How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos

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Жыл бұрын

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Neutrinos are one of the most bizarre of known particles. Black holes are probably the most bizarre of astrophysical objects. Makes sense we should use one to study the other, no? Well, today we’re doing just that.
Special Thanks to: Science Communication Lab for DESY for use of their image in the thumbnail. Check out: www.scicom-lab.com/ to see more amazing images.
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Пікірлер: 1 000

@pbsspacetime Жыл бұрын

Don't forget to check out PIA's special Black Friday deal for Space Time fans www.piavpn.com/SpaceTime

@meleardil Жыл бұрын

I was a member (for 3 years) of the Bajkal lake Neutrino telescope team (it was NT-200 at that time). I wrote my masters on that project. I was on the Ice 3 times. I wanted to go to Antarctica (the project was named Amanda at that time), but I did not succeed.

@brothermine2292 Жыл бұрын

How can a VPN customer be certain that the VPN company isn't spying on the customer's internet data? Or at least the metadata.

@memyshelfandeye318 Жыл бұрын

@@brothermine2292 US company. They are required by law to spy on their customers because "Security at home".

@mangethegamer Жыл бұрын

If God actually wanted his children to see black holes he would have made them visible.

@ltloxa1159 Жыл бұрын

The visuals at 11:57 sugests a (10km)^3 cube rather than a 10km^3 cube.

@lisajsch1338 Жыл бұрын

So cool to have our work featured in PBS space time! We're doing our best to make these first steps of neutrino astronomy possible. And there are more detectors being built and planned! Just one criticism: the neutrino map you showed is an older one, the new one with 4.2 sigma significance is available in Science and also on ArXiv by now.

@ArawnOfAnnwn Жыл бұрын

Thank you for you work!

@housellama Жыл бұрын

This is super cool. Having the third leg of multi-messenger astronomy finally up and producing results is so great to hear! Congrats on the work and having your paper up on ArXiv!

@monkeeseemonkeedoo3745 Жыл бұрын

Yay!

@MrGaborKukucska Жыл бұрын

Amazing work chasing this elusive particle.

@sonicgravitypodcast4436 Жыл бұрын

Thank you so much for your work--it's amazing! I'm so intrigued by this. I have a couple questions. Is M-77 a spiral galaxy that is orthogonal to our line of sight? I have this conjecture that black holes are donuts and space-time blows out of their surface area, so if we are looking right down the barrel of the M-77 donut hole and we're getting extra neutrinos that might be the space accelerated through the donut hole axis; also, I have a hard time accepting that neutrinos just turn into muons and tau elementary particles (just seems like we're saying it's magic--the fundamental quantum spin and charge changes are "no big deal" because it's magic). If we hypothesized that if the neutrino was the moving "quantization grid paper" of spacetime and neutrinos move through everything (space could be moving through us the way time moves through us if we believe we're in a holographic universe on the surface of the black hole), that also means neutrinos could go faster than light (if they were space-time not energy particles), and if neutrinos were markers for quantized space moving faster than light through the detector, it would definitely create sonic booms as the field values of that faster than light moving quantized space changed faster than a wave could propagate through stationary space. I guess it comes down to this. Are we seeing 1 in every 10M neutrinos hitting in a statistical rhythm where individual high energy particles hitting and being detected, or are we seeing massive unmistakable swaths and surges of detections as (perhaps) much higher density flows of space surged through the detector (like big rivers of detection density being set off that would almost appear like the entire detector was moving through)? Did any unusual detection patterns arise? If this were true, then GRB 221009A, the GRB that hit us in October this year, (data taken later than that time) would need to show a sustained high concentration of neutrinos like M-77, because the the star's supernova (and black hole donut) would need to be pointing right at us. Does the post GRB 221009A sky data show the black hole origin of GRB 221009A, also has unusually high concentration of neutrinos pointing at us? Thank you so much for sharing your work!

@Astronomater Жыл бұрын

as a doc, i agree that someone seeing flashes of light should see a doc immediately. worst case scenario is that it is a detached retina. most likely cause is likely a migraine aura but if it persists or happens repeatedly, it definitely isn't a neutrino.

@sagnorm1863 Жыл бұрын

So you are saying that the neutrino map of the sky I created based off of the flashes in my eyes is not reliable?

@AlyxBowen Жыл бұрын

As a science enthusiast and former Antarctican I’m happy to see IceCube being celebrated on SpaceTime. I worked on the observatory communications lines to the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station and it will always be a career highlight for me. Thank you SpaceTime.

@Pneumavlr Жыл бұрын

Thank you for your service sir

@KuK137 Жыл бұрын

@@Pneumavlr And this, unlike your standard 80 IQ war criminals, aka army, is actually service worth celebrating...

@GunthJuh Жыл бұрын

Thank you kind sir for your work down there ! it looks like a very impressive thing ! I wish I could go visit the Amundsen-Scott base but my field of activity will never send me there. I only discovered it through BBC documentaries and it is really an impressive feat !

@spacetime3 Жыл бұрын

Another quality rabbit hole to go down! It's amazing how much the quality of physics content the public has nowadays still remember the days of dumbed down physics content. Love this channel!

@tomdodson6293 Жыл бұрын

Syntax error

@ignaciomoreno9655 Жыл бұрын

Too much rabit holes, too little time.

@tinygriffy Жыл бұрын

"quality rabbit hole" lol ! like in nice wooden floor, rgb ceiling lightning and polished brass door knobs ? can't wait to see the bunny that lives here ;)

@PetraKann Жыл бұрын

The period we are living in is not a golden age of Physics. In fact Physics has been near stagnant since the mid 1970s with just a handful of exceptions. Dont let the glitter blind you from the rotting stench beneath

@SteedRuckus Жыл бұрын

I'm kind of a connoisseur of all types of quality holes

@theweapi Жыл бұрын

11:55 Ten cubic kilometers has a diameter of the cube root of 10 (2.154 km), not 10 km diameter (which would be a thousand cubic kilometers).

@TheeBohemian Жыл бұрын

Thank you Captain Pedantic!🦤

@eljcd Жыл бұрын

Indeed. I found weird that the Antarctica crust ice was ten km deep, this sounds more reasonable.

@jenmacallister9379 Жыл бұрын

@@eljcd The ice sheet Ice Cube Observatory sits on is only 9300' (2.8 km) deep. The same as the elevation of the South Pole Station. The image in the video of a 10km cube would not be correct.

@subliminalvibes Жыл бұрын

I pulled the Ice Cube meme face when you mentioned the Ice Cube collaboration. I thought, "How cool is it that rappers are getting involved in astrophysical studies!" 🤣

@TerenceClark Жыл бұрын

I love that a project my local university, UW Madison, is so involved with! My ex was on the local neutrino detector team for the project next door, CUORE, which got a call out on a prior episode. It's awesome knowing so much cutting edge physics is happening right down the road, quite literally.

@markzambelli Жыл бұрын

Matt O'Dowd is a Legend. There are so many hard-working people that make this channel great, a few of which we see mentioned in the credits. Yet atop this pyramid of talent stands Matt, the very face of PBS Space Time... whether he's clarifying pronunciations or detailing the latest research in the subject of the day he does so with that wry Aussie humour that's so infectious and such a pleasure to see. Good on ya' mate... bloody Legend!

@ekkehard8 Жыл бұрын

Wouldn't it be by a factor of 1000? Each particle passing through is 10 times as likely to be detected, but there should also be 100 times as many particles we have the chance to detect since the "area" they see is 100 times greater?

@chrisriess1298 Жыл бұрын

I was thinking the same thing...

@jenmacallister9379 Жыл бұрын

The ice sheet Ice Cube Observatory sits on is only 9300' (2.8 km) deep. The same as the elevation of the South Pole Station. So you are not going to get a 10km x 10km x 10km square cube piece of ice. (The image in the video of a 10km cube would not be correct.) BTW it is all move about 10m a year toward South America so in about 300,000 years is will be falling in the South Pacific. If of course it doesn't melt faster.

@janfranz5993 Жыл бұрын

I was initially thinking the same, but then I realised that 10km^3 is not 10km * 10km * 10km. That would be 1000km^3.... A 10km^3 cube would "only" have a length of roughly 2.15km

@npip99 Жыл бұрын

Should be a factor of 100. 10km x 10km. It can still only be 1km deep.

@dugldoo Жыл бұрын

He said "10 cubic kms" not "'10 kms cubed"'. So his statement of a factor of 10 is correct. The illustration is wrong.

@weathercat4 Жыл бұрын

It feels like we are entering a completely new age of cosmic discovery!

@ruintheliarsschemes Жыл бұрын

Yes it may feel that way but in truth the west is entering a time of diminishing power.

@2Glock30s Жыл бұрын

I think you are right! It is so exciting too, just sit back and enjoy all the new discoveries!

@LuisSierra42 Жыл бұрын

soon the simulation is going to be destroyed

@xploration1437 Жыл бұрын

@@LuisSierra42 nah

@spindoctor6385 Жыл бұрын

I would not call it something new, it is just that engineering is slowly making steps to catch up to the theory that has existed for the best part of a century. That does not make it less interesting.

@defeatSpace Жыл бұрын

The Ice Cube array gives me chills of awe.

@tinygriffy Жыл бұрын

first I was thinking of beavers, then of a nice Bourbon .. strange.

@semaj_5022 Жыл бұрын

The calculation of likelihood of seeing a neutrino at the end was honestly one of my favorite parts of this video. I wonder if there's a way to include more of those sorts of "real world" math problems in future videos? That kind of stuff is so cool to me.

@weksauce Жыл бұрын

IMPORTANT PSA: If you think you've detected Cherenkov radiation in your eye, and it's peripheral, it's FAR more likely (almost certain) that you're just having vitreal detachment, which is a normal aging process. Get it checked anyway, because there is concern of retinal detachment, but that complication is rare (way less rare than detecting Cherenkov radiation though!).

@censoredopinions Жыл бұрын

True! I have to explain that constantly to patients. Would you by chance be in ophthalmology too? We have to explain flashes and floaters constantly, and ensure patients they do not have a tumor when they see scintillations from ophthalmic migraine. That makes up a surprising amount of my day.

@Dragrath1 Жыл бұрын

Yeah good point on Earth the likelihood of such a detection being Cherenkov radiation is pretty low though that might not be a wise assumption in low Earth orbit or near an active nuclear reactor....(*In which case you should look to get into a more radiation shielded environment ASAP.

@EnglishMike Жыл бұрын

I thought someone was playing with a laser pointer nearby when it first happened to me. It was just bog standard vitreal detachment -- getting old...

@Kelnx Жыл бұрын

Generally speaking in my years working in the nuclear field (particularly with nuclear materials), if we saw any sort of "blue flash", it would mean very very bad things.

@weksauce Жыл бұрын

@@censoredopinions I'm not in ophthalmology.

@vasuhooda5005 Жыл бұрын

babe wake up! PBS space time just dropped a new video!!

@dropaq3665 Жыл бұрын

Cube with the side of 10km, is kind of not 10 Cubic kilometers, you probably know that, right? ;-)

@jado5705 Жыл бұрын

Matt. You are a cosmic legend in the vast emptiness of this space.

@hoola_amigos Жыл бұрын

Are you saying he's boring? 🤷‍♂️

@amiththomas3884 Жыл бұрын

*in the vast emptiness, of space time.

@GREGGRCO Жыл бұрын

At 14 minutes in: Matt, does this count towards neutrino detection?? en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray_visual_phenomena#:~:text=Cosmic%20ray%20visual%20phenomena%2C%20or,as%20during%20the%20Apollo%20program.

@mkjaiswal11 Жыл бұрын

Hi PBS Space Time, I have a request for a video about a recent experiment in Quantum Gravity. The people at Google and different physicists simulated a quantum version of a wormhole, using entangled pairs of qubits in Google's Quantum Computer. It would be really interesting to see an explanation of their experiment from your team, covering the details about their circuit as it seems like a major achievement for Quantum Gravity. As always, keep making great videos like these. Thank you.

@Momijigari Жыл бұрын

Being fascinated by the construction of this Neutrino Detector using ice and bore holes I attempted to relay the awe I had to my 74 yo mother. The question I got back from her was, "What does this do for us?"

@jaredprather8060 Жыл бұрын

Tell her, it makes us wiser

@Eagle3302PL Жыл бұрын

Long term effects of study of any physics including astrophysics is improvements to material science and sensors/detectors. So sure this does nothing for now but down the line this knowledge may help someone discover some new alloy or composite, or the detection methods can be modified to be used in medicine/environmental science.

@kellymoses8566 Жыл бұрын

It makes us less ignorant about the universe.

@ciCCapROSTi Жыл бұрын

I'm sure you got told multiple times already, but 10km^3 and a cube with 10km sides are VERY different volumes.

@jasonrubik Жыл бұрын

6:44 I love these videos, and Matt is one of the best voices of sciences these days ! However, the cold iceCube in the hot mantle at 6:44 is a bit funny ! lol

@youstandcorrected Жыл бұрын

Don't know how many years I've followed SpaceTime by now... but thank you! P.S. Please never remove the ambient music (end of the episode) from your shows. I adore it.

@Bhenderson0001 Жыл бұрын

I learn so much from these videos, they do not go too technical but do not treat you like a simpleton either. Its great to enjoy these subjects again as I used to enjoy them a lot just after I left college. If I could contribute I would, but unfortunatly I work with sick pigeons and there are lots of them and I am the only one buying the medicine. If I ever get a bit richer, you can be sure I will give some payback, in the meantime thank you for being so generous with these videos and the work that goes into them. Thank you.

@peterbeninger7068 Жыл бұрын

Um, pigeons don't seem to be endangered, I presume you just want to relieve some of the suffering in this world?

@WelshyPilotGuy Жыл бұрын

I find your content so relaxing to listen to that I never get past 60% without dozing off. I have to watch a few times to get through it. I’m not saying it’s boring , I think my mind just wanders into physics imagination combined with your soothing voice and I’m asleep. Love it and keep up the great work. Thank you.

@LMarti13 Жыл бұрын

I had a mini-eureka moment a few minutes in when I realized the basic answer to the title. Very cool!

@aberroa1955 Жыл бұрын

About seeing a neutrino... I once had a bright, though very short burst of light in my right eye. It was way too bright and obvious to write off as a fluke in neurons, and it was just for one moment. Also, I think it may have had some directionality, though probably it's just my brains interpretation, because it was in one eye only, so brain could interpret it as a flash of light from right side. I'm not sure about the color, but it's either white or blue, somewhere in that color region. I though right away that this was a space particle. Maybe it even was a neutrino?

@seanbrown207 Жыл бұрын

Wow! How awesome the IceCube Observatory is! I thought it was smaller than described but bristling with sensors. I was wrong. It’s HUGE, AND bristling with sensors 😂 Also. I gotta say! I remember ye olden days of science programming where it was like a couple 60 minute NOVA specials a year and you got the middle school explanation of the science. Now!? Programs like this will give you the more-or-less non-simplified version and they’ll even break out the equations and walk you through it, like a college (or high school) class. And they’ll even delve into the obscure areas of a field and produce many videos a year. What a world we live in! All for free (to the consumer).

@_robinmc__-thesteve5380 Жыл бұрын

WHAT A LEGEND THAT'S LEGIT THE BEST WAY TO HONOR A PATREON MEMBER LET'S GO

@IAmNumber4000 Жыл бұрын

4:53 Oh my god the stuff researchers think of, let alone build, is nuts 😂

@qwerty_and_azerty Жыл бұрын

This is probably in my top 5 favourite Space Time episodes ever! Thanks for all your hard work producing such great content 🎉

@heartofdawn2341 Жыл бұрын

I'd love to see an episode on strange matter. Also, is charm/top/bottom matter also possible?

@jefflayton4339 Жыл бұрын

kzfaq.info/get/bejne/q5qCgaqD3uDYYWQ.html

@clancyjames585 Жыл бұрын

Hmmm, probably not, I think strange matter is potentially possible because the strange quark is much lower in mass than the nucleon energy, while charm/top/bottom starts getting pretty heavy and wouldn't be energetically favourable. But yes, strange matter ftw!

@angelcosta4383 4 ай бұрын

It is indeed possible, it just decays too fast to make a big enough sample

@KendrixTermina Жыл бұрын

im particularly excited for the cosmic neutrino background

@ShrimplyPibblesJr Жыл бұрын

My second favorite Ice Cube collaboration after NWA.

@taliastocks Жыл бұрын

Shouldn't a 10km cube increase the sensitivity by 1000x due to 1000x volume? Since a neutrino from a given direction could hit any part of the detector?

@garethdean6382 Жыл бұрын

There's a few issues. Firstly the ice is not 10km thick, so it's more like a hundredfold increase in surface area. There's a further reduction based on how the detectors work and the length of the muon light cones. The end result is indeed a roughly 10x increase in detection rather than what you might expect.

@patrickcoin9457 Жыл бұрын

Or maybe they made a boo-boo in the graphic at 11:58, showing a 10X10X10 km cube, and Matt states it is 10X the volume, when the cube should have been shown to be only 2.15 km (cube root of 10) on a side That would give a cube of 10 km volume, 10X the current detector, and I'll bet that's what they meant.

@jasonrubik Жыл бұрын

@@patrickcoin9457 Yea, this has to be a goof up in post-production by the editors

@ChavisvonBradfordscience Жыл бұрын

A video on the potential for detecting the cosmic neutrino background with laser interferometers would be interesting to watch. We might be able to learn more about what happened about a second after the Big Bang by studying the cosmic neutrino background.

@richardsrichards2984 Жыл бұрын

i dont see the connection btn lasers and neutrinos...maybe you mean gravitational waves...

@bodhi-pickahfilecoinlurker5964 Жыл бұрын

@@richardsrichards2984 gravitational waves are measured with laser interferometers. Meant to reply to above you

@ChavisvonBradfordscience Жыл бұрын

@@richardsrichards2984 While I find instruments like the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, deci-hertz interferometer gravitational wave observatory, and projected Gravitational-wave Lunar Observatory more interesting and compelling, I was referring to a whole other concept. The proposed apparatus was based on research from Taiwan's National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, and France's Université Paris Diderot. They proposed an interferometer that might also serve as a dark matter detector in the sub-MeV range, which is now outside the reach of direct detection restrictions. The earth's travel through this neutrino bath exerts a force on a pendulum, as if it were exposed to cosmic wind and this could help us detect the cosmic neutrino background.

@Greippi10 Жыл бұрын

This is exactly the thing I would like to learn more about too. From my understanding our current technology doesn't permit direct detection of the background, but the indirect method you're referring to sounds very interesting and promising!

@tonybarry5101 Жыл бұрын

Your mention of Ice Cube 2 had me thinking. Wiki thinks the ice in Antarctica near the Cube is about 2.4 km deep. So it will be hard to make a cube with a 10 km height. arXiv suggests the cube 2 might have a volume of 10 km ^3 (which you said) rather than a cube edge of 10 km. Hopefully I get some points for being pedantic ... If not, then no worries, I love PBS Space TIme and keep up the good work.

@jeremybyington Жыл бұрын

15:38 😂 Such an important piece of advice

@hercules71185 Жыл бұрын

How much would seeing all of these videos and understanding them help with going back to school as an old man? I am inspired to go back but I've never enjoyed school when I was younger.

@gasdive Жыл бұрын

School still teaches the Bohr Atom, so I'd say "not much"

@michaelsommers2356 Жыл бұрын

@@gasdive The Bohr atom is pedagogically useful. No one teaches it as the ultimate answer.

@michaelsommers2356 Жыл бұрын

Probably not much, though it won't hurt, either. To learn physics for real, you have to do the math. You also don't get to the really cool stuff until grad school. Before that, you have to do the blocks sliding down inclined planes and similar stuff, which isn't as intrinsically interesting, although you do need to understand it to have a hope of understanding the really interesting stuff. The Open Yale Courses channel on YT has the lectures for a year-long intro physics course called, I think, Fundamentals of Physics, taught by Ramamurti Shankar. Why not watch those to see how you like real physics?

@gasdive Жыл бұрын

@@michaelsommers2356 as pedagogically useful as teaching Scripture or learning to recite the Koran. Something easy to teach, easy to test, easy to mark and of no actual use. You might also be surpised to see how many teachers fail to mention that it's not correct, and do in fact teach it as "this is what atoms are"

@tinygriffy Жыл бұрын

@@gasdive ahh, good old times... I wonder what they teach in a hundred years from now.. maybe they laugh about QED QCD QLG and such things and "how wrong they were back then in 2022" .. "branes .. wtf.. roflmao! "

@Gaetano.94 Жыл бұрын

Yay right when I'm ready to eat my home made chocolate croissants. Going to enjoy this episode!😊

@MultiSteveB Жыл бұрын

15:19 Nice touch with the waves in the "sea of humanity". :D

@icefreezer7 Жыл бұрын

I wonder if icecube's scientists are using FFT to split out the signals of the muon signal. This is all so very interesting!

@kevin42 Жыл бұрын

Probably

@ObjectsInMotion Жыл бұрын

Almost certainly

@chrhck Жыл бұрын

No, typically "cleaning" the signal involves algorithms that work in time domain and not in frequency domain. This is because muon (or any other netrino-indicuced) signals are not periodic, so you don't gain much by using FFTs

@ObjectsInMotion Жыл бұрын

@@chrhck FFT is not restricted to periodic signals, in fact that's the entire point its a discrete fourier trasnform. We used FFT's all the time, especially for time domain signals because its infinitely easier to do any sort of processing in the frequency domain even if its not the usual high-pass, low-pass sort of filtering. Even just compressing the signal, which they almost certainly do if they're collecting Terrabytes of data per second, requires the use of FFTs. You also are probably going to be sorting out extremely high and low frequency signals, for sure a diurnal signal, so that's why I am 95% sure they are using FFT's for direct signal processing as well on top of the fact they are certainly using it for other things. Remember every time you save a JPEG you are running a FFT.

@AwakeInAnacortes Жыл бұрын

Excellent episode! Always up for a good video about one of my favorite topics: little neutral ones. More neutrinos please. Good stuff! Also, would love to see how neutrino momentum varies by source. Is there a significant difference between the momentum of a solar neutrino vs one with an extrasolar origin? And do neutrinos change mass or momentum when they change flavor? Thanks in advance if you have time to answer!

@garethdean6382 Жыл бұрын

Not only are there differences in momentum, but different solar processes produce neutrinos with different (maximum) energies. So, for example, we have confirmed most steps in the p-p fusion chain but are still looking for the rarer, higher energy neutrinos produced by the 'p-e-p process'. Neutrino flavor is a painful thing to think about. Each flavor of neutrino is a mix of three 'pure masses' and the difference in the speed of these massive components is part of what causes them to change flavors. ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino#Flavor,_mass,_and_their_mixing )

@lisajsch1338 Жыл бұрын

Since neutrinos are very lightweight, their momentum is basically the same as their energy. And yes: the neutrinos that IceCube detected from NGC 1068 have roughly a million times more energy than solar neutrinos. But there are also (very few) neutrinos with an additional thousand times more energy, we just don't know really where they come from.

@Ardalambdion Жыл бұрын

Neutrinos are one of my favourite subjects in science. With photons, we can only look back to about 380 000 years after Big Bang, but if we 'tame' enough neutrinos, we may look even deeper into our past and the far earlier universe.

@kwisin1337 Жыл бұрын

7:18, now thats a proper introduction. Really love how you strive to explain even the smallest detail, to everyone evolved, a Very Big Thank You for your commitment to Quality Work.

@stathis2037 Жыл бұрын

At 12:00, if you expand the Ice Cube to 10km³ don't you get an increased detection rate by a factor of 1000? And not 10 as seen in the video?

@garethdean6382 Жыл бұрын

There's a few issues. One is that the ice sheet is not 10km deep, it's more like expanding the area a hundredfold. The other issue revolves around how the detectors work. Rather than having 100x more each detecting the same number of neutrinos you end up with multiple detectors seeing the same neutrino.

@DanielSMatthews Жыл бұрын

Neutrinos can also be used to detect young civilisations reaching the atomic age as the detonations from the testing and use of nuclear weapons produces a very distinctive pulsed neutrino signal.

@brothermine2292 Жыл бұрын

It seems wrong to call those civilizations ”young,” because that might be when those civilizations tend to die. It also seems questionable to say the ones that die were civilized.

@DanielSMatthews Жыл бұрын

@@brothermine2292 That is irrational nonsense, your time of death can be at any age. What point were you trying to make, some form of anti nuclear one?

@brothermine2292 Жыл бұрын

@@DanielSMatthews : Not an ”anti nuclear” point. Nuclear war is a serious threat to species survival. Mutual Assured Destruction has worked, so far, to prevent nuclear war, but a single failure would be catastrophic. On the other hand, the fear of escalation to nuclear war has also successfully deterred conventional wars, so I favor treaties that would reduce readiness for conventional sudden attacks before treaties that would prematurely eliminate the fear of escalation to nuclear war. If civilizations tend to die off soon after achieving nuclear capability -- not necessarily death by nuclear catastrophe, merely a strong chronological correlation between the two events -- then it would not be nonsense to call nuclear capability a sign of old age. You haven't justified your use of the word ”young.” Nearly all adjectives & adverbs are misleading false dichotomies used as abbreviations for relative comparison to an unstated alternative, and they can be used manipulatively because people don't all have the same unstated alternative in mind. How are you defining young? In other words, at what point would you say a civilization is no longer young?

@Eagle3302PL Жыл бұрын

Not gonna happen, the sheer neutrino noise from their star would completely drown out any neutrino bursts generated by a civilization.

@DanielSMatthews Жыл бұрын

@@Eagle3302PL You do know that there are different types of neutrinos, depending on the source?

@pedrofigueiredo7850 Жыл бұрын

Pierre and Marie Curie noticed at night in their lab the glow of solutions of radioactive elements. Then came the Theory of Relativity which Cerenkov used to explain that glow. The correct designation of this glow is Curie effect or Curie-Cerenkov effect, not the popular Cerenkov effect.

@ShakySpaceYT Жыл бұрын

Amazing video as always! Love your stuff. Its the right amount of complexity and explanation! Keep it up :)

@MacNif Жыл бұрын

Best Channel on YT

@NewsBytesOnYouTube Жыл бұрын

I saw a neutrino once. It was playing the keyboards for Hawkwind. I would have thought it strange, but the quark was on bass. I 💖 magic mushrooms.

@FleshWizard69420 Жыл бұрын

Damn I just fell straight in the black hole

@joshyoung1440 Жыл бұрын

Me: ICECUBE... International Cosmic Exploration... uhm... ...? Matt: it's a literal ice cube Me: oh

@zacharywong483 Жыл бұрын

Spectacular video, Spacetime team! Brilliant and understandable explanations, Matt! Beautifully illustrative visuals! And that was a pretty funny mention of Ice Cube a bit after 3:09

@deusexaethera Жыл бұрын

Is the neutronium contained in neutron stars dense enough to stop a large percentage of neutrinos passing through? Or do they worm through even that stuff?

@monkeeseemonkeedoo3745 Жыл бұрын

Total guess based on the video. I think so, there would be many collisions of neutrinos with matter within the star, even though any individual collision is very unlikely, the sheer number of neutrinos makes collisions inevitable. The combined effect points radially out, with gravity holding the collapsed core together, while the outward force takes the outer layers with it.

@deusexaethera Жыл бұрын

@@monkeeseemonkeedoo3745 : I was asking about percentages, not absolute numbers of collisions.

@refathbari5690 Жыл бұрын

This is amazing. Does this have any relation to the holographic principle by any chance? Perhaps that would reveal more information about black holes?

@subliminalvibes Жыл бұрын

As someone who makes holograms at home, I have believed for some time that entangled particles skipping off the event horizon must surely contain more information than we assume. I think you're on to something, but I'm not well studied on the subject and I speak with no authority or assurance, I'm sorry.

@user-ud4no1fr5c Жыл бұрын

Did my PhD on dark matter detection using neutrino telescopes. I want to add something here that I may or may not have missed. The more energetic the neutrino the more likely it is to interact. As such for these telescopes the neutrinos generated from the Sun are not problematic as they are never detected. There is also an energy cutoff where if the neutrino is energetic enough, it can't pass through earth at all (if my memory doesn't betray me, the energy needs to be over 1 TeV). Also, due to the extreme energies we are looking at, removing atmospheric neutrinos from the data is easily done by rejecting events in the detector that are down-going versus up-going. There is also other experiments doing the same but from the northern hemisphere, like ANTARES and their expansion KM3NET. They are very complimentary, ANTARES/KM3NET have better angular resolution, but ICECUBE is generally more sensitive (this is a very rough simplification and depends on several factors).

@kukulroukul4698 Жыл бұрын

there MUST be a neutrino HIGHWAY somewhere around our galaxy ... i wonder what kind of energies would pass thru there

@markhuebner7580 Жыл бұрын

Thanks! Great perspective on neutrinos and ICE Cube!

@zirize Жыл бұрын

11:56 why 10 times, not 1000 times?

@garethdean6382 Жыл бұрын

The detector's volume is increasing to 10 cubic kilometers, NOT a cube 10km a side. The volume is increasing tenfold, not a thousand. The video's illustration is incorrect.

@zirize Жыл бұрын

@@garethdean6382 I see. thank you.

@seanurquhart3179 Жыл бұрын

Seeing 2.75m subs to this gives me some small, tiny, shred of hope for humanity. Don't get me wrong, we're still so definitely screwed, but it helps mask it a little. Thank you for inspiring people to learn about the universe. It's deeply appreciated.

@michaelsommers2356 Жыл бұрын

_"Don't get me wrong, we're still so definitely screwed, ..."_ That's what people have been saying since our distant ancestors climbed down from the trees.

@capjus Жыл бұрын

The animations are so awesome and the explanations.. this makes the topic so exciting to watch

@markhutchison8343 Жыл бұрын

Love your videos. Keep me interested without melting my brain (OK... It melts my brain a little). Keep up the good work!

@NeonVisual Жыл бұрын

I love private interwebz access

@dahleno2014 Жыл бұрын

I love cheese

@NeonVisual Жыл бұрын

@@dahleno2014 mmm internet cheese

@bobbobington5106 Жыл бұрын

I am thankful for pbs this thanksgiving

@GunthJuh Жыл бұрын

Breathtaking video, very high quality content. Must be a wonder to work on such research project !

@boohbehr Жыл бұрын

First?

@NewMessage Жыл бұрын

Seeing things that by definition can't be seen, by catching things that can't be caught. Physics, man... Whew.

@Robert-qw9hp Жыл бұрын

Great tutorial, I can finally see the black holes in my back yard clearly, thank you!

@d00mf00d Жыл бұрын

PBS space time is such a wholesome all around great channel we watch it as a family every new upload!

@aggonzalezdc Жыл бұрын

This project is based at University of Wisconsin Madison! I can't say I had anything to do with IceCube other than having labs in the same building they built the detectors. But they were awesome!

@JoseCastillo-wx6jd Жыл бұрын

Excellent video. Keep the hard work.

@CaptainKirk01 Жыл бұрын

Thank you sir! wonderful information.

@homerodysseus4203 Жыл бұрын

So refreshing to see so many people interested in quantum physics! At this time, this video is a mere 5 hours from it's conception. Yet, there are over 67k views and 295 comments

@grandlotus1 Жыл бұрын

Sooo Beautiful. Much Thanks!

@IncompleteTheory Жыл бұрын

Really stunning anmations this time!

@isacaaron Жыл бұрын

Amazing video! I can't believe I had not heard about the scientific Ice Cube before

@zdhanse Жыл бұрын

Drooling 🤤🤤 another lovely cocktail of cutting edge science and story telling (and video) by #PBSSpacetime

@r1nger81 Жыл бұрын

Fascinating. The suspense and wonder created by the slowly developing images produced by the neutrino detector conveys a sense of childlike curiosity. Working on this project must be quite rewarding!!

@corrosiongod Жыл бұрын

Might be cold and a bit isolated lol. Bring a coat and a teddy bear.

@ldcent8482 Жыл бұрын

Have you considered using a de-esser on that mic? I hadn't noticed it in previous episodes, but you've got some P-oppy P-losives and clicky T-ransients in this one (11:26). Good stuff as always :) cheers!

@Zamicol Жыл бұрын

Great episode. Thank you.

@CultureIsKey Жыл бұрын

I am finally at the point of being a PBS SpaceTime viewer where with each upload, I have previously seen the previous videos that Matt references. Finally, I do not need to source out to several other videos to put the larger picture together. It’s all piecing together much quicker. Her Einstein would’ve been fond of this channel, I’m sure

@TucsonDude Жыл бұрын

Only if he had Hendrik Lorentz explaining it to him in elementary terms.

@stevecowwmedia4903 Жыл бұрын

As always, great stuff

@CarletonTorpin Жыл бұрын

I love this video’s Patreon reward/ recognition.

@ilkoderez601 Жыл бұрын

Very informative episode!

@frun Жыл бұрын

That's so interesting, it gives hope for the detection of Superbradyons.

@robbabcock_ Жыл бұрын

Terrific stuff, as usual!

@SergeiKotikov 10 ай бұрын

Heyy! It's BTA at 14:02! I was there last year - lived in that little square building with a yellow roof. Fascinating observatory!

@frankharr9466 Жыл бұрын

That is insanely cool. I'm looking forward to when they can start coming to conclusions.

@xgozulx Жыл бұрын

the episode was amazing, but i have to point out the animation at 11:30, wow, it was so cool

@ivanelrino Жыл бұрын

One of your best videos. Wow.

@Erik-pu4mj Жыл бұрын

Learning about Cherenkov radiation made me absolutely giddy. It's physics I more or less understand, but it such a cool case! Honestly, I'll geek out about any photon 'shockwaves,' like the plasma density waves in the early universe. Reminds me how cool physics is, despite the dismal undergraduate experience.