I've studied passive filter at school, 6 month of studying just that argument. Great Scott does it a couple of minutes video. I used to draw lot of Bode charts!

FULL BRIDGE RECTIFIER... oh wrong channel :p

-20dB per decade? Taking 10 years to turn down the volume seems kinda inefficient.

ElectroBoom and GreatScott! Fans?

I always watch your electronic video, not because i can understand what your are saying (never understand even a single word) but i watch because im amaze, how you able to think and calculate that much.

An outstanding - clear; concise; and comprehensive job covering the material !! Thanks Great Scott !!

A huge part of the discussion missed when dealing with filtering components of capacitors and inductors is the phase change introduced. The phase change is visible on every one of your input/output examples on the oscilloscope. This is a critical consideration. For example, when a dual component (12dB/octave) crossover is used on both the high- and low-pass sections, the output for each will be 90 degrees out of phase totaling to 180 degrees, and the woofer and tweeter will be out of phase and cancel each other out at the crossover frequency. The correction for this situation would be to connect either the woofer or tweeter opposite to how they would normally be connected.

Your "engineer penmanship" style is fricking awesome dude... I used to do calculations similarly in college... but I've lost it since I don't use it anymore

the crossover can be complex because of 3 things : 1) to flatten the impedance of speaker drivers so they act more like resistors because otherwise your calculations using that formula won't make sense once you change that dummy load resistor with real speaker driver. 2) how steep are your crossover ? Bessel, Butterworth, LR, 1st or 2nd or 3rd order etc. 3) how well behaved the frequency response of your speaker drivers. hope that helps.

nice video! i used to learn about bandpass and band stop filters in school. the equations get really crazy with all the complex parts

wow this video did a better job explaining filters than my EE proffessor

Your channel helped me learning electronics, and I'm doing an economic college. Thanks😁

JLC PCB is like your new intro, in every video

That may stupidity to you but I learned a whole lot of things from it. Thank you for doing it.

Learned something new!! A 'decade" isn't only just a measurement of 10yr increments ;)

Good one old TESLA capacitor :D

A little project/challenge for you, Scott: since you love bikes, you could create a video converting a motor (2 stroke/4 stroke) from a carburetor fuel delivery system, to an EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) one, since it's 2019! Surely not a challenge for somebody like you. Also, it can be done with any microcontroller, Arduino too, since it's all about reading data, and doing actions in the given timing.

Your diagram drawing is very therapeutic! :)

The pwm filtering is really useful too. Doing Arduino to CV for music!

Dudeeee congratulations on 1M Hope you reach 10M soon Love from India ❤️

You can pop back the dustcap with a vacuum cleaner. EDIT:thanks for the likes

You could improve the old cross over by simply replacing the capacitors which ALWAYS degrade over time. In order to start from scratch a crossover that gets the best performance out of the drivers or even to select a good set of drivers from scratch, you need the FRD and ZMA files or the ability to measure and derive them from the drivers themselves. Once you have the files, a free cross over design program like PCD (passive cross over designer) or WinPCD can be used to maximize the performance of the selected drivers. The enclosure type and size is also critical and there are several on line box programs. Parts Express provides the FRD and ZMA files for all of their Dayton Audio drivers and also offers several other brands of DIY drivers. The PE forum is a good source of information as is that of the DIY Sound group. The programs take care of all of the complex math.

0:40 WOOW, amazing, Capacitors made by TESLA from czechoslovakia!

Iam waiting for this video for along time because iam dj maintenance and make alot of this circuits but iam learned alot from you thanks bro.

I had to study 3 years of Electronics Engineering just to understand this video! Before i used to watch your videos and didn't understand much, but i watched them anyways!

This is the best video for sleeping at night lol i literally slept while watching the video

Thanks man, this helped me to understand crossover bit better for my speaker projects

nice vid, everytime my notification pop-up fo your vids i always remember the scientist in back to the future saying "great scott!" hehe

I once wanted to put an LM35 inside the output filter inductor of my 3D printer to measure its temp. The high frequency switching induced a shitload of noise on the sensor's wires and would display nonsense. Thats where I remembered those RC filters... Needles to say that a low pass with fc around 500Hz did the job and the measurements were crystal clear afterwards. So dont neglect your filters people even in simple tasks!!!

Crisp and clear explaination ❤

The best setup is a class T amplifier for the woofer and a class C one for the mid and high range. The signal is being processed by the amplifiers itself. This brings you the most efficient speaker with the best sound.

Very good explanation, thanks Scott!

Great video as always I just wanted to say I really LOVE the way you say "calculate" @ 00:36

cool. i used to explain that with decent speakers, the enclosure, the drivers and the crossover (when matched) are a full working set.

In India we use rc filters at the input section and the filtered signals are separately amplified by multiple amplifier IC s,and for better low frequency response we use op-amp low pass filter at the input of the channel dedicated for subwoofer.then the stereo amplifier consist of three channels (2.1 system)

Great tutorial and link. Thanks!

What a lovely well made video. Well done.

I've never really thought about how the sound gets split between the woofer and tweeter. Good to know. 👍

this video is so helpful to me, thank you!

Thank you so much Scott I wanted to know how to make a crossover for my project! Love your videos😁👍

Your handwriting,the way you write and draw things is amazing

These info is great , I would love to see a video of phase line filters for avoiding EMC noise with motors, is my headache working with micro controllers and big motors

Amazing and very useful video

I didn't expect this crossover.

That original 'complicated' crossover had a Zobel network. It's designed to help present a constant load to the crossover, compensating for the need to account for the equivalent driver circuit in the crossover. Modeling a woofer as an 8 ohm resistor is a bad idea, considering its inductance will turn a 2nd order filter into a poorly tuned 3rd order filter. With a 2nd order network, you'd invert the terminals on one speaker to account for the 180 degree phase shift. But on a 3rd order network, there would be no point to reversing polarity on one speaker. Fun fact: I replaced an off the shelf crossover with my own design a week ago. The difference is that I designed the speaker enclosure, and chose the drivers, but got cheap with the crossover when I built them. I finally have money for a proper crossover. 16 AWG air core inductors and polypropylene caps for a 60W monitor. It helped that I measured the impedance curves for both drivers and knew what circuit I was really dealing with, along with having a 3D printer for printing the inductor cores for winding them.

This is one more good video!

Just built a pair of 3 way floor standing speakers - open source design (SB Acoustics Rinjani) I just bought the drivers and built the cabs myself - didn't bother with the passive crossovers - for just a $100 more bought an active DSP that let's you experiment with this stuff in real time - way better. Now with Parts Express selling really nice amps with on board DSP I can't understand why any home builder would bother with passive cross over any more.

Very well done! 👍

Danke für die Guten Videos. Haben mir bei meiner Ausbildung immer gut geholfen. Weiter so

Thanks for the video 💯 learned a lot

u r so perfectionism in writing

Very good video. I Like it 👍

Thank you, and I finally find the right video

You are a highly educated man please make your explanations easier so that more people can understand

Love your videos from nepal

You can always get into a new world of audio and go for active crossovers... :)

Even numbered crossovers (2nd order, 4th order) change the phase by 180 Degrees. The fix is reversing the tweeter polarity

As always, you explainations are just amazing. It helps me to understand really well!

I am redoing the crossover in a set of speakers I have. I am just reverse engineering my existing crossover and building an exact copy with all the same values with much better components while keeping the originals intact. They are not high-end speakers, but they are $1000+ speakers and I think I can squeeze a bit more performance out of the band pass and tweeter circuits with better components. They sound good over all but sometimes it seems like the mids/highs take a step back at higher volumes on really complex tracks. I wouldn't say muddy but I would like a bit more clarity. They don't get any worse as you turn it up, even at house shaking levels they remain relatively clean. That's why I think I can get a bit more performance in the middle out of them with better caps and coils.

Nice job. Would have also been nice to cover the phase relationship between inductors and capacitors.

Nice video. I always wait for your next video. Thanks man

Another EE here (but haven't dealt with such filters since school). I can't help but think that the signal should be treated digitally (near-"brick walls rolloffs" can be trivially calculated using 1024 point FFTs (not an option when I learned this). Reasons to not do this include the cost of the DSP (probably just a raspberry pi for this crew, but hopefully you can break out the channels at the source of the audio), plus the need for more amplifying channels (although each can have lower power and be optimized for thier frequency range, like using class-d for the woofer). Passive crossovers are likely better between mid range and tweeters, and just split out the woofer (and subwoofer if needed) digitally (this may even reduce a channel needed. At least that's what I've heard of the phase issues (all rlc filters induce phase issues, but a good DSP method's won't be measurable), the higher frequency phase errors aren't nearly as audible to humans.

Another nice video! :)

Nice video 😋

i once created a lpf by shorting the audio wires with a capacitor. it kind worked but had issues with 50hz humming. also I now know why my audio software has a filterX1 and a filterX4 :D

This reminds me of the electronics I learned at university. 😂

very interesting video!

I bought a couple Amazon crossovers and soldered them in and test drove which one to keep. This is for old vintage speakers that I restored

Thank for this video mannnn

Amazing video, possibly you can try to explain the phase as well? 😀

Yes and it helps

Nice I enjoyed it.

Let’s just keep in mind that when the speaker is connected, the transfer function changes. Vout is not the same with load than it is without load.

MiniDSP modules are the answer. Forget passive filtering DIRAC is the way. FIR filters rock and the ability to correct phase is essential these days.

Will you finish the walkie talkie project?

another reason not to use simple RC-filters for loudspeakers is that the impedance of the loudspeaker (typically 4-8 ohm, almost real and not complex) has to be accounted for, since it is effectively in parallel with the output component of the filter (parallel with C for the lowpass and parallel with R for the highpass). Such a low resistance in parallel would mean that you would have to use veeeery large capacitors to get their reactance into the same order of magnitude for audio frequencies.

9:20 wrong equation! I love your videos btw!!!!!

You’re a fecking genius.

Good stuff

I remember struggling with this in engineering school. This video.... um yeah.... doesn't everyone know that? Great video tho. Lots of meat!

Would you consider building an active crossover that would feed into a dual channel 50w D-class amplifier and BI-AMP a two way speaker (Woofer and Tweeter) and comparing the improvement over a passive crossover driven by a single 100w amp.

Awesome.... Make home appliances pcb theory as well as practical... Like ...AC, fridge, Washing machine, TV etc...🙏

I forgot the guy who reviews TVs and calibrations for TVs but you remind me of him

I'm listening to this on DIY speakers with DIY crossovers

Tweeter can sound good if tuned well, but woofer is going to lose more. Using short cooper thick cables, can help.That is why active cabinets sound better

love the videos! Just finished a Digital Signal Processing course for my EE degree and your videos become cooler with each semester finished because I actually understand it all now! Also, please treat those poor highlighters better, just going right over those fresh ink pen marks :(

God does anyone else wish you had his handwriting

Very good

The fact that amplifier boards are dirt cheap nowadays means there is no need to use beefy crossover as the old-school ways... The filtering can be done at the input stage using simple R-C circuits then the input signals are fed to separate drivers. That is, the woofer and the tweeter have their own amplifiers... Much easier to achieve similar results but of course, one has to appreciate how people in the past made the best out of their current technology, and carefully designed circuits often outperform their more recent counterparts...

thank you very mutch

Just a reminder that we say db per octave and not decade. For the rest, great video! The crossover you got from Ebay is quite cheap! Maybe you should have replaced parts in the old x-over by better ones, but of course it all depend on how much you want to invest. Thanks!

Hey great scott happy friendship day

Well, i have ti correct you in one Point: Most speaker companys save Money with the Crossover. They use cheaper components for it. You can tune your Speakers by rebuilding the Crossover with high quality parts and wiring it in Air instead of the PCB. This applies also to high cost Hifi and high end speakers.

recently i built a 2.1 using that 2 dual tpa 3116d2 classd total 4 channels 0f which only 1 is not used i/p grounded, used 1 channel for the sub woofer, did not even make any extra LPF for it for it would require an extra dual voltage supply for the ne5532, just combined the left & right channel with two 56k resistors & input to the 3116d2, i have noticed even in my sony 3cd changer speakers no crossover for the woofer only non polar caps for the tweeter, also in my logitech Z5500 no inductor for the massive 180W rms sub.

If you want to there is even another program for crossover calculation called XSim and it is pretty great too!

Wow, capacitor from Tesla!!! That's historic - originated in country that no longer exists ;)

I litterlay just watched the video while reading ALL OF THE COMMENTS. Pls do a video about something about electric cars, because they are a popular subject now.

That program name though. 😂 I guessed immediately that the author is Finnish.

Very neatly explained. I have crossover f at 700hz woofer is 8ohms and full range at 4ohms. Is it possible to make two different loads in a crossover?

Active crossover before the power amplifer is also an option using op amp filters that do not need inductors and are not affected by the electrical characterestics of the speaker