How statistics can be misleading - Mark Liddell
Рет қаралды 1,394,812
8 жыл бұрынExplore the statistical phenomenon known as Simpson’s paradox, and how it can lead to incorrect conclusions about data.
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Statistics are persuasive. So much so that people, organizations, and whole countries base some of their most important decisions on organized data. But any set of statistics might have something lurking inside it that can turn the results completely upside down. Mark Liddell investigates Simpson’s paradox.
Lesson by Mark Liddell, animation by Tinmouse Animation Studio.
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@davidbuschhorn6539 8 жыл бұрын
The numbers will confess to anything if you torture them long enough.
@jayje2536 5 жыл бұрын
That applies to anything mate
@brendahawkins8211 4 жыл бұрын
Lol...Interesting....and a very good analyst with integrity can find where the numbers were tortured and why. =))
@demonicdrn3037 4 жыл бұрын
Just like people, and bunnies. Well, the bunnies died but it should’ve worked.
@Johnof1000Suns 4 жыл бұрын
The NUMBERS, MASON!!! THE NUMBERS!!!
@CarlosJosephManlapaz 3 жыл бұрын
A perfect way of looking at it.
@samsulh314 8 жыл бұрын
That's what makes statistics both beautiful AND scary. It doesn't have to lie to trick you.
@Drudenfusz 8 жыл бұрын
Which is why I always look into the methodology and prefer to look at data directly and never trust a conclusion someone else says the statistic would provide.
@AustinTexas6thStreet 8 жыл бұрын
The problem is that you can NOT trust the data itself!!! You are just re-interpreting biased and faulty data!!
@latoyacreary5588 4 жыл бұрын
I am fast learning this necessary to do if you want to form a truly educated opinion.
@rahulpandey2022 3 жыл бұрын
Hiding a fact is a lie
@corybryant5547 3 жыл бұрын
@@rahulpandey2022 thus complicates the problem further. Relevancy is in the eye of the beholder.
@gayflower900 4 жыл бұрын
Accordion to a recent study, 90% of people fail to realize that the beginning of this sentence is an instrument
@Naveen-iu7ej 3 жыл бұрын
.
@beactivebehappy9894 3 жыл бұрын
Ns ouch that hurts
@renanmendes1299 3 жыл бұрын
nice sentence
@eclipsewrecker 3 жыл бұрын
Papa Shpee got me
@wiggle7766 3 жыл бұрын
I was gonna say, that isn’t even a sentence because there’s no period.
@anger_birb 3 жыл бұрын
"A good liar tells mostly the truth. A masterful liar tells only the truth." I don't remember where I heard this but..
@Pwnz0rServer2009 19 күн бұрын
ah, lying by omission
@soulextracter 8 жыл бұрын
I remember that in middle school, our teacher would say that people in the past didn't live longer than 40. The statistics showed that the average lifespan was not more than 40, but that was because the child mortality rate was so high. People could still get 70 - 80 :P My teacher didn't know that!
@user-ss1ky4tu8y 4 жыл бұрын
It was average but compared to the past most people die at early age because of the diseases that were not curable at that time
@TheFeldhamster 4 жыл бұрын
@@user-ss1ky4tu8y the thing is that the distribution for life expectancy is U-shaped. Then and now. Ppl mostly either die when young or when old. Most other distributions we encounter are bell shaped (Gaussian, also called Normal). In a bell shaped distribution, the mean is very meaningful - most individuals will be around the mean. Eg height - most ppl will be of approximately average height, only few will be either very short or very tall. With U-shaped distributions, the mean isn't intuitively useful. There are very few ppl who die at the average life expectancy age, most ppl die when older or when very young. In former times, child mortality was a lot higher, so the average life expectancy was farther from the old age at which ppl would die who had managed to survive childhood. Nowadays, child mortality is quite low in developed nations and therefore, the average age is now closer to the end of life dying age of ppl. It's still U-shaped, though.
@Pomagranite167 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for explaining this bc this never made sense to me
@greyrock420 3 жыл бұрын
@@TheFeldhamster That's why persons who do statistics corectly first do test if distribution of data is normal/gaussian. If not then they don't count mean. Since some so called mathematician did it, it actually proves that he was rather uneducated botcher ( like me when I use mean... But I'm not mathematician :) )
@youcan_change_handle_3june_ 3 жыл бұрын
@@greyrock420 elaborate pls.🌝
@Fonzofication 8 жыл бұрын
I love how TED-Ed never has ads. They're here to spread knowledge, no make profits.
@beactivebehappy9894 3 жыл бұрын
Yeah sure, but they still only make $ 3539 on patreon. A single guy- CGP Grey makes 15 times as much. Also, my point is the quantity:quality ratio of both channels I agree that TED-ed is an organization but still Grey also has writers, animators, editors, etc. too!
@TheTonyspik 3 жыл бұрын
that's because their profit is made from the 3k or so price to attend their conferences
@faceless1434 3 жыл бұрын
Idk if they've changed but I got an ad on this but I think they deserve the income, regardless of how they get it (well with legitimate means ofc)
@tanvikhare9710 2 жыл бұрын
So you're implying the people making these animations, doing the research etc. Don't deserve to be paid
@TheNemesis442 Жыл бұрын
@@tanvikhare9710 shut up capitalist swine
@tonyzan5268 8 жыл бұрын
To many people in the comments are dismissing statistical analysis completely. That is a mistake. The moral here is that you need to be careful and properly recognize and incorporate relevant variables. Statistics when properly used can show trends and help policy makers implement solutions to negative trends. For example in the hospital example once you incorporated the information about the health of the patients before they were admitted to the hospital you could see,that perhaps hospital A has some, serious deficiencies.
@YtubeUserr 8 жыл бұрын
+Tony Zan Go away. Statistics show that more than 99% of the statistics have flaws and not to be trusted.
@AustinTexas6thStreet 8 жыл бұрын
Statistics can be minimally useful but they should Never be taken at face value or as being genuinely accurate. Statistics, at most, should be just one of many many tools for discerning Facts! The entire process of attaining statistics is highly flawed and shouldn't carry the weight it does!! In the end, Statistics are not much better than Anecdotal Evidence...It's something to be considered but that's it!!
@YtubeUserr 8 жыл бұрын
David Belcher "Statistics are much better than anecdotal evidence". ^ That is a flawed sweeping generalization.
@tonyzan5268 8 жыл бұрын
David Belcher disagree, obviously statistics can be biased, but they can also represent an accurate portrayal of reality. And are much more likely to show an accurate portrayal of reality than anecdotal evidence. To compare statistics to anecdotal stories is insane. Anecdotal stories take the perspective that one event is representative of a larger phenomenon. At the very least statistics use a much larger range of variables. That alone makes this takes more relevant than anecdotal evidence. To say that statistics are never accurate to say that polling is never accurate. And if that were true then someone like Nate silver must be a psychic because of how accurate his predictions of the 2008 and 2012 elections were. To say that statistics are not more relevant than anecdotal evidence. Is the dismiss the fact that statistics like the gini coefficient show that the u.s. is the most economically unequal developed nation in the world. The say that statistics aren't true used to say that the statistics that show, government provided Healthcare increases life expectancy is all by accident.
@YtubeUserr 8 жыл бұрын
***** Are you so sure?
@cassandrad8970 8 жыл бұрын
This guy's voice is so calming
@mohdnasirshaikh3831 8 жыл бұрын
true
@user-ez5vq9fd2t 8 жыл бұрын
+That Guy u w0t m8?
@ldohlj1 8 жыл бұрын
+That Guy LOOOOOL
@WTKB82 8 жыл бұрын
+Cassandra D I know right, it gets me wet as fuck
@rawstarmusic 8 жыл бұрын
+Cassandra D I think you find it trustworthy. That is calming. If he seems to have knowledge that's also calming. I find it more meant to reassure that this is how it is.
@MasterThYoda 7 жыл бұрын
I would like to congratulate the animators of this TED-Ed! The guest artists usually do a good job in the videos, but I presume this topic was really hard and the animation not only richly ilustrated it, but also was able to make me have fun while watching. Thank you very much. I hope to see more colaborations of this company with TED.
@swifterfan42 8 жыл бұрын
It's like gerrymandering of data!
@RichardHannay 8 жыл бұрын
Man, I thought the "Simpson's Paradox" came from Homer saying "people can come up with statistics to prove anything. 14% of people know that." XD
@empty_cognizance2234 8 жыл бұрын
+Richard Hannay What a load of rich, creamery butter you just spouted.
@novastar6112 4 жыл бұрын
@@empty_cognizance2234 is that a complement or an insult
@giasharie274 3 жыл бұрын
Nova Star yes
@Green24152 3 жыл бұрын
@@eshelsh1905 thats the joke r/whoooosh
@AloeEdits 3 жыл бұрын
wasn't homer gay>+?
@kizryuver 2 жыл бұрын
Animation,sound effects are simple yet so good and interesting you guys Its engaging and edutaining so i have lesser chance of being distracted n is easily comprehend...keep it up ted ed..we need channels like these..thanks so much for the information.
@patfts2518 8 жыл бұрын
another great statistic: In avarage, every human has one boob and one ball, ever thought about that?
@matthewmaylin2268 8 жыл бұрын
And 1.99 legs
@WalkOnNick 8 жыл бұрын
+Stingy Greindger Vsauce?
@yoadhordan2809 8 жыл бұрын
+BuFufilms lol exactly what I remembered it from
@turun_ambartanen 8 жыл бұрын
+BuFufilms could you please link me the vsauce video? thanks in advance :)
@videogyar2 8 жыл бұрын
+Stingy Greindger And the average penis length is 7cm:D
@jemuelstanley9936 8 жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot Ted ed for posting this video. It is really informative. I have always thought statistics can be relied. Today I learnt to look at different perspectives of statistics and the information it provides. Thanks a lot! Keep posting such videos!
@DeAngeloYouKnow 8 жыл бұрын
Ted-Ed don't you ever stop making these videos.:)
@myNAMEisKIRSTY 7 жыл бұрын
I think it's important to understand that there is still a purpose for statistics. Just be selective with your sources, consider if what you are reading a biased source such as left or right wing media. What does the writer want to you to feel, angry? shocked? What is their objective? Will they be able to give you a balanced view? If you can't find an unbiased resource read opposing biased sources to get a better idea of reality. Always read critically.
@deltavistastudio124 5 жыл бұрын
Got news for you, EVERY STATISTICAL SOURCE IS BIASED! Someone had to pay for the study.
@a.w.4708 2 жыл бұрын
@@deltavistastudio124 some might be not, if every result is equally good for paying side, or accuracy is actually the most beneficial. For example statistics telling what kind of paying side's product people like the most. Also not every company is immoral probably and in some cases falsing statistics would be very immoral (for example about deadliness of some substance)
@timbradshaw5481 2 жыл бұрын
What is the purpose of statistics?
@groznyentertainment 8 жыл бұрын
Amazing educational piece. This is relevant in every aspect of our lives. Hearing politicians using manipulated statistics for their agenda is common
@ChaoSpiritZ 8 жыл бұрын
if you put the intro and the outro in reverse, you get piano sounds, i just checked it
@woodfur00 8 жыл бұрын
this fucked me up
@mohammadjj 8 жыл бұрын
I'm not convinced. It sounds more like a string instrument like a violin.
@mohammadjj 8 жыл бұрын
Or a trumpet or whatever it's called. All I know is that it's a continuous instrument
@ChaoSpiritZ 8 жыл бұрын
+Maddix I literally checked it, its a piano, with some more unknown instuments
@nice3333333333 8 жыл бұрын
+ChaoSpiritZ rotmg Could you perhaps upload verification?
@ankurrai8677 6 жыл бұрын
thanks Ted Ed there's so much learning in this video , it guided me
@rafiq6521 7 жыл бұрын
Theres a nice saying i wanna share: Statistics are like bikini, what they reveal is suggestive. But what's hidden is vital :)
@colleen9493 6 жыл бұрын
Rafiq me too
@waynejshynzhinds4434 5 жыл бұрын
Caveat: doesnt apply to nudist colonies. :0)
@mondaysinmyfriday 3 жыл бұрын
I like this! I’m stealing it! Thank you!!
@Naveen-iu7ej 3 жыл бұрын
.
@geo3106 3 жыл бұрын
@@waynejshynzhinds4434 They are genuine statistsics!
@xFrOsTeDGsMeRx 4 жыл бұрын
I’m glad this is mentioned in the video and I imagined this is what it would be about. This kinda just goes down into simple scientific method really. Just because one thing is found doesn’t mean that there can’t be more factors affecting the situation. I do take statistics into consideration for a lot of decisions of course but I always try to separate it into separate factors if possible and try to find stuff that might disprove certain personal ideas that come up either because of the statistics or because of emotional causes.
@xFrOsTeDGsMeRx 4 жыл бұрын
Sadly sometimes there just isn’t enough statistics to check for everything. So at that point you do the best with what you got
@em-dp9ov 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much, you probably won't see this since this video is 4 years old but this helped me a lot with one of my math classes.
@Owen_loves_Butters 4 жыл бұрын
That first example is huge. Better hospitals often have lower survival ratings because it’s better, so sicker people often to to that hospital instead.
@SolusBatty 8 жыл бұрын
I used this paradox in a lesson i've held to highschoolers as part of my last year exam. SO thank you for introducing me to it. It was a great finishing touch that got the kids really excited. And my lesson was about philosophy of science and the role of common sense.
@cliffordthies6715 7 жыл бұрын
I very much appreciate the author's point that the issue of lurking variables isn't easily resolved. I would add: it's good to have the same phenomenon, even the same data sets, examined by statistics with multiple perspectives.
@ShawnRavenfire 8 жыл бұрын
It's like Mark Twain said. "There are three kinds of lies. Lies, damn lies, and statistics."
@hobobmo 8 жыл бұрын
+Shawn Ravenfire That quote was first used by a British prime minister not Mark Twain.
@ShawnRavenfire 8 жыл бұрын
Hash Kazi I stand corrected.
@AustinTexas6thStreet 8 жыл бұрын
Yeah, but Twain won the rights to the quote in a Poker game!!
@alexwang982 5 жыл бұрын
He didn’t say that. Statistical error.
@annelin6376 8 жыл бұрын
Very enlightening, thanks for the video!
@nrgizmiraslanli1088 4 жыл бұрын
I laugh everytime the grandma jumps up with an "eeh!"😂😭💀
@nuclearsimian3281 3 жыл бұрын
I never stopped trusting something as fast as I stopped trusting statistics after I took a statistics class.
@mdmegrimalkin1792 Жыл бұрын
Yes so very true, it's scary how often stats are used to determine where money is placed in government, policing, health, education- people's lives are determined by the faith in statistical gathering and interpretation as if it were incontrovertible truth. Terrifying.
@Yagyaansh 3 жыл бұрын
Lurking variable background sound is what i have been missing my whole life
@PriyankaSingh-tv4lw 2 жыл бұрын
Simpson’s paradox is really scary and beautiful at the same time.
@nacholibre611 6 жыл бұрын
That dude’s laugh drove me insane.
@jp4431 3 жыл бұрын
To this day I'm still fascinated by Simpsons paradox
@stoppi89 8 жыл бұрын
If you suspect a lurking Factor missed out in a statistic (on accident or intentionally), just look if things that should obviously be considered (the health of patients in their Hospital example is a good one) are missing or not mentioned and maybe look up other statistics of the same thing. Usually every statistic tells you what kind of data they took. So if you see a statistic that says "tested 1000 healthy people, around 50% of each gender", you might realize that that other statistic said nothing about the initial health of the subjects, but on turn said they where between age 15 and 50. This is a great way to get closer to the truth with statistics.
@paxtonb7202 8 жыл бұрын
This channel is simply amazing
@catguy7520 8 жыл бұрын
A real lesson worth sharing
@darpanvyas5160 3 жыл бұрын
Tinmouse Animation Studio alone deserves a million ❤️s!
@oranjizer 8 жыл бұрын
EXCELLENT !! Ive been saying this for so long, nobody ever listened me.
@slimyweasles4973 8 жыл бұрын
Excellent explanation! :)
@detectiveshaft9990 8 жыл бұрын
This is one of my favourite ones yet. I'll be sure to have this on hand next time I get into a flame war!
@zapador 2 жыл бұрын
A nice and important video. Can also recommend a TED Talk by Peter Donnelly about statistics.
@wwikn 2 жыл бұрын
omg, this is so cool, it really caught the first time, thank you so much!
@TheProGam3rHD 3 жыл бұрын
_A recent study shows that anyone will believe anything as long as the study in question is prefaced with "a recent study shows". This, of course, is all according to a recent study using recent statistics._ No, but in all seriousness, try googling or looking up "a recent study shows" or "according to a recent study". You'll be surprised by all the "recent studies" you'll find. Most of them claiming to be from or citing "reputable resources".
@martonkormendy6150 5 жыл бұрын
The laughter of the lurking variables is so hillarious :D :D
@nickmagrick7702 8 жыл бұрын
thanks TED, stuff like this changes the world. Simple as it is
@davidmackintosh2010 Жыл бұрын
Good statistical analysis requires (1) expertise and (2) integrity. Statistics give power, so they will always attract (1) incompetent people and (2) immoral people.
@BloodWolfBoy27 8 жыл бұрын
that lurking variable crept me more out than it should have
@FirdausIsmail1 8 жыл бұрын
someone should make this into a videogame
@chipperz4497 8 жыл бұрын
This could be pretty useful to know someday!
@goober3097 6 жыл бұрын
Chipperz Right now.
@No-oj5ow 2 жыл бұрын
Rn with covid it pretty useful.
@ezprogramming7887 7 жыл бұрын
Great example, something that people should know to understand society better.
@Literaturenjoyerman 4 жыл бұрын
“There is no one size fits all answer” the Ted Ed equivalent of “get gud”
@friendlyyoutubecommenter4527 3 жыл бұрын
Unless you have green eyes.
@TeaCius1 4 жыл бұрын
The whole world should have to watch this video on their first day of high school or its equivalent....it's common sense to some of us and painfully absent in others. I have no stats on these two groups :)
@j777 3 жыл бұрын
Pretty good explanation of one reason why correlation doesn't guarantee causation
@bdasf2214 4 жыл бұрын
I like how this video show how statistic can be misleading and then quantify all murders happening in florida to be of the same value, discarding context as if judgment case are broadly the same thing and are not unique in their combinations of circumstances and factors. Was it murder of children? First or second degree? Judgment rendered by judge or jury? The real world is not the world of theorics macroeconomics where every single product that does the same basic function has the same value.
@d1want34 3 жыл бұрын
Covid19: you've exposed me
@rufioh 8 жыл бұрын
You should do a video on Jeremy Hunt and his 'statistics' about healthcare in the UK.
@LeonardoBarichello 6 жыл бұрын
Great video!
@animeyahallo3887 3 жыл бұрын
Did you know that there's a 100% chance that you're currently reading my comment?
@guesswho2590 3 жыл бұрын
Did you know that your sentence is actually correct? "You" comes to be whoever is reading that sentence; so yeah, there is a 100% chance. I found that funny and interesting.
@TheProGam3rHD 3 жыл бұрын
Yes, and it's taken from the sample size of all peoples that will be reading your comment. I did my own expert calculations and well, well, I arrived at the same percentage! (Although in scientific notation: 1*10^2 %)
@AloeEdits 3 жыл бұрын
YAHALLO!!!
@TheProGam3rHD 3 жыл бұрын
@@AloeEdits What? Lmao
@briandsouza7854 3 жыл бұрын
Wow! Never thought about this! 😕
@meijimarts111 3 жыл бұрын
Another good example of statistics is that there’s 104 days of summer vacation but Phineas and Ferb has 189 episodes
@doctorf7501 5 ай бұрын
Lack of awareness of Simpson’s Paradox is basically the bane of all doctor’s existence.
@manuelmilla4042 5 жыл бұрын
To compare two sistems, you must apply the same treatment (in this case, the same set of patients) to both sistems
@karengomez3143 3 жыл бұрын
I’m quite late, but this is pretty interesting, actual and current!
@Andres_2004 Жыл бұрын
is as simple as to look at as much data as posible, things are often more complex than we think
@matthewcowell 8 жыл бұрын
The animations didn't really offer much, but fantastic explanation.
@griffinbrown2735 7 жыл бұрын
The lurking variable is going to give me nightmares
@vivianlipson3379 3 жыл бұрын
Does anyone have the source for the smoking study I can't find it anywhere.
@insanecoolaid7299 8 жыл бұрын
Yup, this is why i don't care about "Vague" statistics.
@galacticgufus 3 ай бұрын
amazing. this is very tricky.
@josephjackson1956 6 жыл бұрын
That smile. That darn smile.
@Gareth_Mayers 8 жыл бұрын
this is so good
@ratmcgee8464 7 жыл бұрын
We're learning this in school right now
@MarkStanley57 8 жыл бұрын
I'm still confused. Is the example used trying to show that as the ratio of those arriving at hospital in good v poor health moves from 1:9 to 4:6 the odds of surviving at hospital B drop?
@noemieayenga6947 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much
@soniarebecca9669 3 жыл бұрын
are the lurking variables the same thing as confounding variables? or are they different
@anotherone2398 4 жыл бұрын
i didn't understand the first example , you said that if you divide the patients to good and bad health at arrival , how did you know that only 100 arrived with Bad health at Hospital A
@sarahverpile1595 8 жыл бұрын
wonderful video
@rickysetiawan794 8 жыл бұрын
I am very interested to find the link to the UK study which claimed higher survival rate for smokers. Anybody can help to point it out? Thanks.
@nerikacutie283 5 жыл бұрын
1:23 when you get 100% in your test
@youcan_change_handle_3june_ 3 жыл бұрын
I love logic loopholes . I think about that a lot
@gdavies4 3 жыл бұрын
Someone please explain the Florida sentence bit. I’ve listed to it three times but I can’t make sense of it.
@danstrett6374 8 жыл бұрын
this is a great video. definitely an example of simpson's paradox is the wage gap as evidence of sexism as it only takes into account the average earnings of men and woman and doesn't go into any variables that may affect that statistic such as the average hours men and woman work and the different fields men and woman go into.
@LaughingMan44 8 жыл бұрын
Wow a TED presentation that isn't garbage.
@Dartmorin 8 жыл бұрын
this is ted-ed, not ted i think.
@Ninterd2 8 жыл бұрын
I have an idea! Ted-ed is a bit redundant, let's shorten it to Ted!
@Drudenfusz 8 жыл бұрын
TED-ed is the best one, and TEDx is just a bunch of ideological crap, normal TED is hit and miss.
@bradleyfrueh2761 4 жыл бұрын
Is this not confounding? Or is it only confounding when its related to human health? (epidemiology)
@r-qube23 2 жыл бұрын
This video pretty much summarises the whole book called "FACTFULNESS"
@AlexsDominoes 8 жыл бұрын
Just learned about this in ap stats last semester!
@spaghettigal 8 жыл бұрын
+AlexsDominoes Isn't it called the Simpson's Paradox?
@anknees2352 8 жыл бұрын
Same
@nicholasdranfile9312 3 жыл бұрын
THIS BLEW MY MIND. SO BASIC BUT SO VITAL.
@jakkritpongphadung6857 6 жыл бұрын
ขอบคุณครับสำหรับการบรรยายไทย
@kubraozyrt 7 жыл бұрын
That's why you need to test their reliabilities. Cronbach's Alpha is one of the most common ones.
@blogmyszki 8 жыл бұрын
I hope there gonna be polish subtitles soon :)
@borissman 6 жыл бұрын
That lurking variable is creepy
@johnnychang4233 8 жыл бұрын
The Simpson's paradox pop ups everyday in a country named Venezuela, economically speaking.
@samjustforthenet4185 8 жыл бұрын
I dont understand the part at 1:08, how did they came op with the numbers of 100 poor healt people in hospital A en dito for B?
@jeffmccutcheon4279 4 жыл бұрын
I love this guy’s voice! ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻🤩🥰😊😘
@sid98geek 6 жыл бұрын
Great video. But it's not statistics to blame here because without a method to organize any of our data we would be in a greater disorder today. It is true that statistics have deliberately lied and data has been manipulated. But most of the time (am I saying this statistically?), it's the loopholes in statistical graphs that people (I said people, which includes politicians and companies) exploit to fulfill their agendas. I mean how can a SINGLE, error-filled, filtered, non-contextual graph prove a theory, claim or anything like that? Representation is key, especially when dealing with unobservant audiences.
@anshu0809 8 жыл бұрын
an eye opener
@ServantOfSatania 3 жыл бұрын
Video on one of TED channels talking about misleading statistics? I'm sure this aged well :)
@tau93 8 жыл бұрын
Fascinating
@walkwithme 8 жыл бұрын
can someone explain to me that jail example they used? I got a little lost as he explained it.
@AustinTexas6thStreet 8 жыл бұрын
What do u mean?? Basically, the statistics could be manipulated to actually show that white people were getting arrested and put on death row More than black people since murder is what gets someone on death row and the Majority of murders are committed against and by people of the same race. Since someone murdering a white person will, on average, be more likely to be convicted and sent to death row and since most people who are murdered are killed by someone of their same race, the statistics can be skewed to look like more white people are being convicted of murder!! But we know in reality that this isn't true even though statistics could be "made" to show it as true!!
@josephmiguelcruz1313 8 жыл бұрын
The lurking variable's laugh was so creepy
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