Einstein Summation Convention: an Introduction

  Рет қаралды 189,284

Faculty of Khan

Faculty of Khan

Күн бұрын

In this video, I introduce Einstein notation (or Einstein Summation Convention), one of the most important topics in Tensor Calculus. Einstein notation is a way of expressing sums in short-form; repeated indices are used to denote the index that is summed over.
I describe the 4 major rules of Einstein notation, as well as the definitions of free and dummy indices. I also discuss some important information related to these major rules.
Questions/requests? Let me know in the comments!
Prerequisites: The videos before this one on this playlist: • Tensor Calculus
Lecture Notes: drive.google.com/open?id=1qgQ...
Patreon: www.patreon.com/user?u=4354534
Twitter: / facultyofkhan
Special thanks to my Patrons for supporting me at the $5 level or higher:
- Jose Lockhart
- James Mark Wilson
- Yuan Gao
- Marcin Maciejewski
- Sabre
- Jacob Soares
- Yenyo Pal
- Lisa Bouchard
- Bernardo Marques
- Connor Mooneyhan
- Richard McNair

Пікірлер: 158
@delta8868
@delta8868 5 жыл бұрын
"Family show" oof can't wait to sit down and watch some tensor calculus with the fam later tonight.
@saetainlatin
@saetainlatin 4 жыл бұрын
Tensor Calculus and Chill
@mito._
@mito._ 4 жыл бұрын
Admittedly, family entertainment is pretty dumb.
@ameerbux78666
@ameerbux78666 4 жыл бұрын
me too!
@13julietririssukmahadi68
@13julietririssukmahadi68 Жыл бұрын
Or is it
@SuchaDoofus
@SuchaDoofus 10 ай бұрын
It's like farting under the quilt. Secretly she loves it.
@jacobvandijk6525
@jacobvandijk6525 4 жыл бұрын
Mnemonic: a DUMMY INDEX really is a SUMMY INDEX !!!
@johnr7919
@johnr7919 5 жыл бұрын
I love you man Sincerely, An engineering Student
@XanderGouws
@XanderGouws 6 жыл бұрын
Spiderman + Elsa vs Tensor Calculus [gone wrong!!]
@jethroe.davids132
@jethroe.davids132 5 жыл бұрын
'top 10 anime showdowns - watchmojo'
@VaradMahashabde
@VaradMahashabde 4 жыл бұрын
Me : * tries to understand Einstein notation * Also me : but why would you torture yourself like that?
@Mr.Nichan
@Mr.Nichan 4 жыл бұрын
I think they must have made sense to people who tried working with a whole bunch of awkward to write sums, got used to the constant patterns, and then just started writing the patterns. Also, I watched this video and half of the next one until I figured out that he had actually explained near the beginning of this video that these were ways of writing sums of monomials. I thought he had spent an inordinate amount of time explaining rules for things whose meaning he hadn't told us until he started talking about theorums and I realized that he had told us what these things meant.
@sygon1157
@sygon1157 2 жыл бұрын
its actually genius, information density per caracter is so much higher
@drunkoncheese6308
@drunkoncheese6308 5 жыл бұрын
That handwriting is 🔥! Thanks for the video!
@vijaysinghchauhan7079
@vijaysinghchauhan7079 11 ай бұрын
No words would be sufficient to express my gratitude for this amazing playlist. Everything is to the point without missing any details.
@ethannguyen2754
@ethannguyen2754 3 жыл бұрын
Genie before Einstein notation: “There are three rules” Genie after Einstein notation: “There are four rules”
@malihabintehasan7182
@malihabintehasan7182 10 ай бұрын
😂😂😂
@ChaineYTXF
@ChaineYTXF 5 жыл бұрын
Simply superb. I'm about to delve into the massive (pun intended) book "gravitation" and needed a quick recap of enstein's notation and tensor calculus. So far, a must-watch, your videos are perfect. Nice handwriting, too From France, big thanks
@jitapriyadas9601
@jitapriyadas9601 6 жыл бұрын
Great introduction to tensor calculus, looking forward to the next lectures in this series :)
@Gismho
@Gismho 4 жыл бұрын
Excellent video. Highly instructive and very well presented. Looking forward to sequels. Thank you.
@drewansan75
@drewansan75 5 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much for this series of lectures. Very succinct and clear to understand. Looking forward to the next lecture.
@acebdf5101
@acebdf5101 Жыл бұрын
Thank you for explaining the notation convention! I got really confused with other videos on this topic because nobody bothered to take a second and explain this!
@tushermyth
@tushermyth 4 жыл бұрын
Your way of explaining is quite structured. I like that! Thanks!
@ameerbux78666
@ameerbux78666 4 жыл бұрын
thank you so much for the logical, simple explanations! Mahn ive been so confused over this, now i understand. Giving you a like for every video from now on. On the side, i appreciate the writing being at the same speed which you speak at, thats cool af.
@ameerbux78666
@ameerbux78666 4 жыл бұрын
- 3rd year astrophysics student
@llayashree3974
@llayashree3974 3 жыл бұрын
@@ameerbux78666 in which university?
@ameerbux78666
@ameerbux78666 3 жыл бұрын
@@llayashree3974 Witwatersrand
@adventurebecca
@adventurebecca 3 жыл бұрын
This was exactly the explanation I was looking for!
@sumitkumarsahoo7601
@sumitkumarsahoo7601 3 жыл бұрын
you are writing super fast, a big salute for your explanation
@sygon1157
@sygon1157 2 жыл бұрын
Sir, thank you so much for this Video. I dont understand why university lectures don't sum up the material like that and talk endlessly about irrelevant bs
@aarondrossart6026
@aarondrossart6026 2 жыл бұрын
Explained 3 lectures in 9 minutes. Thanks!
@shrutidubey5368
@shrutidubey5368 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for such beautiful lectures. I'm enjoying them.👏
@krishnakadiyam2864
@krishnakadiyam2864 3 жыл бұрын
U nailed it man....clear cut and simple
@mathfincoding
@mathfincoding Жыл бұрын
Your handwriting is amazing!!!
@alphhs5260
@alphhs5260 4 жыл бұрын
Best video regarding this topic! Thanks
@ianlarson1995
@ianlarson1995 Жыл бұрын
This was so informative. Thank you!
@kx4532
@kx4532 Жыл бұрын
Thanks for doing it!
@davidmwakima3027
@davidmwakima3027 3 жыл бұрын
very well explained. The convention makes more sense to me now. What "summing over" means, for example.
@j-maffe
@j-maffe 5 жыл бұрын
Excellent work!
@_DD_15
@_DD_15 4 жыл бұрын
Please more content. I love these
@vaxwiz
@vaxwiz 4 жыл бұрын
Love these presentations..finally understanding Tensors......
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 4 жыл бұрын
Glad you like them!
@TheTranq
@TheTranq 4 жыл бұрын
Extremely helpful. Thank you
@manuelodabashian1089
@manuelodabashian1089 Жыл бұрын
You give a pretty clear explanation!
@Mr.Nichan
@Mr.Nichan 3 жыл бұрын
I think it would probably have been easier to follow if you started out explaining coordinate transformations or whatever else needs summation using old fashioned Σ summation notation, and then, only after that, introduced Einstein Summation Notation. That way, we would have an idea of what he was thinking. This video makes a little more sense to me after I watched someone explaing tensor transformations without really using Einstein Notation.
@lucaskemperman8261
@lucaskemperman8261 4 жыл бұрын
Very concise and helpful explanation. Thanks.
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 4 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
@Notsoperfect9
@Notsoperfect9 5 жыл бұрын
Amazing video.. Very well explained..
@obliquesealray2188
@obliquesealray2188 2 жыл бұрын
This is great supplement to my math methods class thank you!
@profmo
@profmo 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you for doing this!
@Yasharvl
@Yasharvl 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you. This helped me understand Einstein notation.
@pabloaarongarciamedrano7329
@pabloaarongarciamedrano7329 5 жыл бұрын
Thank you very well explained
@marrytesfu3163
@marrytesfu3163 5 жыл бұрын
always amazing
@tandlose
@tandlose 4 жыл бұрын
Holy that was so good
@AlI-xy9jx
@AlI-xy9jx 3 жыл бұрын
I love this! thank you!
@iputuwidiantara2919
@iputuwidiantara2919 2 жыл бұрын
thank you very much kind sir. Your video has been a great help for me
@mabyes
@mabyes 3 жыл бұрын
Amazing! By the way, what blackboard software are you using? i love it! :)
@andreabeltran6826
@andreabeltran6826 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much!!
@kenjiasuka3842
@kenjiasuka3842 4 жыл бұрын
Computer Scientists: They're just SIMD variables!
@Arm3dWithWings
@Arm3dWithWings 6 жыл бұрын
Unrelated but you write quite well using the mouse. What tool/program is that?
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 6 жыл бұрын
Smoothdraw + a bamboo tablet.
@ethandrood
@ethandrood 3 жыл бұрын
very helpful, thanks.
@iftikharullah3616
@iftikharullah3616 5 жыл бұрын
Plz make a video disscussing special and general relativity
@Gabby-du4mc
@Gabby-du4mc Жыл бұрын
Thank you! From Trinidad
@kajolsahoo7039
@kajolsahoo7039 6 жыл бұрын
Sir, please upload more video on Einstein notation
@pacchutubu
@pacchutubu Жыл бұрын
loved it
@eveblot4195
@eveblot4195 4 жыл бұрын
4 year olds watching calculus vids? heck yes!
@willie5069
@willie5069 3 жыл бұрын
At about 3:50 you speak the word term and write the word expression. I believe the written part, "the free index only occurs once in the expression," is correctI and the the spoken version, "the free index only occurs once in the term," is incorrect. I am also assuming, for example, that abc + def is an expression with two terms abc and def. Other then that this is a well done and very useful and clear lecture. Thankyou.
@superyoung2323
@superyoung2323 2 жыл бұрын
Nice video
@leishangthemhero827
@leishangthemhero827 Ай бұрын
Damn this guy is on 🔥🔥
@Mr.Nichan
@Mr.Nichan 4 жыл бұрын
When I first watched this video, it was like when they teach you matrix operations in high school without explaining what the point of the matrices and operations even is in the first place (so that there isn't any possible way for you to get any intuition about it and have to just memorize the rules). This situation continued until half-way into the next video, when I you were talking proving and not proving the identities and non-identities, and that we could prove it to ourselves by adding up terms. At first I was like, "Prove what!?! Components of what!?! Right and left side of what!?! You haven't even told us what any of this means yet!" Then I realized that you actually had; it just went by so quickly and you went into the weeds of arcane notational rules so fast that I forgot about it.
@maxpineapple3600
@maxpineapple3600 2 ай бұрын
Thanks
@Harmonica2000
@Harmonica2000 3 жыл бұрын
I encountered Einstein summation when I was working on local self-attention in machine learning, in which we need to deal with a 6D tensor.
@sanjaythorat9914
@sanjaythorat9914 3 жыл бұрын
Is 6D rank of the tensor here?
@amritkumarpatel5717
@amritkumarpatel5717 2 жыл бұрын
Thank u sir
@Vooliscool
@Vooliscool 3 жыл бұрын
legend
@nibzlegend99
@nibzlegend99 5 жыл бұрын
May I ask what do use to create these videos? what do you write on a tablet?
@aidenwinter1117
@aidenwinter1117 2 жыл бұрын
I needed that Spider-Man Elsa joke so much 😂
@leonardonovais2513
@leonardonovais2513 5 жыл бұрын
So, rule 3 has the limitation of less than 3 indices by term considering a 3D space, or is it the same for any dimension?
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 5 жыл бұрын
Rule 3 says that you can't have the *same* index occur three or more times in a given term. If you have a 5-D tensor for instance, you're allowed to write it as a_ijkmn*b_i (with 5 different indices - i, j, k, m, n). However, you can't write something like a_ijkmn*b_ii, where the i occurs 3 times. Of course, with higher dimensions, you will require more indices to describe your tensor. Hopefully that clarifies things!
@independentmath
@independentmath 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot
@user-ze2ze1id5x
@user-ze2ze1id5x 4 жыл бұрын
Great!
@ydl6832
@ydl6832 2 жыл бұрын
How did he manage to write so neatly while being so fast.
@atharvpatade2363
@atharvpatade2363 Жыл бұрын
4:52 - in Rule 3 example, in the first term, ' i ' shouldn't come twice right as it is a free index?
@g0dsm4ck100
@g0dsm4ck100 5 жыл бұрын
This is for second order, right?
@omkarchavan5940
@omkarchavan5940 5 жыл бұрын
What is the reson behind rule no. 3? Why does it exist?
@jonnymahony9402
@jonnymahony9402 Жыл бұрын
the free index is component? (of for example a matrix?)
@cybersecurityguy
@cybersecurityguy Жыл бұрын
In the 8:07 example, can anyone please explain to me why is is it wrong? I mean, is it necessary for a dummy index to repeat in order to call it a dummy index.
@sonalmishra2550
@sonalmishra2550 4 жыл бұрын
Why is it that the free index has to be present on both the sides??
@avanishpadmakar5897
@avanishpadmakar5897 6 жыл бұрын
Does there exist a physical quantity which is not a tensor?
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 6 жыл бұрын
I can't think of any: pretty much every physical quantity falls into one of the tensor categories, either scalar, vector or rank-2+ tensor.
@annesanila1897
@annesanila1897 5 жыл бұрын
Possibly you didnt follow this from 'THE BEGINNIG' or ... >> I see it costs too much in usa -- leonardo
@feynstein1004
@feynstein1004 5 жыл бұрын
@Faculty of Khan Hmm but if we're considering invariance then isn't only the spacetime interval supposed to be invariant? Then the space and time separations are co-ordinate dependent and thus not tensors.
@erickgudin
@erickgudin 3 жыл бұрын
Great :-)
@user-zd7id9rx3f
@user-zd7id9rx3f 12 күн бұрын
Are there any instances when using Einstein notation that a double index does NOT mean summation? Such as maybe when one instance appears in the Levi-Civita symbol times another coefficient (i.e. a)? I have one case in a text book where I have epsilon_LMN times X_i,L but it doesn't seem to make mathematical sense for L to have more than one value.
@praghunath5870
@praghunath5870 Жыл бұрын
I am pretty late onto the scene, but no doubt that this is an excellent presentation in both content and lucidity. However, I do have a doubt and if true, may look like nit-picking, but for accuracy, shouldn't the statement under Rule 1 - "i is a free index... occurs only once in the *expression* ..." be actually "... once in a _term_ .." and similarly, reg. replacing a dummy index in "a) Not already in the *expression* .."
@sunilmenaria9494
@sunilmenaria9494 6 жыл бұрын
Next Video Plzzzzzzzzzz
@abunaser4522
@abunaser4522 4 жыл бұрын
is rule three unbroken for higher order tensors too? just asking for fun.
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 4 жыл бұрын
Yes! For higher-order tensors, like rank-3 for instance, we'd be using another unique index like k (e.g. A_ijk).
@nounoussa54
@nounoussa54 4 жыл бұрын
U r genius
@rjaph842
@rjaph842 3 жыл бұрын
sir you just said free index only occurs once in a single term but in rule 3 you have allowed for 2 free indexes in a single term ,isn't that a contradiction?
@jaimelima2420
@jaimelima2420 2 жыл бұрын
From the Machine Learning perspective this notation is actually pretty natural, which the exception of the reasin for 'super' and 'sub' indexes.
@123dweaver
@123dweaver 5 жыл бұрын
What is the difference between the superscript and subscript in the notation? Are they the same thing? i.e. a_sub(i)*a_sub(i)=a_sup(i)*a_sub(i)?
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 5 жыл бұрын
The indices in different positions denote different vector types. By most usual conventions, a subscript denotes a component of a row vector, while a superscript denotes a component of a column vector: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_notation#Mnemonics Hope that helps!
@edithbas8974
@edithbas8974 2 жыл бұрын
Guys could someone give me a textbook where I can learn this? And tensor calculus in further
@shannonmoraes6282
@shannonmoraes6282 Ай бұрын
you could try a student's guide to vectors and tensors by daniel fleisch
@edithbas8974
@edithbas8974 Ай бұрын
Thanks, I'll try it
@hadrian2801
@hadrian2801 2 жыл бұрын
0:19 yes I too make my 4 year old watch videos on tensor notation and general relativity.
@bruno-um9xk
@bruno-um9xk 4 жыл бұрын
This is somewhat similar to Numpy array broadcasting rules...
@reenaburiro6517
@reenaburiro6517 5 жыл бұрын
niceeeeeee vedo
@vixguy
@vixguy 11 ай бұрын
Thanks for saving me from the Spider-Man Elsa videos 😊
@thatdude_93
@thatdude_93 6 жыл бұрын
if you're summing over indices in einstein notation its one index up and one index down. not two indices down. at least that's the case here in europe, but i don't think that the summation convention is different in the US.
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 6 жыл бұрын
What do you mean exactly by one index up and one down? Like instead of a_ij*b_j, you use a_ij*b^j?
@thatdude_93
@thatdude_93 6 жыл бұрын
we always wrote it like a^j_i*b_j if you're summing over j. like a_ij*b_j is one member of a sum, when multiplying a matrix A=(a_ij) and a vector b=(b_j) for example, while a^j_i*b_j is the whole sum
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 6 жыл бұрын
Interesting. I also agree that your convention probably doesn't have any regional ties, but I've seen it used in a bunch of places, so it's likely a book-dependent thing. Here's a couple of examples in Wolfram MathWorld where the index being summed over is in the subscript both times: mathworld.wolfram.com/EinsteinSummation.html I also found a stackexchange question addressing your comment, and it turns out that's it's a book/author-dependent convention: physics.stackexchange.com/questions/262237/einstein-summation-convention-one-as-upper-one-as-lower As another example, the books I'm using right now (Schaum's Outline + Boas Mathematical Physics) don't really use the one upper and one lower convention. But yeah, I agree with you that it might be more conventional to use one index up and the other down, but this is just an introductory video. I feel like when we get deeper into Tensor Algebra and operations involving tensors and vectors, the need to use both upper+lower indices will arise with the introduction of contravariant and covariant tensors. Hope that clarifies things!
@UnforsakenXII
@UnforsakenXII 6 жыл бұрын
Yeah, I don't think the placement of indices matters until you stop using Cartesian tensors.
@UnforsakenXII
@UnforsakenXII 6 жыл бұрын
Upper indices correspond to the components of a tensor that are in the vector space itself while the lower indices usually respond to the indices that arise from dual functionals. If the space has no differences between the two, then they don't matter. Otherwise they done. I have done no degrees at UC Berkeley. lol.
@nomukun1138
@nomukun1138 2 жыл бұрын
To be honest, I wouldn't want to say "script" more than needed. It's a pretty intense syllable.
@keshavsaw8743
@keshavsaw8743 3 жыл бұрын
It is hard to see the things written in deep blue and green
@drover7476
@drover7476 Жыл бұрын
How do you write so fast you wizard
@amoghprabhu106
@amoghprabhu106 3 жыл бұрын
Best sentence/// This is faculty of khan signing out
@BlitzN7
@BlitzN7 6 жыл бұрын
Need some examples :/
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 6 жыл бұрын
That's what the next video is for!
@BlitzN7
@BlitzN7 6 жыл бұрын
Faculty of Khan Beautifully presented and explained otherwise. Thank you for your uploads!
@arikayemusic
@arikayemusic 4 жыл бұрын
Ah yes I see you have referenced the Elsagate controversy hahahaha
@dineshchintu9779
@dineshchintu9779 3 жыл бұрын
:)
@jamma246
@jamma246 4 жыл бұрын
I feel like Einstein notation can be a bit hard to read. When you see an expression in it, the "form" of the expression doesn't immediately jump off the page. Why not make the dummy index just a *? (I could be overlooking something). So a_*j b_j would mean a_1j b_j + a_2j b_j + a_3j b_j This would make the difference more apparent, I think, and reminds one of mathematical notation from homological algebra. It seems to me that having to look for duplicates is more prone to errors, but also just doesn't jump of the page in clarity as quickly. It also seems to me that trying to make things coordinate free as often as possible seems way better.
@pbillings808
@pbillings808 4 жыл бұрын
"a sub i" and "a sup i" -- even fewer syllables. ;-)
@FacultyofKhan
@FacultyofKhan 4 жыл бұрын
Yea, but people can mistake the 'sup' for 'sub' since they sound similar.
@gilrutter9481
@gilrutter9481 4 жыл бұрын
@@FacultyofKhan ​ Pronounce it as 'soup' as it is in 'super'
@Mr.Nichan
@Mr.Nichan 4 жыл бұрын
@@gilrutter9481 It's still much easier to tell the difference if one word is one syllable and the other two syllables, since those two vowels are kind of close to each other (very close if you're from Northern England), and the two consonants are both very similar between the two words and are positioned so the two words have similar "shapes" (so to speak). I think one measly syllable per superscript is a small price to pay for having one less thing to be confused about.
@gerardomoscatelli8584
@gerardomoscatelli8584 4 жыл бұрын
You are right this notation is Funky annoying
@ripsirwin1
@ripsirwin1 3 жыл бұрын
I'd rather my 4 year old just be a regular kid and watch spiderman than watch this.
@Pulsar77
@Pulsar77 4 жыл бұрын
This is not how Einstein summation should be used. It should always be used to contract a contravariant (upper) index and a covariant (lower) index. Even in Euclidean rectilinear coordinates where there's no real distinction between vectors and covectors, you still should raise or lower indices when you which to use the Einstein convention, to make the summation explicitly clear. Repeated lower (or upper) coordinates should be interpreted as free indices.
Einstein Notation: Proofs, Examples, and Kronecker Delta
9:39
Faculty of Khan
Рет қаралды 135 М.
Introduction to Tensors
11:15
Faculty of Khan
Рет қаралды 500 М.
Smart Sigma Kid #funny #sigma #comedy
00:25
CRAZY GREAPA
Рет қаралды 37 МЛН
Хотите поиграть в такую?😄
00:16
МЯТНАЯ ФАНТА
Рет қаралды 3,6 МЛН
Demystifying The Metric Tensor in General Relativity
14:29
Dialect
Рет қаралды 333 М.
Kronecker Delta
10:30
Physics by Alexander FufaeV
Рет қаралды 52 М.
Problems with Zero - Numberphile
13:00
Numberphile
Рет қаралды 6 МЛН
Introduction to Tensors: Transformation Rules
7:53
Faculty of Khan
Рет қаралды 186 М.
The letter that revealed Ramanujan's genius
11:43
Tibees
Рет қаралды 3,1 МЛН
Why light has energy, but no mass? (Understanding E = mc2)
21:58
FloatHeadPhysics
Рет қаралды 1 МЛН
Tensor contraction with indices
16:04
Reumi's world
Рет қаралды 12 М.
An Exact Formula for the Primes: Willans' Formula
14:47
Eric Rowland
Рет қаралды 1,3 МЛН
What's a Tensor?
12:21
Dan Fleisch
Рет қаралды 3,6 МЛН
Smart Sigma Kid #funny #sigma #comedy
00:25
CRAZY GREAPA
Рет қаралды 37 МЛН