KNOW is extremely accurate at least at the scale of the solar system). This why Occam's Razer tells us that the dark matter hypothesis is our most promising explanation. Admittedly, while e hypothesis does explain the astronomy part, we do not know how dark matter fits in our understanding of particle physics. But this is not terribly surprising. That there there might be stuff we cannot see is hardly a reason to reject it. We cannot see radiowaves, and we first found out about their alleged existence from looking at Maxwell's equations. The idea that they exist would have been preposterous to people living 200 years ago. But now they are part of our daily lives.

@Hexcede 10 күн бұрын

@@ronald3836 We can still have GR and not understand the properties of space or matter perfectly

@studibakre 10 күн бұрын

@@ronald3836 what an asinine strawman What I'm saying is we need to go back to the foundation and reevaluate accepted "rules"

@garethdean6382 10 күн бұрын

That's MOND and it keeps failing too. Your 'Occam's razor' is 'I don't like this answer, there must be another.' A misunderstanding of gravity isn't simpler by default, it's what got us relativity which is decidedly more complex than some other form of matter. I can reword your objection to its opposite easily enough: 'Complicated reworkings of gravity aren't needed,Occam's razor suggests we just have a gross misunderstanding of matter in these large sale calculations.' I'd also note that whenever we get data on whether it's a change in gravity or dark matter, dark matter always wins: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/gJ19ic9iyLnRiXk.html

@adamphilip1623 10 күн бұрын

The mansplainers in the comments already 🤣🤣🤣🤣 ackshually we don't know anything blah de blah de blah shush you're not that important it's fine chill out, have a biscuit.

@combrade-t 8 күн бұрын

I'm glad you put the "a bit sketch" tweet because I have the blessing of not seeing him on my twitter tl. Mostly because I blocked after I kept on seeing quite a lot of similarly silly tweets.. Classic that he would think like that as someone who claims to be smart. These methods we derive the proportion of matter are cool shoutout physicists of the past century for their achievements fr..

@13thAMG 10 күн бұрын

Dark Matter Anti Matter Nah, Doesn't Matter. 🤣🤣🤣 But more seriously, Dr Becky is our science communicator for our time. Great work, great channel.

@supecoop 8 күн бұрын

At 13:41: how can you compare the CMB structure to the structure of the universe "today?" Since the farther out we look, the farther back in time we see, we never see an instantaneous map of the structure "today." So I guess this map is an approximation of something that I hope you'll explain someday. Thanks for a great video, as always.

@atlasnetwork7855 10 күн бұрын

The amount of dark matter in the universe is coincidentally the same amount that the big bang theory is wrong by (!)

@tomlakosh1833 10 күн бұрын

Please retract your claim that "we don't know what Dark Matter is." You should well know by now that DM is droplets of quantum gravity particles that agglomerate due to the equivalent of Feshbach Resonance generated by the polar charges of the QG particle. The polar Majorana charges are magnified by the electromagnetic resonance of the QG in the galactic EMF amplified by the particle's armature-like field generation due to the kinetic rotation of the QG particle components.

@diesesalpaka5498 10 күн бұрын

quality shitpost

@iambiggus 10 күн бұрын

@@diesesalpaka5498 Now he just has to prove "quantum gravity droplets" are a thing. Should be easy?

@tonywells6990 10 күн бұрын

Please retract your claim that anyone could possibly know what "droplets of quantum gravity particles that agglomerate due to the equivalent of Feshbach Resonance generated by the polar charges of the QG particle" are!

@tomlakosh1833 10 күн бұрын

@@tonywells6990 I'm just trying to dispel the salacious rumor that even ambidextrous astrophysicists can't find more than 4.8% of their .....

@tomlakosh1833 10 күн бұрын

@@iambiggus If you have a Grossman for me, I think I could do it. It starts with the algorithm that describes the negative 4-brane Majorana string behavior in photons, which lengthens under the influence of time and suppresses entanglement field lines propagating from its positive 3-brane Majorana string. Determining the resonance of these strings with ambient EMF is the second step and when combined, you could find the proper frequency and shape of the photon needed to instigate the daisy-chain process that generates gluon structures, (aka QG or graviton). The resonant gluons, (essentially a tinny whinny electromagnet), can then extrude quarks, when in the killer EMF inside nucleons. Please note that the temperatures inside nucleons are suspected of precluding EMF, so chew on that one.

@santiagoramirez7307 9 күн бұрын

the audio in the new recording room sounds great again

@jaredjessen1379 8 күн бұрын

Thanks, Dr. Becky! I'm curious if that ratio has something to do with statistics. Normally distributed data has, within 1 sigma, 68% of data. Between 1 and 2 sigma, 27.4% of data, and the remainder 4.6%. To me, this is too coincidental. Glad to know all current estimate methods agree!

@triplea3102 10 күн бұрын

I'd love to be an astro physicist , you get paid to chat about things you have absolutely no clue or proof of!!!!!

@bobert6259 10 күн бұрын

That’s just not true. They know a lot and what they’re talking about. And there’s plenty of proof for everything discussed

@ChrisKatsu- 10 күн бұрын

Just liek conspiracy ppl on stream. Get paid to discuss that which they don’t know. Two sides of the same coin. Just astros have things to show. Unlike the other most of the time

@oberonpanopticon 10 күн бұрын

Settle for being a priest, they have lower standards and more money

@rjstegbauer 6 күн бұрын

My first question is "How do you know how much "dust" there is between us and another star or galaxy when estimating brightness?" That appears to me to be vital.

@edgeeffect 4 күн бұрын

8:16 is "the best" gravitational lens... Mr. Smiley going to a rave.

@davesextraneousinformation9807 9 күн бұрын

Hi Dr. Becky. I enjoy your videos very much; thank you for them. I have a question. (I am actually hesitant to ask questions on the chance that it's already been asked.) You and many others have said that the universe transitioned from opaque to transparent everywhere at the same time. As an engineer, I have to ask, how much the same time? Everything has uncertainty in time or takes a finite amount of time to react. The digital clock signals within electronic circuits have timing jitter, chemical reactions can take hours at the macro scale even though they are fast on the atomic scale. Is the capture of an election by a proton exothermic? Endothermic? Well, that's it. I hope I've asked a good question. Thanks. Oops, I forgot my follow up question. If there actually is a measurable variation in the time that parts of the universe went transparent, what would that tell us about the universe?

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 9 күн бұрын

Considering that the temperature fluctuations in the CMBR are of the order of 0.001 %, I would guess that the time uncertainty is of the same magnitude, i. e. 0.001% of 380 000 years, i. e. at most some years. A proton capturing an electron is exothermic, energy is released in the form of a photon.

@davesextraneousinformation9807 9 күн бұрын

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Thanks. That makes sense. I think what you are saying is to relate the spatial resolution of the CMB in terms of temperature variation between the smallest of regions to the speed of causality i.e. the speed of light and therefore distance between regions that became clear at different times and speeds. Everything that can be considered must contribute to the end result. I guess that astrophysicists have considered issues like this, but such details don't get communicated at my layman's level.

@KarelGut-rs8mq 8 күн бұрын

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 All electrons don't come close enough to a nucleus to be captured at the same time, the plasma was already pretty thin 380,000 years after Big Bang so there's a variance. The CMB is a process over time, the numbers I have seen bandied about is somewhere between ten to a few thousand years, which is, in the cosmic scale of things, "everywhere at the same time".

@bjornfeuerbacher5514 8 күн бұрын

@@KarelGut-rs8mq "the numbers I have seen bandied about is somewhere between ten to a few thousand years" I've read a lot about the CMBR, but never this. Could you please provide a source? "which is, in the cosmic scale of things, "everywhere at the same time"" Compared to the age of the CMBR (380,000 years), no, a few thousands of years would _not_ be "at the same time", but a rather large deviation from the mean - about 1% ! That would be easily visible in the CMBR we see today, different parts of it would have very different redshifts! They don't, the difference in redshift are only tiny, at most 0.001%.

@KarelGut-rs8mq 8 күн бұрын

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 I studied this a long time ago (my brain is still using the data from WMAP) so I am unable to tell you where I got the number of years from. We might, however, just be talking across each other here. The process of collecting all the electrons can take a long time to complete but the process can still start (and finish) within a very short time everywhere, there's no contradiction in that statement.