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The most devastating Mongol attack in history. After demolishing the Order of Assassins, Hulagu Khan leads an enormous Mongol army against the great city of Baghdad. The Abbasid caliph has angered the Mongols, and his people will suffer for it. Few will survive the wrath of the Khan. A huge thank you to@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory for all the guidance on this one!
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PRIMARY SOURCES
Al-Din Fadl Allah, R. (1999). Jamiʻu't-Tawarikh: A history of the Mongols. (W. M. Thackston, Trans.) (Vol. 2). Harvard University. Rashid Al-Din is the principal primary source quoted throughout this episode.
Al-Din Shirazi, Q. (2018). The Mongols in Iran: Qutb al-Din Shirazi's akhbar-I moghulan. (G. Lane, Trans.). Routledge.
Ganjakets'i, K. (1986). 60. Destruction of Baghdad. In R. Bedrosian (Trans.), History of the Armenians. essay, Sources of the Armenian Tradition. Retrieved from www.attalus.org/armenian/kgtoc....
Gilli-Elewy, H. (Trans.). (2011). Al-Awādi al-ğāmia: A contemporary account of the Mongol conquest of Baghdad, 656/1258. Arabica, 58(5), 353-371. doi.org/10.1163/157005811X56156. This work has traditionally been attributed to the Baghdadi historian Ibn al-Fuwati but, as Gilli-Elewy and others note, this may be an erroneous attribution. The authenticity of the source is not in doubt, only its author. This is the source for the quotation about the defiling of the caliphal tombs, as well as the "dead lay as mounds..." passage.
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SECONDARY SOURCES
Ahmed, L. (2021). Women and gender in islam: Historical roots of a modern debate (2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
Elices, J. (2020, August 1). Medieval robots? they were just one of this Muslim inventor's creations. National Geographic. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/....
Hyman, A., Walsh, J. J., & Williams, T. (Eds.). (2010). Islamic philosophy. In Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic and Jewish tradition (3rd ed., pp. 220-337). essay, Hackett. Information regarding the intellectual tradition in Baghdad and the dominant currents of Aristotelian and Platonist thought.
Le Strange, G. (2018). Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources. Routledge. (Original work published in 1900).
Qusti, S. H. (1979). The Mongol invasion of the Fertile Crescent 1257-1260 (thesis). Retrieved from d.lib.msu.edu/etd/37336/datas.... 92-100 features a good overview of the aftermath and conflicting death tolls given by contemporary and later authors.
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