How to calculate p-values
Рет қаралды 393,448
Күн бұрынIn this StatQuest we learn how to calculate p-values using both discrete data (like coin tosses) and continuous data (like height measurements). At the end, we explain the differences between 1 and 2-sided p-values and why you should avoid 1-sided p-values if possible.
NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with what p-values are and how to interpret them. If not, check out the quest:
p-values: What they are and how to interpret them.
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0:00 Awesome song and introduction
0:58 p-value for getting two heads
6:39 p-value defined as the sum of three parts
9:30 p-value for getting four heads and 1 tails
12:31 p-values for continuous data, like how tall people are
14:31 A borderline p-value
16:59 A significant p-value
17:47 An insignificant p-value
20:12 One-sided vs two-sided p-values
24:20 Summary of concepts
#statquest #pvalue
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
NOTE: If you are still wondering why we add rarer events to the p-value, consider this: At the start of the video I got 2 heads and though, "wow! This is special!!!". However, if I got 2 tails, I would have thought the exact same thing. We tend to think that whatever we see is special, even though there are other events that are just as rare, or rarer. Adding them to the p-value compensates for our observational bias. Support StatQuest by buying my book The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning or a Study Guide or Merch!!! statquest.org/statquest-store/
@xnoreq 4 жыл бұрын
The idea of NHST or null hypotheses as used here is, to be frank, nonsense. These are point hypotheses because the p-value assumes that the coin is _perfectly_ fair. (Also see my comment on the other p-value video why the p-value shouldn't even be used.) Combine both and you got a testing regime that is GUARANTEED to reject the null hypothesis eventually. Even if you deem the coin "fair". Also, 2 heads in a row is very little information but it is still information which a Bayesian approach does not throw away.
@lcoandrade 4 жыл бұрын
Why the standard is 0.05? What can you say about making changes in the significance value to prove a point? Why 5%?
@giuseppedejanlucido 4 жыл бұрын
@CogitoErgoCogitoSum seriously? if you toss a coin 100 times and obtain 99 heads, what do you think between theese 2 options? 1) this is absolutely possible because the result belong to the set of possible events, so I can say the coin is fair; 2) even if this is possible, this result it's so rare than I can conclude ALMOST CERTAINLY that the coin it's not balanced (so belong to another distribution, the distribution of not balanced coins)
@av3499 3 жыл бұрын
I'm still trying to wrap my head why "or rarer" is added to p-value, and how that's related to 1 & 2 tailed tests. Suppose a baseball company claims their bats are 100 cm long, with std.dev of 5 cm. Assuming Normal, that means if we look at 100 random bats, 95 of them should be between 90 - 110 cm, while 2.5 bats < 90cm and 2.5 bats > 110cm. Now I'm an investigator who wants to test if the company is lying. To do that - if I sample 100 bats, and more than 5 bats are outside the 90-110 cm range, I can sue them. Right ? If I find a random bat that is 110cm long, I'd think 'wow that's rare, but not impossible'. But I'm struggling to see how or why I'd suddenly start thinking along the lines of 'I found a bat that is 110cm. What are the chances of finding > 110cm or < 90cm bats'. Why would/should I think that way ?
@youssefdirani 3 жыл бұрын
@@av3499 I think regardless of the samples you took, your example is very important. Finding a really extreme value could result in suing the company according to 95% confidence.
@MrG0olden 3 жыл бұрын
The P-value of this content being normal is less than 0.05, it's super!
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
BAM! Thank you very much! :)
@boahgeil465 2 жыл бұрын
Lets hope it is a one sided p-value and H0 is this content is not better than normal ;) Otherwise (for a two sided p value), it could be that the content was super bad, which is definitely not the case :D
@offchan 2 жыл бұрын
we can safely reject the null hypothesis that this content is no different than other people's content
@letseconomics2938 Жыл бұрын
It means we will reject that the content is normal right?
@DreamCodeLove 3 жыл бұрын
The p-value that your lectures are special < 0.000001.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Bam! :)
@thangible 3 жыл бұрын
wait a minute
@JonesingUSAF 3 жыл бұрын
Triple Bam!!!
@A_Proud_Indian 3 жыл бұрын
H0 - your lectures are normal (null hypothesis) H1 - your lectures are brilliant (alternate hypothesis) P value < 0.05 means H1 is true and we can reject h0 right?
@dustinshepherd-hoppis2322 3 жыл бұрын
@@A_Proud_Indian yes. He saying StatQuest is 1 in a million. Rare to find such quality. Extremely low probability that StatQuest is of a normal distribution of stat teachers.
@NIHIT555 4 жыл бұрын
god gifted or extremely hard working teacher. good to live in the times where such education is freely available. you are really a gift to the humanity as I believe a lot of people in future will make things (after learning from your videos and not giving up).
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much! :)
@vamanieperumal5262 4 жыл бұрын
I can't believe how concepts can be made so simple and at the same time so comprehensive. this is mindblowing :)
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Hooray!!! :)
@josephravi7722 3 ай бұрын
Triple BAM!!! I learned so much as a teacher from this video. Those classroom learning during my graduating time did not come with this excitement and visuals. So lucid and easy you made it. Not just to understand but also to take away the teaching method -- TRIPLE BAM!!!
@statquest 3 ай бұрын
Hooray! I'm glad the videos are helpful.
@papername1237 Жыл бұрын
My life would be SO different if I had seen this video 10 years ago. My heart brakes thinking where I could be today and fills me with anger to think that this was simple and my teachers didn't care to teach me and people publishing the class textbooks only cared about impressing their colleagues but never cared about the students. Thank you, Josh. Thank you for bringing this to the world. You're changing lives.
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@sandeepsahu7950 2 ай бұрын
I am watching this video today and need to use this concept in research but i am dumb enough to understand these things.. How stupid i am.
@rajkumars8573 9 күн бұрын
That's why they bad teacher spoils lives of millions of students.
@binishrajkhanal8429 5 ай бұрын
You should be given a Nobel Prize for all the efforts you put into your illustration guided lectures. I wish I had learnt Statistics from you during my undergrad studies, I would not be scared away and would learn enthusiastically like I am doing right now. Hat’s off to you with immense respect and thanks ❤
@statquest 5 ай бұрын
Thank you!
@Also_sprach_Zarathustra. 5 ай бұрын
I support this idea. @@statquest
@damienhackney6499 4 жыл бұрын
This deserves a million likes. Brilliant!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much! :)
@chasemcdonald7250 3 жыл бұрын
Oh, my god. I just had the most satisfying aha! moment of my life. What a comprehensive, yet concise, and easy to understand explanation. This deserves more likes, you deserve more subscribers. Incredible content.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much! :)
@elizabethjoy934 3 жыл бұрын
Finally happy to realise what the p value actually means. Thank you Josh for all the great efforts to make it so simple and showing that anything complex can be made simple if explained in the way it should be.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much!
@sanghoonkim2351 4 жыл бұрын
Ever since my sister highly recommended StatQuest, it has been my favorite KZfaq channel since it clears up every concept magically. But the old p-value video still let me confused about what p-value really is... and BAMMM. This video came out! It is fantastic and deserves a million views. Thanks always.
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome! :)
@writtenlike 4 жыл бұрын
@@statquest BAMMM.
@joserobertopacheco298 Жыл бұрын
It is extremely rare to find a so comprenhensive explanation like this one.
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@wesleysbr 3 жыл бұрын
You are incredible josh, and since you mentioned brazil, know that we brazilians see your videos a lot, they are the best, and it's very good that you write what you say in the videos, it helps a lot of non-natives who besides learning statistics still want train english. Your work is commendable, I really appreciate your dedication of time and effort. Thank you very much.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Muito obrigado! Eu amo do Brasil!
@ThalesBrunoM 3 жыл бұрын
Two days in a row watching your videos and learning a lot! Thank you from Brazil!
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Muito obrigado!
@ankitjobanputra5680 4 жыл бұрын
The way you are making videos and explaining these concepts with such an ease....it shows how passionate you are to pass on the knowledge.....!! Keep up the great work....You have earned a Subscriber....!!!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much 😀
@SrujanSingh 3 жыл бұрын
Although I really love these videos and concepts, I think the true motivation comes from anticipation of the opening song. No doubt these videos are highly insightful and educational due to the way Josh explains them but it's uncanny how Josh's voice is so under-appreciated. Great job. Keep them videos coming!! :)
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Wow! Thank you! :)
@r.prasannavenkatesan9879 4 жыл бұрын
These lectures are worth binge-watching! Thanks a lot Sir!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Glad you like them!
@pkmath12345 4 жыл бұрын
Nice video! One thing I notice while teaching statistics to students is that many of them are confused between confidence interval and p-value. This video elaborates nicely about what p-value is. As someone who is also teaching statistics, this video inspires me a lot.
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome! Thank you very much! :)
@zahramanafi4793 3 жыл бұрын
since I was a student, I didn't like statistics much. I think the reason for that was I've never understood these topics well. You are the best teacher I have ever had. :)
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Wow! Thank you! :)
@ota_vioo704 3 жыл бұрын
Hooray! I just got accepted at Statistics College and my classes starts only in August! Your videos has proved to be very much helpful and i shall keep studying then till there! I'm brazilian by the way and wanted to thank you for the enlightening content!
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Muito obrigado!!! :)
@andypeters2115 Жыл бұрын
Best StatQuest I have seen yet! Crystal clear!
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@konstantinlevin8651 10 ай бұрын
I couldn't help but dreaming a scenario where they want contenders to find as much special coins as possible from a bag mixed with normal coins and I calculate p values to find special coins. Thanks a lot Josh, it's always a pleasure to learn with you
@statquest 10 ай бұрын
Thank you very much! :)
@gfocaraccio 3 жыл бұрын
"..and since failing to detect that SuperDrug is making things worse would be bad, one sided p-values are tricky and should be avoided..." .. that final line helped clarify your position on one sided p-values, thank you.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Hooray!
@varunparuchuri9544 2 жыл бұрын
@StatQuest with Josh Stammer .. you are literally saving many student asses who are trying to learn data science . Love from India(Andhra Pradesh) in telugu : Devudu pampina dootha Dandam ra dootha niku .
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
BAM!!! What's "BAM" in telugu?
@AthulRamkumar 3 жыл бұрын
Beautiful! Explained so succinctly the difference between probability and p-value
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@mohamed.hfathy3717 Жыл бұрын
„These values are considered equal to or more extreme, because they are as far from the mean or further“ this sentence explained the missing part from the last videos and the saved my day :D .. Great as usual!! thanks a lot
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Hooray!
@lcoandrade 4 жыл бұрын
Best statistics teacher on KZfaq!!!!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@HenriqueMizuno 2 жыл бұрын
This is the best explanation I've ever seen! Thank you so much for it!
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@sepehretminan8683 2 жыл бұрын
Man, your work is so awesome that the words can't even describe it!
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much 😀
@suheyla655 Жыл бұрын
You make all topics so easy. Thank you so much !
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Glad you like them!
@ngochanvo6017 4 жыл бұрын
I would like to send my thankful to you! Your explain is really clear and interesting! Hope you always are healthy and make more interesting lessons
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much. :)
@techandmoar1922 2 жыл бұрын
Simply awesome! Basic concepts clarified, and on to more complex, tangential topics
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Glad you liked it!
@sushantrauthan5704 4 жыл бұрын
Josh Barmer may you live upto 200 years and please keep spreading the joy as you are right now
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@XuanJr. Жыл бұрын
Thanks, I have learnt 2 important things as a master. First, you use the height between 155.4 and 156 cm to tell us why we should include equal rare and more rare things. This is so AMAZING! Good idea! I understand why we should include equal rare and more rare things for the first time in my life! Second, you use a bad drug as a example to tell us why One-Sided p-values test avoid something bad.
@statquest Жыл бұрын
bam!
@shanggao9970 2 жыл бұрын
I love the tricky one-side p value explanation part!
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@magtazeum4071 2 жыл бұрын
I love this guy. Heaven is there for beautiful people like Josh. He is a gem of a person.. protect him at all costs.
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@fatemehsh1391 2 жыл бұрын
This is the finest content I've got in my whole education years
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Wow! Thanks!
@akashmanojchoudhary3290 3 жыл бұрын
All your tutorials are just amazing!! 😍
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much!
@chelsie292 4 жыл бұрын
I'm currently in IB and recently they rolled out a new Math system and I joined Applications and Interpretations which means that there's gonna be lots of stats going on, from descriptive stats, uncertainty, to testing for Spearman's and X2 tests. this youtube channel has been such a blessing for learning those concepts because the new book that I've been using (Oxford book) has lots of mistakes and was incredibly confusing. Thank you!!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Hooray! I'm glad the videos are helpful.
@arieljiang8198 2 жыл бұрын
wow this is the best explanation of p value I have seen
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@felixbecker6059 4 жыл бұрын
Really good explanation. Already understood it by text book reading, which took me way longer than 20 minutes.. Nice too see I understood it correctly though. Keep up the nice work.
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome! :)
@user-vt4lh7zv2g 3 ай бұрын
currently , after a month watching this channel I react with bam and double bam on every thing😅 u have your own effect tbh😂😂
@statquest 3 ай бұрын
BAM! :)
@oneminuteasmr6486 3 жыл бұрын
Your videos are so clear and helpful! Keep it up!! You earned a new subscriber 😊👍
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@SarrouTube 2 жыл бұрын
Again! Excellent information, crystal clear! Good instructor!!
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks again!
@kayhankashi9970 Жыл бұрын
After watching this video I told my self BAAAM!! that was a great explanation.
@statquest Жыл бұрын
BAM! :)
@aadeshtiwari7532 3 жыл бұрын
So many videos, but this summarizes and I think is best video to understand P value
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@henry7434 4 жыл бұрын
very good, finished immediately after u upload
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@bankmaniac8377 3 жыл бұрын
wooh !! was trying to understand this topic for last two days. finally only you could teach me that. thanx a lot...
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Happy to help!
@yonyondaime2 Жыл бұрын
Thank you so much to share this. You're very generous and emphatic to explain.
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@rafaelferreirarocha1249 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks from Brazil for the high quality teaching you’re doing here. :)
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
De nada! :)
@kevinshao9148 6 ай бұрын
So surprised at 19:43 that we obtain p-value=1 ... Thanks for the great video again!
@statquest 6 ай бұрын
bam!
@dragonk4tz470 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for this! I am so confused on EVERYTHING stats but this made tons of sense. I'm gonna go watch the other ones now! Thank you!!!
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
@pierre-marcshinkaretzky8851 4 жыл бұрын
Il m'a fallu attendre cette video en anglais pour comprendre la Valeur-p : Excellent ! All other videos failed to clearly explain what p-value really means. Bravo!!!!!!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Merci beaucoup!
@pierre-marcshinkaretzky8851 4 жыл бұрын
@@statquest You clearly explained that P-value is not validating a theory but can only tell if we can trust it or not ... Of course we know that p(x/Ho) is not p(Ho/x) while we have so many temptations to cheat and accept p(x/Ho) = p(Ho/x). The point that enlighted my brain came when you associated the HHHHT serie to the TTTTH.... Yes, both are equally weird and HHHHH or TTTTT are worst. We cannot doubt about our coin because of funny series until reaching a certain threshold. I've made a colored simulation to illustrate this docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1zWzQfMPUtCmbcS7_DB8l9VKO5SMMuUteAZxWRGxlVa4/edit?usp=sharing Then when Ho is rejected , our test doesn't give us a clue about "what is the acceptable theory?" question . We just have to test a new theory and apply to it the same torture. I think this is frustrating because we think such a rigorous test can do it. Finally hypothesis test aim is quite modest but smart. I spend so much time to understand the deep meaning of it.... Not intuitive at all but you have done the job perfectly.
@abhirambvs8818 2 жыл бұрын
This channel is absolutely epic dude
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@LegacyzGeo 2 ай бұрын
Thank you, masterful work! Exactly want I needed.
@statquest 2 ай бұрын
Thanks!
@trotts1221 2 жыл бұрын
Your a great teacher man
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@alinouhi8626 2 жыл бұрын
Your method of explaining things is unique, you make complex concepts so easy to grasp. Can you please mention some textbooks (preferably intermediate to advanced level) of probability and Statistics that you yourself have read?
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
All of the statistics textbooks that I've used have been really bad. That's one reason why I created this channel to begin with.
@thanesankaneshwaran5265 2 жыл бұрын
excellent explanation....in a simple way
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Glad you liked it!
@r_chauhan 3 жыл бұрын
I can't help but jam out when the opening song comes on StatQuest videos.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
BAM! :)
@elizabeth00653 4 ай бұрын
I love the graphics, thank you!
@statquest 4 ай бұрын
Glad you like them!
@mrcharm767 Жыл бұрын
really great channel !! clears doubts also within less time better than a paid course .. your just brilliant and unique from what others do .. A warm hearthly thank you sir
@statquest Жыл бұрын
I'm so glad you are enjoying my videos. :)
@mrcharm767 Жыл бұрын
@@statquest yea really my intuition has become even stronger
@mrcharm767 Жыл бұрын
@@statquest yes really btw why not upload projects on the concepts u teach
@akashmanojchoudhary3290 3 жыл бұрын
I cannot thank you enough, lots of love from India ❤❤❤
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@Jordan-vl8wm 2 жыл бұрын
The flower example deserves a BAM!
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
bam!
@syv.savane3833 4 жыл бұрын
Absolutely insightful thanks
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks! :)
@biplabkar1391 7 ай бұрын
I have told this concept to my professor. He was very happy to see this explanation. He is on the list of the top 2% of scientists in the world. But as a statistician, he seeks clarification of the statement that "one-sided p values have the potential to be dangerous".
@statquest 7 ай бұрын
Happy to help! :)
@slouma1998 4 жыл бұрын
Damn such a well timed video, I was just watching the old p value video, and I was confused hahaha, great explanation, and thanks!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Hooray! I'm glad this cleared things up.
@ahfodder 4 жыл бұрын
Bam
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
@@ahfodder Yes! :)
@mangomilkshakelol 3 жыл бұрын
You are a hero to the world.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@anashaat95 Жыл бұрын
Great explanation. Thanks a lot.
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@titusgzz 2 жыл бұрын
Very clear and comprehensive thx
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@eyanagazi5093 4 жыл бұрын
You are really WAAAW! everything becomes easy with you♥ thank you for this great job you helped me a lot to understand many difficult concepts with your funny method BAAAAM!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Hooray and Bam!!!! :)
@Amf313 3 жыл бұрын
Thanks to all people who worked to make these videos ... 👏👌
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much 😀
@balamira297 2 жыл бұрын
Deserves million likes.
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@maxinteltech3321 4 жыл бұрын
you teach amazingly
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@shaahinfazeli9095 2 жыл бұрын
Perfect & so intuitive thank you very much Sir
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@farzanehmahmoudi8717 Жыл бұрын
Unlike other videos of 66 days of Data this video was not clear completely. Thank you
@statquest Жыл бұрын
What time point (minutes and seconds) was hard to understand?
@brianmoyer35 3 жыл бұрын
Amazing description!
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thanks! :)
@dilin85 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks a lot for the video Josh
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks! :)
@himanshubhusanrath8036 2 жыл бұрын
very beautiful explanation brother
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@nupentin 7 ай бұрын
AMAZING. Thank you SO MUCH!!
@statquest 7 ай бұрын
Thanks!
@polavarapuvinayrahul5049 4 жыл бұрын
This is the best p-value explanation.also can u make one on the null hypothesis keep up the good work!!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
I'm working on one.
@jiji89960 3 жыл бұрын
thanks for BAMing that knowledge into my brain
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
:)
@gauravmohan9271 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you josh…love from India
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@Tony-tu8uz 4 ай бұрын
super! thank you, bought your book
@statquest 4 ай бұрын
Thank you very much for supporting StatQuest! :)
@tomas96lv98 Жыл бұрын
This is beyond gold
@statquest Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@bevansmith3210 4 жыл бұрын
Excellent Josh!
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you! :)
@nitkap441 Жыл бұрын
Finally I am getting a fair idea of what p value means
@statquest Жыл бұрын
To learn what it means, see: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/rMudjdd2spyXd40.html
@nitkap441 Жыл бұрын
@@statquest thanks. I did watch that too 👍
@yinggeng1378 4 жыл бұрын
This did blow my mind.
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
BAM! :)
@chiragpalan9780 3 жыл бұрын
I have seen many videos and read so much about p-values. I never felt such plesent experience. Why dont Prof wont teach at universities like this? Love you Josh. Please recommend some good reference for ML and Statistics.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you! A great book for ML is An introduction to statistical learning in R.
@chiragpalan9780 3 жыл бұрын
@@statquest Thanks Josh.
@hosseinbiniaz9379 3 жыл бұрын
brilliant video
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
Hooray! It looks like you found the new video.
@alecvan7143 4 жыл бұрын
Great video Josh
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you very much! :)
@amorevera4988 3 жыл бұрын
I understood more from this video than I did from one semester of lectures.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
BAM! :)
@insertacoin738 3 жыл бұрын
this is PURE GOLD
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
BAM! :)
@insertacoin738 3 жыл бұрын
StatQuest with Josh Starmer omg josh replied to me im gonna tell my mom 😭😭😭
@shatakshiagrawal3062 Жыл бұрын
Thank you so much 🥰❤
@statquest Жыл бұрын
No problem!
@mmhamed1 2 жыл бұрын
you are the best ..
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@samuctrebla3221 2 жыл бұрын
Actually understandable at 2x speed. Very clean production
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
2xBam! :)
@patrickbigbigx5312 2 жыл бұрын
After I watched this video twice, I finally understand why one tail is dangerous, because the null hypothesis is specific for “shorter “, and probably only expert would make a hypothesis for longer!!!
@statquest 2 жыл бұрын
bam!
@ellenpasternack9750 3 жыл бұрын
Richard Feynman once said something that I think helps to conceptualise why we include things that are equally rare in the p-value: "You know, the most amazing thing happened to me tonight... I saw a car with the license plate ARW 357. Can you imagine? Of all the millions of license plates in the state, what was the chance that i would see that particular one tonight? Amazing!" In this example it is easy to see that, although the chance of seeing that particular numberplate is tiny, any other numberplate you could have seen would by definition have been exactly as rare. It would be impossible to have any observation less rare. Therefore the observation is not remarkable at all unless we have something else to say about it.
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
That's great! :)
@kanundash 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you Josh
@statquest 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks! :)
@adirozeri7162 3 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@statquest 3 жыл бұрын
You're welcome!
StatQuest with Josh Starmer
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