One more video to round out 2022! Thank you all so much for your supportive comments. It's been an incredible year, and this channel has exceeded my wildest expectations. But we're still just getting started. In 2023 I will be completing videos with evidence written in stone that will truly shake-up the way pyramids are understood.

I have been in that pyramid many times. One of the few locations you can go in Egypt with no tourists, and no Giza pests, even though the guards always expected their tips.

The best pyramid channel on KZfaq (that I know of): clearly reasoned, evidence based, yet willing to examine new possibilities. I love it!

The most informative and technically competent look at Meidum I have ever seen. You have continued your exceptional work.

A thousand times yes, I look forward to your monthly releases more than any other channel in my youtube watching career. Thanks for the great content

Blows me away at the sheer amount of work and effort that went into the building of these enormous stone structures… Thank you History for Granite for providing such detailed and rational analysis of these amazing enigmatic buildings…

My favorite pyramid! I was a year ago, I'll be back soon. Mastaba 17 one of a kind!😱

Please continue making these incredible videos. I've been waiting half a life time for someone to tackle the mysteries of ancient Egyptian monumental architecture from a serious, scientific point of view. Way too much pseudo science in this field, even amongst the professionals sadly.

Another brilliant, insightful and entertaining video analysis of one of these wonderful ancient structures. Thank you for sharing your knowledge and thoughts on the Meidum pyramid. It definitely deserves more attention than it currently receives, and your excellent video helps raise its profile whilst simultaneously providing a fascinating and thought-provoking look at this often overlooked construction.

Thank you for this video. I have also been here a few times, the complex around the site is interesting also (as a child, the guide showed me a human skull in the nearby mud brick mastabas). The interior of this pyramid is the most atmospheric of all the ones accessible. The area itself feels much more spiritual that the better known and more tourist ridden sites.

I've said it once, and I'll say it again: Great work on these videos. They're always very detailed, and you do a good job of making all of the information easy to follow/understand. I'm always looking forward to new uploads

One of my main cryteria for a good documentry is, that I can watch it over and over again and always find something that I missed the previous time. Good work.

Old geologist here, thanks for keeping it real with these productions. Only watched a couple now but you give surprisingly accurate assumptions. Well done! I'm sub'd and looking forward to the content!

Please keep the videos up, they’re my main source of knowledge for the pyramids, and your analysis is unmatched.

Oh Dude, I'm so happy to be watching this right now! Had kidney surgery this month and wasn't sure if I'd make it but I bounced back like a rubber ball!!! so THANKS for another fantastic video, I'm appreciative for everything this holiday season :) Have a great Xmas and New Years, see ya in 2023!!!!!

Always a pleasure to see another video from you. I know you've got plenty of constructions from the Old Kingdom left to examine, however, I can't help but wonder if you might happen to take a look at how pyramids came to be starting with the earliest royal tombs and chronologically expanding from there at some point in the future? My absolute favorite parts of your videos are how methods of construction were tested and later better implemented as time passed such as lentels and corbel vaults. Seeing the evolution from subterranean mudbrick royal tombs and what are believed to be their related funerary enclosures, palace-facade mastabas, and rock-cut galleries in the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period to the monumental architecture made of quarried rock beginning with Djoser's stepped pyramid would be brilliant. In particular, the way you engage the material with a more practical way of thinking that doesn't fall into the "oh how magically mysterious" followed by repeating misleading or downright falsified theories leads me to want to know what you might observed when picking through the pile of partly-explained and sometimes hair-brained theories related to the construction of Early Dynastic tombs and funerary monuments. Umm el-Qa'ab was already known well-enough by Egyptologists by the time Petrie took over excavation of the site just before the turn of the century, but it was thanks to his more careful method that we gained a greater understanding of the First Dynasty and its royal burial practices. David O'Connor, Gunter Dreyer and Werner Kaiser, and most recently Matthew Adams and Laurel Bestock have quite a few articles available on academia if you wanted to know more as many new discoveries about the First Dynasty have been made in just the last two decades. Your videos heavily focus on architecture and engineering and Angela Sophia La Loggia's 2012 paper on the construction of many Early Dynastic constructions is a thoroughly detailed and eye-opening work I can recommend. The evolution in the methods of construction of First Dynastic tombs are rapid in terms of the changes made to the king's tomb complexes, yet some patterns are maintained which seem to provide evidence to the religious beliefs of the early Egyptian state. For example, subsidiary burials (likely sacrificial) surround almost every First Dynastic tomb excluding that of Narmer and Aha, whose subsidiary burials seem to have been placed in a military formation. A conspicuous gap in the southern corner of the subsidiary burials of every tomb from Djer onward along with the direction of Aha's subsidiary burial formation seem to indicate that the kings believed that their spirits along with those of their subsidiary burials would rise and walk to the large wadi to the south which would turns into the western desert where later Egyptian texts name as the location of the land of the dead. Magli (2011) goes so far as to theorize that _dw_ , the Egyptian hieroglyph that resembles a wadi and carries the meaning of a symbolic horizon, likely arose from the sacrosanct nature of the wadi at Abydos and its significance to the state. Considering the mount near to the wadi was later known as the "Mountain of Anubis" during the Middle Kingdom, this seems very plausible. The most intriguing part to me is actually how this may tie into Khufu and the desire to have the sun fall between a "wadi" made up of two pyramids. In the early 5th dynasty a new hieroglyph for the horizon known as _akhet_ - a symbol which includes the sun set inside the previous _dw_ wadi - is a representation of the sun falling between Khufu and Khafre's pyramids during the summer solstice. Don't get me wrong, the Egyptian religion saw many changes over the course of the roughly 3,000 years that the Ancient Egyptian state existed which is to be expected, but the examples that saw consistency over the course of ancient Egypt's entire existence are truly incredible to behold. The smiting motif, as an example, seems to have first appeared at least a century before the advent of the Egyptian state in the painted tomb at Hierakonpolis (and likely before, though earlier examples are of a more uncertain context) and maintained its meaning and visual representation throughout the entirety of the lifetime of Ancient Egypt's empire. Dreyer and O'Connor have both also theorized that large tumuli may have been present over the tombs of each First Dynasty king along with a small temple dedicated to worshiping the deceased king also located between the gap in subsidiary burials. Large limestone stelae inscribed with the names of several of the First Dynasty kings and discovered near their tombs are a good example of a practice that would continue on into future Dynasties. Technological advancements also appeared in the middle of the First Dynasty that would change how tombs were constructed with the advent of stairs, use of rock slabs such as granite and limestone, and portcullises for tomb security being the most notable to occur. Personally, I've always been blown away by how frequently and freely the royal tombs of Egypt have been robbed by looters. Even the elite mastabas on the cliffs of Saqqara which were constantly visible to the ancient capital of Memphis were robbed during the First Dynasty. We're certain of this because the burial chamber of one of the later constructed mastabas was burned after having been robbed and then later remodeled for reuse during the reign of Qa'a, the last king of the First Dynasty. The bricks inside became hot enough to actually fire the bricks within (this same situation occurred in a few other tombs as well), meaning that ancient Egyptians would have been exposed to this technology, but decided instead to make the leap from unfired mudbricks to stone. As a matter of fact, it seems almost all of the royal tombs of the First Dynasty were at some point put to the torch by looters before the Middle Kingdom considering Djer's tomb was at that point believed to be the tomb of Osiris himself and was cleaned up and remodeled to reflect as much. It's almost as if tomb robbing was a national pastime compared to other areas of the world where grave robbing wasn't quite as prevalent. Why the location and method of constructing the royal tombs changed so dramatically at the start of the Second Dynasty is an enormous mystery, and indeed, I don't think it would be controversial to state the less is known about the Second Dynasty in comparison to any other dynasty. Why go from subterranean mudbrick tombs with subsidiary burials at Abydos to rock-cut galleries at Saqqara? Why did these galleries stand up to the test of time so poorly compared to previous and later constructions? Why did the last two kings of the Second Dynasty decide to have their tombs constructed at Abydos once again in a manner very similar to that of the First Dynastic kings that preceded them by around a century by that point? At this point I'm barely able to keep myself from excitedly rambling about what else I've learned through my own studies, so I'll quickly conclude. It's all very exciting to attempt to puzzle Egypt's history together, and I think your perspective on all of it would be amazing to hear assuming you don't have a lifetime of pyramid examination left to pour through!

One of the best channels on this subject. Grats on the quality you're achieving

Brilliant presentation and analysis. This video is so fully packed with concentrated info, that I will need to go through it at least once more to glean some of the most important (it's all important) and interesting facts. This lonely Pyramid of Meidum has always been a giant intriguing question mark for me. Thank you so much for the vital background info and staggeringly beautiful photos to learn from. Nice "rounding off" of the year, or perhaps it's a new beginning in disguise?

Ive been curious about the non-great pyramid chambers forever, thanks for showing me a bunch about them. So great, you rock

Definitely enjoy your videos, having such a distinct and exacting narration. Much easier to listen to than most, with their garbled fast-speak.

Another wonderful application of Occam’s Razor which one might think of being- keep it simple. I’m an Archaeologist and your shows are amazing!!!😁

"Its present appearance is unsettling, as if one is looking at a corpse and attempting an autopsy to determine exactly what went wrong." Wow, that's exactly what teachers always said about my projects!

Oh hell yeah.. been waiting for you to cover this pyramid for TIME!!! Looking forward to this!!!

I very rarely happen to find a KZfaq channel of this QUALITY. My deepest compliments! You have a new subscriber, greetings from Hungary.

Yor videos are getting better and better. Really enjoying listening to your arguments and asking myself if I would come to the same conclusions. I am appreciating that your focus lies on all pyramids, not only the "famous" ones. Quite frankly, this is much more exiting, since it is mostly new (at least for me). Have a great Yuletide with your loved ones.

This channel is amazing. I love ancient Egypt stuff but I have never seen any other videos that go so in depth into the construction and architecture of the pyramids and the way that looters dug their way in. So many unique topics. Keep up the great work mate. From Australia 🇦🇺

Excellent video! Very thought-provoking indeed! Your coloured graphics showing the various courses and other features are very helpful!

Always great to see another video. Merry Christmas partner. This has slowly become one of my favorite channels and I always love to see a new video

What a gem of a channel. Great information, visuals and presentation. No talk of aliens. Subbed!

Your research and sheer amount of work on these videos is commendable. Well done!👍🇬🇧

Absolutely fantastic and scholarly analysis of Meidum. Love the excellent side by side comparisons of Red, Bent and Medidum. So helpful to see all diagram drawings and discoveries of hidden Corbel vaults also. Not sure about tombs and visitors, but nice in-depth technical info.Thank you for another great video.!

I love all your content and can’t wait for more!. You are creating one of the best channels on KZfaq, please, keep it up!

This was great!!! It’s remarkable how little we really know about the engineering, machining and ultimately the creation of these buildings that to this date, we can’t understand much less reproduce😮

Love the way you present the material . I always look forward to your videos. They have given me a new appreciation for and a better understanding of the archeology.

I find it amazing how the efforts of thousands years ago continue to benefit Egyptians via tourism and nearby villagers by serving as source of stone.

Just found your channel the other day. Haven’t been able to stop watching! Great videos!!!

Excellent points regarding the accessibility of lower chambers. If indeed these structures were meant to serve as resting places we need to consider what often happens in societies built on personality cults. Dead leaders are not simply put into tombs but whole mausoleums are built around them with guards, memorabilia etc. It's not difficult to imagine that select visitors, guides and maintenance staff had access to these chambers. Also, why would someone seal the corridor in that case, that would be like having Taj Mahal without entrance :)

It would be awesome to see the construction of the chambers, prior to the superstructure. One thing I've begun to question is how these passages and chambers were built in order to take on the incredible loads that would be assembled later (or during). I think many take for granted that these spaces exist inside of the superstructure, because that's all we've known. But they fail to realize that they weren't 'dug out' and built after it was all assembled. This series has recently captured my attention. Thank you for your research.

Your videos never fail to impress. Always thought provoking, sticking to a realistic and pragmatic narrative.

I actually get a jolt of excitement when I see a new video by you.

I was hoping you’d post at least one more video in 2022, and you didn’t disappoint with this early Christmas present. Thank you! Best wishes for a safe and happy holidays and new year.

You're a legend and your work speaks for itself. There's so many good channels that cover the topics yet yours feels fresh and informative to the point I check back weekly incase YT does me dirty with the sub feed. Haven't watched this yet, grabbing a drink and going to watch it on a huge screen in VR. Merry Christmas, thanks for your efforts 👍👍

Awesome!! Always TOP QUALITY CONTENT! Every video is worth the wait.

Beautiful analysis and presentation joined with interesting hypothesis : Once more a great video at the service of true archeology. Bravo Monsieur ! Et bonne année.

I like how you employ logic to these things, especially those rooms that were supposed to be "public showstoppers" back in the day. I've always thought that the actual tombs, that would Never be seen, would be kind of like a big... closet. Thanks for the videos

Thank you for another wonderful video!

Ancient architects sent me. No regrets, great channel and ideas. Subbed. Have a great new year.

I'm so glad I found this channel... Keep it up!

Wow, what a pyramid. So much structural evidence, thank you so much; awesome.

You really work hard man, so difficult to put this together. Very well made and researched. Thank you👍🏻

The detail of your analysis and visualisation is brilliant and appreciated THANK YOU.

Great video, amazing where you find the knowledge to produce such an inspiring video. the more explanation you give about the way the builders were making stone constructions, the more enigmatic/ mysterious their true motives to build these brilliant pyramids and their function, seem to me.

I think I learned something from this. It's been my long-time impression, and thought that this pyramid was Sneferu's first attempt at relearning what was forgotten from Imhotep's construction of Djosur's pyramid when pyramid building skipped a generation. I'm now compelled refresh my understanding of who's related to who and what was built when and by whom as it relates to the early pyramids. It's important stuff to know, especially when confronted by the woo woo magic energy grain silo alien landing pad people that only ever seem to look at Giza, and always always conveniently ignore that every pyramid complex is a pyramid COMPLEX with an associated mortuary temple. :) Question about the problem of a plugging stone and narrow corridors; could the plugging stone have been cut from the bedrock on site, in near-situ so that it wouldn't need to fit through narrow corridors and only require getting moved and lowered from that upper chamber where it possibly could have been cut from during construction of upper chamber?

Great video, as always. The mind boggles with why the layouts of these pyramids are as they are, the more you look into them, the more you scratch your head. Be interesting to date the original wood for the Sneferu link conclusively or not - has this been done?

One of my top 5 channels, and, I watch until the end.

just gotta say i really love your videos. They make me feel like i'm 15 again, reading all day about ancient egypt and egyptology haha. Thank you!

Thanks for making your video to such high standards. I also want to say what your narration is perfect. All things considered, a fantastic video - as per usual.

Yo. Thanks to finding your channel I've been wrapped up in Pyramids... and thanks to your genuine appreciation of not just the famous ones, I'm all in. 💫🌍🇪🇬 Wishing you a peaceful season of Light and joy.

To be honest I like the pyramids like many others before, but you have created a hunger in me in wanting MORE and MORE information on these. I’m fascinated now.

Cheers for the holidays. Thanks for the videos.

Very well done as always. Fascinating and well edited.

Another brilliant video of you guys. Thanks! I wonder why they don't properly excavate all the rubble, sand and everything. Looks like they should do a lot more of further work here.

Subscribed long ago thank heaven; so much more information presented in a way I can understand that I can't get from any other source including wiki., Great stuff, looking forward to more :)

Enjoyed your opening description and footage. The lighting did indeed make it resemble a Bekskinski painting. Miserable, ominous, corpse like. 👍

Great video. I consider Meidum a gem hidden in plain sight. It's my favorite pyramid and I loved visiting it.

Geez, didn’t those HUGE GIANTS and AILENS have problems with those tiny hallways? Lol I fully believe "PEOPLE" built all the pyramids! People are capable of doing every bit of this mystery and it’s beauty. Thank you so much for all your work. I watch these over and over along my years.

I just discovered you channel and must say that your videos are brilliant, thanks for sharing your knowledge of acient egypt. Greetings from Sweden!

I love the slightly slowed deliberate delivery of "In modern times we take it for.. granted" @25:20 considering this channel's name. Pretty subtle and gave me a chuckle.

Thank you for your unbiased intellectual coverage of stuff made out of stone. I look forward to your new videos next year. Happy Holidays!

Has any one tried tree ring dating those logs? 19:22

*Awesome video study!* I really enjoy these in-depth, specific videos from you =) In general, I had more than one "IKR!?!" moment, finally all those features make sense in a more coherent, wholistic way. It's really weird, I never felt satisfied with full scale, mainstream documentaries about this and similar topics. They seem to (often, not always) focus on mythical, wildly vague theories and not what has **actually** been discovered. Whenever I fact checked those, I often times found ONE source, which in the end boiled down to very, very old hearsay. It has been a long time, but that doesn't mean a weak source becomes magically stronger. Thank you for highlighting "semi-professional" archeologists. It's absolutely like you say: Anyone who provides scientific observation and data deserves to be recognized and therefore talked about - we all want to learn about these ancient monuments, **right?!?** What conclusions one might draw from this _should_ be an entirely _different_ subject. So yeah, thank you!

Thanks for all the content. I have both enjoyed and learnt from it. Happy holidays 👍

Those wood beams are over 4,600 years old. Think of how little wood exists that was hewn that long ago that hasn’t since deteriorated or become petrified. Those beams are exceedingly rare artifacts in and of themselves.

Another excellent video featuring illustrative views and and rational hypotheses. This channel is one of the three most interesting and science grounded channels that I regularly view. The others are Ancient Architects and World of Antiquity. None of these sites are close minded, dogmatic or unwilling to think outside the box, but all three insist on solid evidence, critical thinking and avoidance of fantasist wishful thinking. This video explains factually and does raise interesting questions, as appropriate.

Man I'm subbed and got notifications on and didn't get this till like 5min ago , weird but still awesome to have this content for my Christmas Eve listening. Merry Christmas everyone.

Your narrative is so plausible, it is a delight

Plugging stone - wouldn't you leave it at the top - when building and lower it in? Why leave it at the bottom of the shaft - or even be concerned with moving it along a corridor? when the pyramid is being built there is easy access to the chamber floor for any size material - what am I missing? :)

though granite in the name, this channel is a diamond amidst others. it teaches me that the pyramids are wondrous and magnificent beyond any imagination and that i knew closely to nothing about them despite my lifelong fascination.

Amazing video. Thank you for such a detailed and informed piece of work!

The wooden beams embedded in the masonry are very interesting. The documentary "K 2019" cites these as evidence of blocks being poured like concrete. Not saying I agree with this theory but it is interesting that some of the wood seems to be firmly embedded into the masonry. Is there evidence they carved out the hole then embedded the wood using a binder of some sort? I only saw a few things in the K 2019 Doc that were even remotely interesting and that was one of them.

I learn so much from each video! Another great job. Thank you.

Bravo! Merry Christmas to you and all those following this channel!

fascinating! Totally well researched and explained

I've watched this twice, now. I realized I had already watched a few minutes in.... But kept watching because it's so good. Thanks foe the great content. :)

This channel should have a million subs! It will one day, keep up the great work

One video per month inevitably leads to me binge watching the entire channel between releases.

I really appreciate the in-depth presentation. I enjoy ancient architecture and ancient history. Thanks ❤

Thanks again for your wonderfully informative vids. Have a happy New Year and I look forward to seeing what you produce in 2023. Cheers

Thank you for the video, like given before I watched it as I am sure it will be interesting and what a great end of the week! Cheers and merry Christmas

I've just happened upon this series. Looks really good!

Subscribed after, for some reason, your videos showing up in my feed. Excellent content - so incredibly interesting! Very well done, Sir!

Very enjoyable trip through the Meidum Pyramid, thank you 🙂

Just came across your channel, and I've been binging 😅 sense.. I had no idea I was even really overly interested in the pyramids, or Egyptology in general - not anymore, thanks! Cheers

Thank you for your videos. I learn something interesting on every one of them.

So interesting. I love how this is a fact based video based on real evidence and rational theory, rather than the wild conjecture and fantasies put forward by many other KZfaq channels dealing with Ancient Egypt/the Ancient world. You know, the types who label their "work" as "alternative theories", and themselves as "independent researchers". While there should be place for that kind of stuff, as it can inspire others to be interested in archeology and history, it needs to be backed up by evidence.

Amazing shots, I don’t remember this pyramid. Thank you so much 🙏

Amazing. Please keep up your work

So very well presented and super interesting. I really like how you don't dumb down your research.

Excellent video, very informative. Have you been inside of these pyramids or do you base your videos and analysis based on photos and studies by other explorers?

Thank you for the time and effort, and skill... That you put into these videos 🤘🤘