Visit brilliant.org/HistoryWithHilbert/ to get started learning STEM for free, and the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium subscription. Let me know if you enjoyed the video by giving me a thumbs up and let me know in the comments what you thought!

As a Basque person myself, this video puts a smile on my face. I love how basque people and the Mikmaq created a mixed language in order to speak with each other.

It would be very interesting to learn about the Icelandic-Basque Pidgin.

Creole and Pidgin languages are really cool to me. Really shows how quickly and easily languages develop and change.

I'm a native basque speaker and I love this kind of content. Here we call that region of Newfoundland as Ternua, and it's believe (but sadly there aren't any proves) that basque saliors where around that places even before of spanish discovery of America. Also I would love to see the Basque-Icelandic pidgin video too! Eskerrik asko gauza hauek zabaltzeagatik, adiskide~

The more authentic pronunciation of Mi'kmaq, sometimes spelled Mi'gmaq as well, is (Mig-maw). The last q is silent. Some have gone about pronouncing it like micmac, but that's largely due to people, and sometimes even tribal members, pronouncing it by the spelling. Depending on the area, due to the similarity of the g and k sound different areas emphasize miKmaw or miGmaw. The First Nations near the St Lawrence River tend to use a harder G sound and will occasionally even spell it Mi'gmaq. But both are largely accepted. The group that I'm working with is changing their spelling to Mi'kmaq. I currently work with the band within the United States and I have been in the process of doing cultural preservation videos with them for the public school system in the state of Maine, and for their own community. We're also going to be doing a interview with all of the remaining Mi'kmaq speakers state side. Having them just speak the language exclusively in a long form video format about their lives and stories l. It will be use for historical and educational purposes for the community and their children. The Mi'kmaq in Maine are actually very unique for Native Americans in the United States, this is because they themselves do not have historical territorial claims and what would become the continental United States. Pretty much all of the Mi'kmaq originally from Canada and fled to the United States to get away from residential schools or for work. But, because they were part of the Wabanaki Confederacy, of which the remaining three tribes that made it up all exist in Maine, they were able to get Federal recognition. That's a pretty cool story, and it was only accomplished in the 90s after a long battle. The Wabanaki fought alongside the United States for its independence against the British, which helped play a part in them get recognized hundreds of years later. They are freaking awesome people and I'm so honored to work with them. I'll have to share with them this video the next time I go to a meeting.

As a basque person, I love to hear stories about our culture!! Basque people have always had a reputation of being ferocious sailers. As a fun fact, Juan Sebastian Elcano, navigator in the first trip around the world, was also Basque. Very good work adiskide (friend)!! PS: I need a video about that Islandic-Basque pidgin ;)

My linguistics professor defined pidgin languages as a language that developed between two or more languages, but is not the native language of any group. A pidgin can develop into a Creole language after it is spoken natively by a couple generations of children of mixed parentage, and incorporates more elements of the component languages

I am a fluent basque speaker, as I am Basque-American. Great video! Had no idea there was a connection with the Algonquin language. Keep it up man

Basque dude here. ="in"= in basque generally sounds like the spanish "ñ". So the correct way to pronounce Kapitaina (modern spelling ) is Kapitañá ...with a tone strike in the last sillable because there is no following word.

if you find the mid eighties magazine, :"the canadian journal of archeology" (now the canadian journal of history and archeology", you will find there was a basque fishing site in newfoundland near the modern port aux basques, occupied as early as 1300 a.d., and they didn't usually winter over but stayed to dry cod fish over the summer. however they did winter over for about ten years in the later 14th century. the basques were fishing out here in new foundland and nova scotia, at an early date, and would have landed at many points to repair their ships and take on water and food, and of course trade with natives, mostly for furs. the natives would come in winter and remove all the metal in the settlement. they took all the nails in buildings so they were hard to maintain. the basques also has a settlement in labrador at red bay where they had a permanent whaling station circa 1375.

I have just begun to learn Basque and what you say makes sense to me. I got a chuckle out of the fact that the Micmac peoples may be the same ones who drove off the Norse earlier, but the Basques got along well enough with them to develop a pidgin language. That seems to be a common thread in what I know of Basque history -- They seem to get along well with most people provided you don't attack them or try to make them into something they are not.

Icelandic-Basque pidgin "I'm the weirdest basque based pidgin in existence!" Algonquin-Basque pidgin "hold my bear" also If I had a quarter for everytime Basque whalers made a pidgin with a completely unexpected language, I'd have two quarters, which isn't very many but it's weird that it happened twice

Native basque here. It's for reasons like this I laugh when people complain that "basque is too hard to learn!" yet two very different groups with vastly different languages and limited contact have managed to understand each other via making an in between language. Anyway, as we say; eskerrik asko eta ondo segi!

Basque-Icelandic is anouther cool one! I love languages but Im really bad at them and have never enjoyed learning them...I wish I was better at that. I hope everyone has had a really lovely day, and while I know people say this alot, but everyone reading this comment deserves all the love and happiness that the world has to offer.

The "-koa" ending just conveys origin. Bilbokoa -> From Bilbao ( City name ). You can also use it to tell where did you get an object from, and even combine it with "z" which tell the means through which you acomplish something or even the material used, so: Egurra ( Wood meaning made of wood, not the forest acception ) + z + Koa -> EgurreZKoa =Made of wood, wooden.

This is fascinating. The weirdest pidgin I had heard of was a mapudungun-spanish-welsh pidgin used by displaced mapuches during the argentininan "conquista del desierto"

I'm a native language speaker and is really a great job you did here. Thanks of promoting our culture and spreading our language around the world with such a great explanation of one of the most curious linguistic experiments ever done

I'll take "What is the craziest video subject you could come up with?" for 300 Hilbert Euskara Lets Gooooo

The most interesting creole (or rather mixed language) I've ever read about is Michif which is a French-Cree hybrid from the Canadian prairies. Unlike most "creoles" it incorporates complex grammar from both parent languages i.e French gender and agreement and Cree gender (animate and inanimate) . Would definitely be an interesting video!

1:02 I’ve never heard Hilbert swear, but I’m loving it anyway. Het Wilhelmus needs justice.

Take a random obscure European language that isn't in the Indo-European language family and create a creole by mixing it a non-European language. That will always create interesting results.

Icelandic basque please, there is a serious defiect of good history vids about the nordic-american interactions circa early 10th cent., would love to see your coverage on it :)

I believe the seven years war is only called the French and Indian war in the United States. I’m from Manitoba in Canada and I’ve only ever really known as the seven years war from history classes. Otherwise great video, I love learning about these niche topics, keep up the amazing work.

As someone learning and promoting the dying creole of my hometown, creoles and pidgins have become so incredibly interesting to me! Especially once you get to know the history behind their formation. Great video!

This is the first time I've heard of this before, these two are probably the last I'd expect a creole from. Great video!

Yes, yes, you got many things right, as Anaia ( Brother) and Adizkide (Friend). But that "-kide" ending means "team member" whatever it be related to the pack ( E.G. Burukide = "Head- Team" = Chief, Boss). There is another word for friend that I like more : Laguna , which is homophonous with the Spanish word for Lagoon. And yeah, "Atorra" means shirt, but curiously enough we tend to use much more an arabic-origin word for it : Alkandora. There are more arabic loans, such as an Albeitar ( Veterinary ).

There was a pidgin language in Upstate New York west of Albany which was called Mohawk Dutch. May you can do a video about this subject?

And yeah, in the XVI Basque, P was used instead of F sometimes, specially for names. So "Pernando" is same as "Fernando" ( Ferdinand") , "Prakak" = "Frakak" ( Trousers) and such.... Oh, did you notice that the ending "K" is the plural we would have as an "S"? ;)

Don't get overwhelmed, the people on the coast speak a very "special" Basque, in each town they have their own variant radically different from that of their neighbors, and much more different from the "standard" Basque

The "Montagnais" is the name given by the french to talk about innus (not inuits). In canada we stopped calling them "Montagnais" because that is not how they wanted to be named. Montagnais meant "people from the mountains" in french and Innu means "human being" in the Innu-aimun language. The Innu-aimun language is part of the Algonquian languages. Great videos by the way. I always learn new stuff about things I knew and I learn new stuff from things I didn't know at all. Keep it up!

Thank you very much for this video from the Basque Country. I had heard about this, but not in such depth. Great vídeo!!!

I love learning about languages, please do more of these Hilbert

Vraiment très intéressant ! Merci pour le partage

Really enjoyed this. Thanks.

Great vid! Pls make another

Super cool video - one of your most interesting! It’s palpable how much you liked this topic. YES PLEASE TELL ME HOW BASQUES AND ICELANDERS talked a pidgin!!

From Newfoundland and thank you for this is an awesome video, the Basque influence on the island is definitely understated. If you take the ferry to the NL the first place you see is called Port Aux Basque.

Wonderful video! As a language nerd of indigenous descent who loves pidgins and creoles, this vid is like my two favorite things put together!

I am fluent Mi'kmaq/Micmac. Basque(Euskaki) language is very interesting to me as I am fluent in French as well.

Hoe weet je dit allemaal, zeg! And yes I'm very interested in the Basko-Icelanders! By the way, Epimetheus has this great format of extended videos, where he freezes the original animated version in a black and white still image - and he inserts additional audio comments with more context. It's a great example of the didactical spiral with a refresher for viewers while saving the presenter tedious extra animations

Great video. I will like the second video very much.

Basque pidgins are crazy, though my fascination currently lies with Maritime Polynesian Pidgin. A polynesian pidgin that uses reduced forms of Tahitian, Māori and Hawaiian. Hope someone will do a video on it some day.

At Université de Montréal, I was friends with a researcher from Euskara who researched how Basco-Micmac (aka Souriquois) vocabulary ended up spreading into other Algonquin languages & even in Québécois French in the Gulf of Saint-Lawrence. Mathieu Da Costa was an interpreter/explorer who spoke French, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and some Basque thus Basco-Algonquin. There are books at UdeM which are French-Micmac handwritten dictionaries, and Basque words had been adopted into Micmac vocabulary. This Basque friend of mine, had special permission to study & document these documents. The native centre in Montréal is right across from the Goethe Institut, I'd bump into him off of campus studying native oral history there.

there is a painting by john everett millais called the boyhood of raleigh, and it depicts a young walter raleigh being told of the wonders of america by a basque fisherman. a great reference to this fascinating period! excellent video as always hilbert

I appreciate your video as a Mi’kmaq tribe member. I Am apart of the Aroostook band. Great job!

Very interesting video indeed, and I would definitely love to watch that video about the other Basque -Icelandic pidgin.

Fascinating. I was aware of the early Basque presence in the Maritimes but was surprised to learn of the Mic Maq connection.

Really great. Please do more language stuff. Especially pidgins and creole-languages!

I'm a native Basque speaker and I didn't know about the existence of this pidgin language, it looks extremely interesting and it impresses me how such an small language had certain relevance in so far lands. Also, with this video I have learnt about Basque vocabulary which was more commonly used some centuries ago and nowadays sounds instead like ancient, or simply they have become residual words. I enjoyed the video a lot and I would love to learn about Icelandic-Basque Pidgin as well!

13:06 pássaro is indeed in Portuguese. obligatory pls come to Brazil, we also have oranges.

oo I actually made a video on this as well a few months ago! Super interesting stuff! Loved your take on it!

I'm about to learn Euskera and I didn't know this. It's so interesting! Thanks!

Really loved the video! I am a native basque speaker and i didn't even know we had a pidgin language related to Euskera

This is the coolest thing I’ve seen since the mix of Klingon ,Old Church Slavonic and Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

Great video!!

This was great!

Great video, an Icelandic-Basque crossover video would be really interesting if there was enough content for it

there was also a Basque Icelandic pidgin spoken here in the west fjords back in the 17-18th century.

Thanks, as always, for this. However, it may be that in Dutch pidgen is prounounced as it is spelt, but in English it is pronounced as I would pronounce pigeon-if you listen to the pronounciation given in the wikipedia definition you have quoted that is how it is pronounced: wikipedia gives two IPA forms for pigeon, and the first, with an 'i' sound representing the 'eo', is identical to that given for pidgin. Keep up the goid work.

As a basque person myself I love to see this type of videos. If you do the Icelandic-Basque Pidgin video a fun fact is that until 2015 there was a law that allowed Icelandic people to kill any basque, it was a law that the King of denmark created in the XVI century because some basques lost their ships in a storm and they had to stay the winter in iceland and because of food shortages some locals started some conflicts with the basques. It´s amazing to me that even though they created a language for better communication they ended up killing all the basques.

We need to see more videos like this, please. Eskerrik asko!

I believe the connection is deeper than we have thought. Like many tribes (specifically ones with short histories..) are ex-legionaries going back who knows how far. I’ve tracked the potential through either escape, retirement, sub-plantation, conquest, etc.. all have potential as the complex multiplicity of both Native cultures and Legio service “reasons” both hold full water. My family tree shows it when not relying on the bottom line of the English but on the knowing on things both contextual and heartfelt. Nice video!

Very interesting indeed! I have never heard of Pidgins before. I assumed such "trade languages" devolped when 2 cultures meet and trade, but guessed they would be an equal mix from both languages and not be predominantly based on one or the other. Or is this the case with Algonquin-basque alone, and other pidgins are more of a mix? In any case, I find it fascinating!

Harlem Spanish is an interesting language in NYC. It's grammar rules are Spanish but many of its words are based off of English, Yiddish, and Italian. Example "La Sinka un leakianda! Smucko!" translation: "the sink is leaking idiot!"

Fascinating. You are an outstanding scholar!

A very interesting theories regarding this is that some believe that the basque whalers actually reached north america or at least knew of north america before the castillains/columbus did. Maybe a video on this would be cool hillbert!

I’m from Atlantic Canada but never heard of this before! So cool

this is brilliant! i'd heard about the basque-icelandic pidgin, but this is even better, and so interesting since i've been starting to study basque recently. thank you for sharing!

As a native basque speaker I could guess what most of the words meant, I didn't know that the ABP existed. Really cool video!!

When visiting Newfoundland I took a ferry from a place called Port aux Basques to get to Nova Scotia, I suppose that town was named for the Basque fisherman and whalers back in the 16 and 1700's.

Epic video, Eskerrikasco!

Eskerrik asko/Thank so much for the video! As a basque speaker myself I had learnt something obout this pidgin. But once I read that the term iroquois came frome the basque "hiru" for "three" as there was a kind of tirumvirate in that ethnic group at the time, so that it came from the term "hirukoa". Superinteresting and nice to see how american natives and basques came along.

That was absolutely fascinating, Hilbert; thanks ever so! And i for one should very much like to know about an Icelandic version.

Interesting. I learned something today. Working in cargo, I encounter lots of truck drivers from across Europe. Our way of communicating might be considered a pidgin as well. Of course it mostly contains words of the trade. We use a mix of many European languages, like English, German, Dutch, Polish, Romanian, Bulgarian, etc. So a conversation would be like: "Goedemiddag." "Hi, laden OK?" "Tak, laden ok. dokument T1, number camion no correct." "Oké, change T1 number camion at douana." "No, program finish. Pauza." "Ok, pauza finish, go douana change T1, go Amsterdam." "Tak. Merci" "Ciao."

I knew of the Icelandic one's existence but having a whole video (hopefully as in-depth as this one) on it would be much appreciated

Whaaaaaaaat?!?!?!???! So glad I’m subscribed to this channel!!!

Professional maritimer here with some corrections about Mi'kmaq 1 it's pronounced migma by most nowadays but the native pronunciation is miiigmağ (l'm using ğ as a phonetic transcription of q which is pronounced like a dutch g) 2 mi'kmaq does not distingiush between voiced and tenious consonants but there is a tendency to voice them intervocalically 3 l've never heard anybody call the confederacy the wiamdot confederacy, here we call it the wabanaki confederacy

15:05 I'm a native basque speaker and I have to say that, at least in moder basque, 'x' isn't pronounced like "ks" but more like "sh". I say this because the way you pronounce "ch" seems closer to actual basque 'x' than what you use for /x/. 16:35 -koa is more to say someone is "from" somewhere. So, "amerikakoa" would be "from america". But "American" would be "Amerikarra". That -ra is for demonyms. That said, in my hometown we do tend to use "-koa" for both, but as far as I know we are the only ones (and other basques make fun of us because of this) and we aren't a coastal town.

If you take video suggestions, I’d suggest the HMS Bounty mutiny, and the formation of the Pitkern and Norfolk creoles (and generally the implications the mutiny had on these two tiny, enormously geographically distanced islands in the pacific).

Dude awesome video! You just advanced my project like all the way! Two key points of incredible historic placement can be made between a certain group that might me called “no R men” And another group that might be related that “struggle with El” … I’ll let you finish that math! Thank you so much! There was a deal made it seems of ages past that is so much more important than we know yet of who’s who in history.

Nice vid

Love your videos and presentation. Please do a video on Sri Lanka!! Would greatly appreciate it 🙏

As a native basque, I really appreciate this kind of videos. I didn't know about this pidgin, and I find it fascinating.

Amazing!

Fantastic work Hilbert! My humble impression is that Chicago comes from Etxeko or Echego , which means from home in Basque . Illinois could be originally Illekoa . Thanks so much Hilbert.

wow, I had no idea this ever even existed. So fascinating

Just too good.....always amazed by what you know......in a nice way.....lol.....agree that this pidgin is really fascinating and would love to hear your investigations of the Islandic version.

The letter x in Basque is the sound spelled sh in English and ch in French, while the z represents the unvoiced sound both of those spell with s. S in Basque historically represents a sound somewhere in between them, though in many dialects it has merged with one or the other of these two. That will probably help you understand a few of the correspondences between Basque and ABP which seemed to surprise you.

Like basque i loved this video. Really interesting, never heard about it ! thanks.

As a ethinc Basque that (sadly) doesn't speak Basque I appreciate this kinde of Video and would love to learn more about this fascinating and ancient language. Eskerrik asko Hilbert!

As a basque, I find the origin of the name iroquois a bit of a stretch, but the video is really interesting and I'm really glad you teach people about these things. And I can confirm the Icelandic-basque pidgin is amazing, my gf (she taught me about it) and I had a lot of fun with the phrases they used.

Basque sailors were mostly from the french basque ports between Biarritz and San Sebastián, the dialect is called Lapurtara/Labourdin and is the most similar to modern unified basque with lots of French loans. French basque sailors worked in the name of French kingdom since Labourd province was fully integrated into the kingdom of France since the treaty of the Pyrénées. I can recognize vocab since I studied basque labourdian features at that time. The dialect is nowadays merged with low navarrese of iparralde. Adixkide is only widespread in French basque country, rarely used in Spanish provinces except mountainous navarre cities. Elege is a diformation of Errege being itself a basque adaptation of Latin Rex > Erreke > Errege > Elege. Fascinating.

yo, i'm basque! this video immediately caught my attention (i study linguistics and translation) and it's very interesting! thanks for this info :)

That was very interesting

I learned some pidgin in Papua New Guinea. There are over 800 languages and dialects so a broken English (IE; Name belong me Mike. My name is Mike) mix was common. It was a lot to digest so I was given a manual/cartoon book by our liaison that helped. 😆 Great topic and video.

I loved the video, pls make the other basque Icelandic pidgin video

Oso interesgarria, eskerrik asko! /Real interesting, thank u very much.

Not sure about the "kil" or "hil" part, though. As you correctly point out, many basque words lost the Initial "K" sound in favour of an "H" ( C.C. Uhlenbeck , proposed this ). Yet "hil" is more "death" than to "kill". Yes, there is "Hiltzaile" ( Assassin, Killer) but perhaps "Eraile" is more correct. "Hil" is more a passive, and associated with the fact of passing away, not with killing someone ( factitive). Do note that "illargi" , in spite of missing the H, means moon, but Month , which is "Hilabete", does bear it. "Hilabete" ( Complete Moon, as literal translation) would go on to mean "full moon cycle"...which is a month in some cultures. So, yeah, "hil" is associated with death and shadows.

I appreciate the way you chose to show the plantation. Not its glorified and restored form, but with the shingles in disrepair..