Electroweak Theory and the Origin of the Fundamental Forces
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Our universe seems pretty complicated. We have a weird zoo of elementary particles, which interact through very different fundamental forces. But some extremely subtle clues in nature have led us to believe that the forces of nature were once unified, ruled by a single, grand symmetry. But how does one force separate into multiple? And how do the forces of nature arise from mathematical symmetries in the first place?
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Written by Graeme Gossel & Matt O'Dowd
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Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
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@kicapanmanis1060 3 жыл бұрын
“Our universe seems pretty complicated” Understatement of the year, Matt.
@navinsingh1730 3 жыл бұрын
Exactly! ;p
@ivanzivkovic7572 3 жыл бұрын
idk about understatement of the year, it is 2020 after all
@vitormartins5742 3 жыл бұрын
Actual understatement of the year: calling our 8-months-and-counting-confinement "quarantine"
@wparkerunc 3 жыл бұрын
actually it is infinitely complicated and also not complicated at all. it is infinitely complicated because it is always expanding and is everything so there is always more than we can think. and it isnt complicated because if it is everything we already know what it is.
@navinsingh1730 3 жыл бұрын
@@wparkerunc You are assuring on the basis of if. It can be "if it is not" also.
@Digga005 3 жыл бұрын
This is the first episode in a long time where I really didn’t understand much of anything. My head hurts
@ClarezaMeridiana 3 жыл бұрын
Try binge watching it til the next episode comes
@bytefu 3 жыл бұрын
In the book "Love and Math" the author, Edward Frenkel, takes some time to explain symmetries and their relation to physics. That's an interesting read anyway, try it.
@qzbnyv 3 жыл бұрын
I love PBS Space Time. My understanding of special relativity and GR wouldn’t be anywhere near what it is today without it. This is not a comment about today’s episode, but I realise I’m fully unprepared to detect whether they ever start to veer off into crackpot fringe physics territory. Or into crackpot “I’ve got a grand-unified-theory of everything based on a Gauge Theory but won’t publish it because the formal academic system of peer review has been institutionally captured and is keeping me down man” like I’ve seen in certain corners of the interwebs. I guess that short of becoming a professional physicist myself or dedicating all of my spare time to learning, that uncertainty the nature of the bargain :)
@blink182bfsftw 3 жыл бұрын
Me too but I'm stoned
@ktvx.94 3 жыл бұрын
Same, I usually understand 60-80% of the video, but this time it would be 20% at absolute best
@141Zero 3 жыл бұрын
I can't even imagine how satisfying it must have been when this theory got proved at CERN.
@frazerrhughess 3 жыл бұрын
They were all dead.
@n3wm3r1c5 3 жыл бұрын
Dead satisfied
@frazerrhughess 3 жыл бұрын
@@n3wm3r1c5 lol
@zarvoc 3 жыл бұрын
Proven
@SamosaJii 2 жыл бұрын
I am sure all the scientists didn't expect it to be proven true either. They definitely went home dancing thinking damn how did we get that right.
@slash196 3 жыл бұрын
Spacetime is so good it makes me feel like I understand things that I DEFINITELY do not understand.
@nemonomen3340 3 жыл бұрын
They're so good, they make me feel utterly lost on things I thought I understood.
@MrMegaStega 3 жыл бұрын
It is also clear you do not understand how to not a be cringe virgin maybe instead of watching these video you should hit the gym noodle arm lookin ass
@goartist 3 жыл бұрын
@@MrMegaStega and you think, you randomly crapping unter every 2nd comment makes you look stronger in any way? lol
@xcpsvn5a787 3 жыл бұрын
@@MrMegaStega oh yeah, and you’re a strong looking boy for insulting someone for no reason just to make yourself look tough aren’t ya, mountain man
@CaptainPilipinas 2 жыл бұрын
['But Small, half-smart creatures have a fierce talent for denying the Inevitable, for Balking and complaining about [REDACTED] that don't Exist and consequences that should be borne in Silence.'.]
@technocore1591 3 жыл бұрын
I love being walked carefully through Feynman diagrams. For a moment I think "I understood that" but then I realize a moment later, "Nope, I got nothing."
@RomanNardone 3 жыл бұрын
gunna have to watch this a couple times i think
@westyphys 3 жыл бұрын
I made my masters degree in this very field and sometimes still feel the same way... :D
@galacticbob1 3 жыл бұрын
@@westyphys and the diagrams actually make things *simpler* to understand! Props to Feynman et al for understanding the equations well enough to come up with the diagrams.
@DobromirManchev 3 жыл бұрын
Lol yes, it's kinda the same with everything on a higher complexity level here or other channels. I've accepted that i generally don't understand anything in the end, but i still enjoy watching and trying.
@chrismanuel9768 2 жыл бұрын
Remember how in school they'd have a teacher specifically go over the same concept for two weeks, teaching you it over and over until it clicked, testing you on what you know and making sure you understood the concepts? Don't feel bad if your adult brain doesn't pick up quantum mechanics in 20 minutes. Rewatch. Listen again. Do further research. It'll start to click, pieces will come together, and you'll feel like an absolute genius. It's a great feeling.
@TheRealFollow 3 жыл бұрын
This was definitely one of the harder to understand videos you've done. But I respect that the subject of the electro-weak force is just complicated, so I appreciate the explanation all the same.
@stanimirborov3765 3 жыл бұрын
quantum decoherence...and.. mmm those..cosmic background radiation videos..and they've done some videos on parity before, alike 1veritasium guy..but yeh this was one of those episodes
@ThatCrazyKid0007 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah this one's a deep dive if you really want to get it. Gonna need to watch a few more times.
@francoisprovencher1214 3 жыл бұрын
Il is quite a complex subject Indeed.
@Mandragara 3 жыл бұрын
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in the electroweak force is like a 4th year university physics concept, which is dealt with in more depth in postgraduate study. It's heavy hitting no matter how you package it,
@Mandragara 3 жыл бұрын
@@hyperduality2838 Words don't mean anything I agree
@Kwauhn. 3 жыл бұрын
Hey matt! Just want to say I appreciate you and the whole SpaceTime team! You guys are by far my favourite KZfaq channel!
@AsheOdinson 3 жыл бұрын
Completely agreed!
@xeno4162 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah I agree
@jasonlynch282 3 жыл бұрын
Agreed
@Hourstone 3 жыл бұрын
Agree
@pranavlimaye 3 жыл бұрын
Agre
@pushuppoppies8718 3 жыл бұрын
"Not very satisfying" is EXACTLY how I've always felt about the radioactive decay definition of the weak force!!
@Shenron557 3 жыл бұрын
Me too. All other forces seem like actual forces: Gravity pulls, electricity and magnetism can be attractive or repulsive and the strong force binds nucleons together. But the weak force causes decay...
@Meine.Postma 3 жыл бұрын
@@Shenron557 Gravity is not a force according to most physicists.
@CloudyShinobi 3 жыл бұрын
@@Shenron557 gravity doesn’t actually pull; gravity warps space/time
@AngDavies 3 жыл бұрын
@@Shenron557 the way I see it- that electron ends up moving at quite a clip after the decay, if it's moving then something must have pushed it, the resulting atom would be a really nice place for the formed electron, but it usually ends up pushed out, leaving an ion. The thing doing the pushing is the weak force? Other things might be contributing to the push- nuclear binding energy, but it's not doing the actual "pushing"
@Big_Tex 3 жыл бұрын
I once shot a man for arguing the radioactive decay definition of the weak force.
@CinereoTheRogue 3 жыл бұрын
The outro to every video having, usually a run-on sentence, an extended play on words to bulk it all back into a thematically relevant and compressed summary of the video inevitably bounding it all back in to the everything-ness of.... Spacetime; it always gets me! Every single time! I love it! ^.^
@SpartanFunnyProyect Жыл бұрын
You did it perfectly yourself :P
@SuperLoops 3 жыл бұрын
Matt's t-shirt is violating symmetry :(
@jimmyzhao2673 3 жыл бұрын
No, the t-shirt is straight, Matt's head is on crooked.
@justpaulo 3 жыл бұрын
In every episode... :(
@patrickaycock3655 3 жыл бұрын
I understand how this happens. I severely tore and compacted my rotary cuff. Now all my shirts slump to one side. Most of the time i dont notice it, but i now instinctly adjust my shirt. When i do i always find my shirt has slumped. That or the camera has a minor black hole in front bending and warping the incoming light.
@netx421 3 жыл бұрын
He's been working out asymmetrically
@bozo5632 3 жыл бұрын
You're not cool in 2021 (and can't afford a $90 t-shirt) if your t-shirt isn't flimsy and ill-fitting.
@caderlocke8869 3 жыл бұрын
I would LOOOOVEEE a follow-up video on this subject!! As a non-physicist, I have been DESPERATE to understand symmetry breaking, gauge field theory and special unitary groups. This video did more for me than any book I've ready so far but still left me with more questions than answers (as it should!)
@davidhand9721 2 ай бұрын
You must watch "The most important ideas in the universe" series by Sean Carroll. It's the only serious attempt to explain symmetry groups and gauge theory to laypeople I've seen on KZfaq.
@TheMildConfusion 3 жыл бұрын
“Specialist Relativity” Good one 👍
@MrMegaStega 3 жыл бұрын
actually it was not a "good one" loser!!!!!!
@michaelsommers2356 3 жыл бұрын
@@MrMegaStega If you know anything about ranks in the US army, it's a good one.
@TheRabidChipmunk 3 жыл бұрын
Bro it's got layers
@joseluisoliver5151 3 жыл бұрын
L.
@valentinrios9931 3 жыл бұрын
"The midichlorian" lmao I love you, Matt
@maxxam012 3 жыл бұрын
“The midichlorian.” Me: **head meet desk while snort laughing**
@coleozaeta6344 3 жыл бұрын
He said that seconds after I read your comment
@dipakshisarma2903 3 жыл бұрын
when i typed in the google i found its related to something in biology. Lmao😂
@ava_niche 3 жыл бұрын
@@dipakshisarma2903 Uhhhh it's from Star Wars lmao
@dipakshisarma2903 3 жыл бұрын
@@ava_niche ohh is that so ? but it also plays well with the biological meaning.
@Xbox360SlimFan 2 жыл бұрын
The example of spontanious symmetry breaking of a magnetic field at the Curie temperature is brilliant.
@purplenanite 3 жыл бұрын
So, if you heated a region of space above 10^15K, could you get the Electroweak force to break symmetry in a different way? Like how heating and cooling the bar magnets can lead to the group pointing in a different direction.
@jajssblue 3 жыл бұрын
I like this question a lot! I wonder if there is a change, how it would be expressed? More particles? Different force strengths? Heavier particles?
@purplenanite 3 жыл бұрын
@@jajssblue I'd guess that since the "original" symmetry break started with 4 massless particles and ended up with 3 massive and a massless one, that the masses of the particles might do a musical chairs and end up in different positions - no new particles, just different masses, leading to different force strengths. *But thaaaat's just a theeeeeory* (hypothesis)
@evilotis01 3 жыл бұрын
huh, now there's a thought! i'd love to know the answer
@draddams 3 жыл бұрын
The LHC experiments have shown it breaks the same way every time. I think the bar magnet analogy was a bad one.
@zzztopspin 3 жыл бұрын
I think to carry this bar magnet analogy forward, consider that the symmetry could break in a different 'direction' every time - sure! That's just what it means for the system to favor one specific direction over the symmetry of all possible choices. What remains the same after the bar magnets cool down is that their total overall "emergent" magnetic properties have the same magnitude, no matter what direction they face. One hunk of magnetite is just as magnetic as another hunk, even if the crystalline structure formed in a different direction - breaking the symmetry in another 'way'. Similarly, while the breakdown of the electroweak symmetry may produce Higgs particles in one trial of the experiment, Z bosons in another, and purely photons in another trial, they all end of having the appropriate masses. In the LHC, zillions of trials are run basically simultaneously, so the restored symmetry of Electroweak becomes the broken symmetry of the Standard Model.
@peacockmoss1491 3 жыл бұрын
The entire time watching this I was just waiting to hear Grant Sanderson's (3blue 1brown) voice explaining some of the math. To think of it, it would be cool to have him on as a guest once...
@TheRxNick 3 жыл бұрын
My brain definitely melted on this one
@windsaw151 3 жыл бұрын
I always wonder if the scientists that studied the weak interaction at first were aware that this interaction was indeed a force that can push and pull things. And not just transform. As I understand it it is extremely difficult to measure the actual force of the weak force because it is almost always eclipsed by other forces like electromagnetism.
@zzztopspin 3 жыл бұрын
I think you're right! When I read about experiments that attempt to observe the elastic collisions of neutrinos on giant tanks of some material, what they're looking for is a weak interaction where neutrinos trade a W or Z boson with some material. It's super uncommon, but with the right setup the weak force is a force all the same! I think when W bosons are transmitted, you can expect a particle like a quark to change flavor, often from down to up while also elastically colliding, but weak neutral current uses Z bosons, which carry spin but not (electric) charge. With Z bosons the weak force can be communicated without the same kind of flavor change.
@galacticbob1 3 жыл бұрын
It's definitely possible that at super-low temperature states that we could see unexpected behavior which would indicate a breaking of symmetry. Consider superconductivity, where a magnetic field behaves normally at higher (>90K°) temperatures, but gets expelled from the material at a critical temperature. Could something like that exist for the weak or strong nuclear forces as well?
@zzztopspin 3 жыл бұрын
@@galacticbob1 Consider color superconductivity! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_superconductivity I literally reread that whole article every few months in a hopeful attempt to imagine just how it is that the quarks are trying to hang out together... This is of course, at higher temperature, so I don't know about lower.
@Mernom 3 жыл бұрын
If we have 4 forces that used to be less, how outlandish is it to assume that the forces we currently have can be further broken? Do we have proof that they're 'prime' forces?
@feynstein1004 3 жыл бұрын
That is quite an interesting idea
@sphaera2520 3 жыл бұрын
I think the fact that you can’t get below 0K, and relatively speaking we’re already in that temperature range means there’s nowhere else to go for these new symmetry breaking stuff to happen. Edit: I suppose you could invoke vacuum decay but I think that’s a separate concept.
@feynstein1004 3 жыл бұрын
@@sphaera2520 Didn't Sixty Symbols do a video saying you can actually go below absolute zero? You just can't get *to* absolute zero iirc.
@Vasharan 3 жыл бұрын
@@RecoveryHacker You can go below zero at a quantum mechanical level, but the negative energy state is unstable and will be filled back up. Experimentalists have cooled atoms to negative temperatures with lasers. Similarly, Hawking radiation at black holes has a negative energy state when one particle of a virtual pair falls into the event horizon, and the negative energy is recouped by the black hole shrinking in mass.
@dwightk.schrute8696 3 жыл бұрын
@@RecoveryHacker It sort of is :) kzfaq.info/get/bejne/r7qVdbiht5ebgqs.html
@thenasadude6878 3 жыл бұрын
A new force has been discovered in these new '20s: the ElectroSwing force.
@WaqarKhan-ws4uj 3 жыл бұрын
What is the mechanism of this force.
@user-ec6kt2fg7m 3 жыл бұрын
@@WaqarKhan-ws4uj I think he is talking about music.
@galacticbob1 3 жыл бұрын
@@WaqarKhan-ws4uj it acts upon your ears, causing a rhythmic motion of the body in response.
@CAPSLOCKPUNDIT 3 жыл бұрын
He's definitely got some brass.
@erick9348 3 жыл бұрын
@@user-ec6kt2fg7m r/whooooosh
@BrutalSnuggles 3 жыл бұрын
CGP Grey told me about the great hexagon of Saturn and now I'm gonna need you to tell me more, please and thank you ❤️
@ConcertsAtHome 3 жыл бұрын
Dr. Becky Smethurst has a great video about it on her channel that I highly recommend: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/hqmgnNZeuM--YJc.html
@BrutalSnuggles 3 жыл бұрын
@@ConcertsAtHome THANK YOU! Watching now
@jaredbutler957 3 жыл бұрын
This one was definitely worth waiting till the end. I was a bit confused for a while but it came together beautifully in the end! Great vid!
@hwlyzqs 3 жыл бұрын
The irony of Matt's shirt neck while talking about symmetry 😅
@danielkirk4755 3 жыл бұрын
I suppose that's a representation of symmetry breaking
@LandoCalrissiano 3 жыл бұрын
Its symmetrical in curved space.
@chriso3130 3 жыл бұрын
OMG. It's been a while since I had my head explode while watching a spacetime episode!
@ghoxon8312 3 жыл бұрын
Matt I'm genuinely bewildered how you can be a professor and do this on the side. I'm an academic too, and I wish I had the time to engage in this type of science communication.
@t850 3 жыл бұрын
...all I understood was that double slit visualisation, everything else is as broken as SU(2) and U(1) symmetries below electroweak temperature...:'D ...still liked the episode...xD
@querywizard 3 жыл бұрын
It's simple: "adding mass to a photon means adding an extra term to the electromagnetic field stuff in the Schrodinger equation so that it would no longer be invariant to local phase shifts." /s
@querywizard 3 жыл бұрын
These amazing videos are packed with information. But he wields these complex terms so masterfully that I feel like we need a "slow mode" where there are pauses after every statement and little reference links everywhere for every term in the statement.
@querywizard 3 жыл бұрын
When I'm really motivated, I do this manually. But I'm not always up for it.
@t850 3 жыл бұрын
@@querywizard ...well this I can image to some small extent since I've never dealth with Schrodinger equations per se but I persume this "adding a mass term" can only be balanced by adding another "symmetrical" (hypothetical) term to satisfy the overall equation...
@ameirshaa 3 жыл бұрын
I love how Matt paused after saying Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking at 10:42 as if in anticipation for something ;)
@brandenjames2408 3 жыл бұрын
That analogy with the magnets was brilliant. I was familiar with the concept symmetry breaking abstractly before but now I actually understand what it physically means.
@3rdrock 3 жыл бұрын
I'm with you there, this is the first time I have properly grasped that randomness is symmetrical and that breaking symmetry is creating order.
@paulscott2502 3 жыл бұрын
I have a physics and engineering background but still look forward to everything you release - and learn a huge amount. Please keep up the amazing work!
@alexakalennon 3 жыл бұрын
I always wondered how such an equation would look like, where you can see/read off that su(1) and su(2) merge. I'd love to see some more math Matt. Even if my amateur astronomer, dangerous half-knowledge of physics is shattered. 🔭🙃
@Erin-ks4jp 3 жыл бұрын
To do that though is to mathematically formulate the Higgs mechanism. That is of course much easier to say than to do, and is even harder to explain.
@alexakalennon 3 жыл бұрын
@@Erin-ks4jp I agree!, yet I would love to get a hint. Or a book...for I don't have anything on QM any more.
@Erin-ks4jp 3 жыл бұрын
@@alexakalennon All of the original papers on the subject are available through sci-hub. And all sorts of books through Library Genesis. It takes digging to find the best bits of explanation, but it's all there.
@monkerud2108 3 жыл бұрын
read the original papers then :P
@Yolko493 3 жыл бұрын
you don't need lie groups to understand it. you start with the klein-gorden equation (a linear complex field) and then add a new term to the Lagrangian (the mathematical thing you use to produce the equations of motion, classically you literally just do L = kinetic energy - potential energy) that is quartic rather than quadratic in the field. This allows a potential energy that looks like -r^2 + r^4 rather than just +r^2 (plot it on desmos or something) and the field "drops" to a lower potential state, from the plot you can see that the initial state r = 0 was symmetric when you rotated the system (similar to phase transformation that is mentioned, but this is a *global* symmetry so is not as profound) but the new state won't be. (note the +r^2 potential always has its ground state at r=0, a vacuum, and there is no other such state) This is all well and good but when you combine the complex field with a gauge field (literally by adding a vector potential to L). you will see that you can make a gauge transformation that "compensates" for the broken symmetry *locally*. The result of all of this is that the complex field loses a degree of freedom , the gauge field gains one (photons, which are not the result of a broken symmetry have 2 polarisation states, but W bosons, for instance, have 3 spin states) and also its dispersion relationship changes from omega^2 = k^2 (massless particles) to omega^2 = k^2 + M^2 (massive particles). The mass it gains is related to the mass that the scalar field has, and the mass of say, the Higgs boson (a scalar field) can be predicted. as a motivation for why symmetry is important, any foundational physicist worth their salt can, given the symmetry group of the standard model, derive every equation they could possibly want, the only other thing they need to do is measure constants (like the speed of light or plank's constant).
@jdguevara93 2 жыл бұрын
This video made it's way through my recommended playlist, and I have never been more thankful for it. So fascinating.
@Bobbias 3 жыл бұрын
I need to say thank you so much. This is by far the most concise and understandable explanation of this concept I have ever seen. I want to say that you guys are doing incredible work. I never thought I would see a day where pop science presentation meets the required level of depth on the subject matter to really explain the mathematical underpinnings without getting too far into the weeds.
@Zahaqiel 3 жыл бұрын
The best proof regarding quantum electrodynamics comes from ontology: 1. A physics theory with a cool abbreviation is inherently better than a physics theory without a cool abbreviation. 2. Quantum electrodynamics has a pretty cool abbreviation. ∴ Quantum electrodynamics is better than other physics theories. _Q.E.D._
@paulmoir4452 3 жыл бұрын
Tautology? Ontology is the study of being.
@jeremy4ags 3 жыл бұрын
KED
@Zeegoku1007 3 жыл бұрын
Lmao
@galacticbob1 3 жыл бұрын
I got so confused in school, not starting philosophy classes until after taking AP physics. Why do all these arguments about men and mortals keep ending in a quantum mechanics reference?
@calmeilles 3 жыл бұрын
@@paulmoir4452 The _other_ meaning of ontology, as applied to research disciplines: a set of concepts and categories in a subject area or domain that shows their properties and the relations between them.
@pguti778 3 жыл бұрын
I've watched this episode like 10 times, and it's hard time for me to understand... I'll continue watching
@nicesai 3 жыл бұрын
I am super addicted to this channel now, please don't stop, ever, even when you reach the end of .... spacetime.
@atmikes1 3 жыл бұрын
@PBS Space Time ; visual representation of a quantized oscillating object would be great, thank you :-)
@MrRussiancoma 3 жыл бұрын
Me: Pretend to understand while eating a poptart. Matt: This is over your head stevie, go to bed.
@Dr_V 3 жыл бұрын
Whenever people tell me I'm getting insufferably arrogant at the hospital I watch one of these videos to feel stupid again and back off a bit from terrorizing my students, residents or nurses :)
@sherlockholmeslives.1605 3 жыл бұрын
Agreed Vladimir! I am of above average intelligence but the level of cutting edge of physics these geniuses in the subject work at is beyond me, I think even if I understood what different equation symbols stood for, by a long way!
@redhatlt 3 жыл бұрын
@@sherlockholmeslives.1605 Guys,you are both dumb :)
@william41017 3 жыл бұрын
I can actually feel your arrogance trough this comment. Incredible
@sherlockholmeslives.1605 3 жыл бұрын
@@redhatlt Lol! I may not be John von Neumann ( who is ) but I am happy.
@Dr_V 3 жыл бұрын
@@redhatlt Most likely :D But teaching does that to you some times (makes you feel smarter than you really are), that's why I like to drag myself back to reality by looking at actually smart individuals discussing science so hardcore that sounds almost esoteric to me.
@sharma_anuj00 3 жыл бұрын
I'm a time traveller and I'm come from future i already see this video. This video is nice.
@GnightOwl 3 жыл бұрын
How's the future going?
@tiberiusbrain 3 жыл бұрын
@@GnightOwl im guessing, not that great. Why else travel back to usa election day in 2020.....
@jajssblue 3 жыл бұрын
This episode is such a hurculean task. Well done spacetime team! The spontaneous symmetry breaking illustration is the best analogy I have come across. Thank you!
@Monothefox 3 жыл бұрын
So If the energy level of the universe sinks even more, we might se new forces pop up?
@karltanner3953 3 жыл бұрын
Interesting point
@lucasart328 3 жыл бұрын
@FiniteAutomaton reddit moment
@gravitonthongs1363 3 жыл бұрын
We measure the forces to zero kelvin and symmetry is only altered by formation of Bose-Einstein Condensate.
@docopoper 3 жыл бұрын
Yay! The advanced episodes are back. I am honestly learning so much from this channel as someone without a physics degree that loves quantum mechanics and GR. Just gotta say that so that you know it's still super valuable. This is what sets this channel apart from pop-sci to me. I actually have to rewatch parts and think hard about how to imagine it all without it being impossible to parse for a lay person like a textbook this advanced might be.
@vtron9832 3 жыл бұрын
I love how you try to make the ending seem as smooth as possible with spacetime!
@autonomic471 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you guys, for constantly releasing videos which explain complicated topics easily
@Krimmeldimmel 3 жыл бұрын
Please make a disclaimer like „Beware of unexpected jokes“ or so - my daughter jolted out of sleep from my laugh at 2:45 😂
@MCsCreations 3 жыл бұрын
Actually, the midichlorians compose 80% of the dark energy. And 100% of the light, of course.
@Meine.Postma 3 жыл бұрын
Of course. And "dark matter" is all the dust in the universe we don't see.
@mikejohnstonbob935 3 жыл бұрын
so some dark matter banged anakin's mom
@MCsCreations 3 жыл бұрын
@@mikejohnstonbob935 Energy. Dark energy! 😝
@alaincanuel1950 3 жыл бұрын
@@Meine.Postma just ii
@dysonsquared 3 жыл бұрын
Does your statement then mean that light (photons) are what make up dark (matter)? Or dark energy? I crave to grasp this.
@chrisbroxson3124 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you. Not enough people tackle this complex subject for us non-professional astrophysics enthusiasts. I really appreciate the thorough explanation using simplified analogies that even I can understand (maybe)
@RADlX 3 жыл бұрын
This was such a info filled episode i has t rewind constantly. One of my fav vids this was so mind blowing. Thank you for such a high quality content!
@why_though 3 жыл бұрын
The unaligned lines on the left graphic at 6:30 drive me crazy.
@INGIE32 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah, I noticed that too. Drove me around the angle.
@klikkolee 3 жыл бұрын
*checks* *doesn't see it* *frames through* *doesn't see it* *frames through again* OH GOD WHY
@justpaulo 3 жыл бұрын
At 6:36 even the video and audio freeze a bit. Well, the video was about symmetries and breaking them, so I guess it is OK...?
@Xhoven 3 жыл бұрын
Lol. OCD people unite!
@why_though 3 жыл бұрын
@@justpaulo Lmao yeah, maybe he used a Fiverr freelancer to edit his video this time.
@lipcsey 3 жыл бұрын
This is so abstract the only word I understood was midichlorians.
@ChristinaChrisR 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah me too. At least I understood one thing😂
@hughlt 2 жыл бұрын
This might be my favorite of the entire series. Wonderfully explained!
@klammer75 3 жыл бұрын
One of my favorite episodes yet! As someone fascinated with groups and algebraic structures in general, this episode really hit home! You guys rock🤩🥳🎓
@NewMessage 3 жыл бұрын
When Matt mentioned midichlorians, my dog let out a little growly 'wuff' in his sleep. The Force is not weak in that one.
@garethdean6382 3 жыл бұрын
Is your dog larger than seven feet? If so you may have accidentally picked up a Wookie. Surprisingly common mistake.
@ryantwombly720 3 жыл бұрын
“Actually, a visual representation would really help, here.” Funny, that usually works. This time, spinny arrow and woobly lines didn’t help me. Will watch again...and again.
@april5054 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah, this one is... particularly impenetrable.
@jamesbentonticer4706 3 жыл бұрын
I'm glad I'm not the only one.
@Meine.Postma 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah, this one is bad. The whole video is.
@Mandragara 3 жыл бұрын
The magnets all pick a direction to align to, up or down, left or right. The choice is arbitrary. Before the choice was made, the system was homogeneous and random
@JrobAlmighty 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah this time I really don't understand it at all really. I'm going to rewatch a thousand times and get back I understand the intention. It reminds me of understanding vectors in stress tensors
@justin.p.oommen 3 жыл бұрын
Perfectly summarized my whole Electroweak Theory Course. Well done!
@MirorR3fl3ction 3 жыл бұрын
omg I finally understand wtf U(1) and SU(2) mean!! Thank you 3rd year Complex Analysis and 4th year Singal Processing courses!
@hamentaschen 3 жыл бұрын
"The sea was angry that day my friends, like an old man trying to send back soup in a deli."
@TactileTherapy 3 жыл бұрын
i just watched that clip last night
@luantuan1653 3 жыл бұрын
kzfaq.info/get/bejne/ZttofriYutfUoqs.html
@feynstein1004 3 жыл бұрын
Hoochie mama!
@scotthammond3230 3 жыл бұрын
Would love to see more animation analogies of the U1 and SU2 symmetries of the electroweak field. I think the "clock" animation was getting close, but then you moved on and over my head.
@Cutest-Bunny998 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you for making this video. I literally was asking about this exact topic on some of either your older videos or some from Fermilab, or both, about 2 months (approx.) ago and I am so happy to see you serendipitously have a video on it now :D
@Impatient_Ape 3 жыл бұрын
Grad school was a long time ago. This video was a really great refresher on the topic. Thanks PBSST.
@Mr12324567890 3 жыл бұрын
Love Space timeeeeeee!
@Drcfan 3 жыл бұрын
2:43 ah makes sense .... wait what? no XD
@gorkemvids4839 3 жыл бұрын
Thanks for posting another video. It's nice to see you again Matt.
@stevenjones8575 3 жыл бұрын
This video could not have been more timely. I was just talking even today with Dr. Don Lincoln about this in his comments, trying to understand how a single force with (presumably) identical bosons could react differently than each other to changing temperatures and the Higgs field if there weren't already some other differing variable from the start that allowed them to react differently. He was very gracious in helping me try to understand this topic. Now I get to see at least two detailed videos from you on the subject. Perfect timing. Thanks so much!
@protectoritsoul 3 жыл бұрын
Just out of curiosity, could you provide references for this material for those wanting to read more about this. I've noticed with this and other episodes a lack of references except when citing specific publications.
@RomanNardone 3 жыл бұрын
You guys should go onto the Portal with Eric Weinstein. You have mentioned his work in the past and has a really interesting perspective on gauge theory.
@Flugs0 3 жыл бұрын
they mentioned eric weinstein? where?
@Tonyface666 3 жыл бұрын
I've been waiting for this video for SO LONG. THANK YOU!
@joshyoung1440 Жыл бұрын
I pretty much put this exact question in the comments of another spacetime video, so I'm so glad I saw this
@pushuppoppies8718 3 жыл бұрын
Wonder if Matt has an estimate on the year when we'll have the strong force added to the mix? 2021? 3021?
@louismasar6147 3 жыл бұрын
I think year 20,213,021 is more likely
@reesetyra902 3 жыл бұрын
42,069 more like
@atmikes1 3 жыл бұрын
Had to look at 1/2 speed and still can't understand 1/4 of it
@dansanger5340 3 жыл бұрын
Even though this whole subject is still extremely complex to me, I think you brought me a little closer to understanding the connection between gauge theory and symmetry breaking. Thank you!
@wafikiri_ 2 жыл бұрын
Finally you made me fully understand the concept of broken symmetry in the state of functions while conserving symmetry in the equations describing the latter's relations!
@science.and.beyond 3 жыл бұрын
Everything in the universe interacts to gain higher stability
@tyranmcgrath6871 3 жыл бұрын
What
@wasp89898989 3 жыл бұрын
Ever heard of entropy?
@science.and.beyond 3 жыл бұрын
@@wasp89898989 Yeah I know about entropy I mean all of the matter and the forces that hold all the matter-energy together. They all seem to fight entropy.
@acathosh 3 жыл бұрын
How would you define stability?
@dospaquetes 3 жыл бұрын
Tell that to my girlfriends lmao got 'em
@Khannea 3 жыл бұрын
Wikipedia : "Matt O'Dowd was voted the sexiest astrophysicist of 2020"
@Wonders_of_Reality 3 жыл бұрын
One of the reasons why I don’t visit Wikipedia at all. No idea who might find this (supposedly) fact relevant.
@evilotis01 3 жыл бұрын
@@Wonders_of_Reality cool story
@Wonders_of_Reality 3 жыл бұрын
@@evilotis01 Whatever you say.
@robo3007 3 жыл бұрын
@Khannea That was added to Wikipedia moments before you posted this... coincidence?
@freddan6fly 3 жыл бұрын
Great day with both a video from Don at Fermilab and Matt at PBS Space Time and the daily news from Anton at What Da Math.
@LazyEinstein 3 жыл бұрын
What a fantastic episode! More like this, please.
@djschuby04 3 жыл бұрын
"The most famous paradox in physics, first posed by Stephen Hawking fifty years ago, has been solved. In a landmark series of calculations, physicists have proved that black holes can shed information - if you jumped into one, you wouldn't be gone for good. This means that space-time is not the root level of reality, but an emergent structure from something deeper." This was straight out of a newsletter I'm subscribed to. Would love to see Matt cover this in a future episode! EDIT Here's a direct link to the article www.quantamagazine.org/the-black-hole-information-paradox-comes-to-an-end-20201029/ Here's a link to the newsletter that I read this in futurecrunch.com/fc114/
@ThatCrazyKid0007 3 жыл бұрын
Got a link to the article?
@jeffdo1974 3 жыл бұрын
Quanta?
@djschuby04 3 жыл бұрын
@@ThatCrazyKid0007 I do not, It was in an email newsletter I get. The newsletter is called Future Crunch and it covers news about science that doesn't often get picked up by larger news outlets.
@ThatCrazyKid0007 3 жыл бұрын
@@djschuby04 Does the newsletter link to any papers on the subject? I'd love to read them.
@djschuby04 3 жыл бұрын
@@ThatCrazyKid0007 Good news, I went back and found the link tot he article quoted in the newsletter. www.quantamagazine.org/the-black-hole-information-paradox-comes-to-an-end-20201029/ If you're interested in the newsletter itself, I found an online version of it here futurecrunch.com/fc114/
@Invalid571 3 жыл бұрын
The midichlorian joke really got me. XD
@chenzitong1 3 жыл бұрын
Perfect explanation 👌 Got all corners covered, masking the complex ones, but they were there.
@franklyforked3270 2 ай бұрын
It’s like watching the history of science. Which is crazy because I could never stay awake in an actual history class as a kid, but this has my full attention.
@cmilkau 3 жыл бұрын
11:50 "s(1) field" means U(1) field? Btw, since U(1) × SU(2) ≅ U(2), does the combined U(2) correspond to something meaningful? EDIT: replaced equality by isomorphism.
@zzztopspin 3 жыл бұрын
It looks like that spot in the video has "SU(2) x (U)1", and I don't ever see U(2) or S(1) written. The SU(2) x U(1) is the only way to write out the electroweak force, and the 'cross' operation is always required. I've never seen it written as, say, a single term.
@XnavirX 3 жыл бұрын
Yes. He misspoke. I should massless U(1) field"
@cmilkau 3 жыл бұрын
@@zzztopspin Is it really the Cartesian product? Then the isomorphism holds. Mathematically, SU(2) is isomorphic to U(2)/U(1). The latter can be interpreted as "U(2): anything unitary on a 2-vector base, /U(1): but ignore global phase shift". Now the isomorphism I gave is basically just the same in reverse, reconstructing U(2) from SU(2) and a global phase. Note that "phase" is to be read as mathematical explanation of the isomorphism, not something physical.
@zzztopspin 3 жыл бұрын
@@cmilkau I think you're interpreting this quite mathetmatically! You probably know more about Lie algebra than I do, but I think it's important to remember that for physics, models of math (Gell-Mann matrices, Neother's theorem, etc) are often developed "so that" the empirical data can be explained. If a unitary matrix in general has a determinant with magnitude 1 (complex or real) but a special unitary matrix has determine of 1 (real only) then these ideas would have a significantly different realization were they applied to the empirical world. As for your question about if it's REALLY the cartesian product, I can't say I understand what you're asking! At the end of the day, I'm pretty sure the laws of physics at large govern the particle interactions in a clear cut way (I'm not saying deterministic), so that whatever math the particle physicists are using is probably the way to do it. Until we get a working theory of quantum gravity, that is!
@sfi3100 3 жыл бұрын
I love learning about the Matrix.
@calvinkielas-jensen6665 3 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the excellent videos that continue to produce!
@brianjlevine 3 жыл бұрын
Every time I think I'm beginning to understand a concept, along comes PBS Space Time.
@alexkorocencev7689 3 жыл бұрын
If we heart up the universe, until Electromagnetism and the Weak force merge and cool it down again, would the Weak force crystallize into different properties?
@garethdean6382 3 жыл бұрын
No, we can do this as the LHC. The Higgs field, responsible for the symmetry breaking, imposes a lowest energy configuration that always forces the same symmetry breaking. And good thing too, or we might trigger 'vacuum decay'.
@cleansweep8782 3 жыл бұрын
Is that Electroweak or "Election Week" theory? Sorry couldnt help myself.
@pranavlimaye 3 жыл бұрын
you could've helped us by not bringing that up :\
@cleansweep8782 3 жыл бұрын
@@pranavlimaye I did apologise, but the timing was irresistable.
@nosarcasm1 3 жыл бұрын
Hi, nice to see a new video from you. Every time a highlight in my day!
@sonnyhart7691 3 жыл бұрын
The visuals on this vid are fantastic, really helped my understanding
@suvigyabasnotra7378 3 жыл бұрын
There's a really good chance you read the title as 'Election Week'. I feel your anxiety too...!
@nocgaming7718 3 жыл бұрын
i did
@will2see 3 жыл бұрын
For this episode, the 1/4 normal speed playback is still too fast.
@brooktsui3559 2 жыл бұрын
I love this channel, twice in two days: One for the Higgs mechanism, another is this. To explain profound ideas to laymen, it has to be intuitive as well as of "big-picture," which, I have to say, immensely helps me, a physics student striving for QFT, a lot. Great work, Dr. O'Dowd!😀
@ZweiZombies 3 жыл бұрын
I loved this episode: it was difficult, but clear. I had to replay small sequences (multiple times) to really get what was being said, but that's perfectly fine. I really missed having to pay that much attention, I just learn more when it's not simplified down too much
@tomkop213 3 жыл бұрын
I oscilate betwen 4% and 9 % of understanding this video
@emmanuelgonzalezcaseira9141 3 жыл бұрын
So... in layman terms for someone like me that needs them... When the electroweak field was unified it had the 4 massless bosoms, but when it "broke apart", breaking the symmetry of the field, it gained bosoms with mass? Please someone tell me if my understanding is correct xD, I think the idea in itself is pretty fascinating and I want to properly understand it.
@alib8396 3 жыл бұрын
lol at massless bosoms
@emmanuelgonzalezcaseira9141 3 жыл бұрын
@@alib8396 This is why I'm asking for the layman explanation lol. Certainly this isn't my strong point but I find the idea really interesting.
@AxionSmurf 3 жыл бұрын
The early universe had massive bosoms able to easily crush entire cities of men
@rayzorrayzor9000 3 жыл бұрын
Was that , “ gained Bosoms with Mass”, Or was it supposed to read, “Gained Bosoms and ASS” 😂
@bytefu 3 жыл бұрын
@@alib8396 I prefer massive bosoms, but W and Z are a bit too heavy. No wonder they don't live that long.
@gaborendredi8161 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much. I did not know that I was waiting for this episode desparately. Thaks!
@boris3320 3 жыл бұрын
High level yet quite understandable. This channel is golden.
@spockrising3208 3 жыл бұрын
Ah. This is soothing.... except for the crooked shirt😂
@cosmicwakes6443 3 жыл бұрын
Symmetry is unstable whereas asymmetry has great stability by sorting things into fundamental relations.
@nerdomania24 3 жыл бұрын
You are right but for now mathematicians don't understand what this mean
@KirbyTheKirb 3 жыл бұрын
Matt you're doing an amazing job, I love this channel.
@20ZZ20 3 жыл бұрын
Symetry has always been something difficult to get my head round even though I can grab other conceps easily and this video is no exception! Glad others feel the same way
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