I tested EVERY graphics card on a Raspberry Pi!

Рет қаралды 223,971

Күн бұрын

Thanks to JLCPCB for sponsoring this video! jlcpcb.com/?from=Jeff
1-8 Layer PCBs for only $2, free assembly for 1-20 Layer PCBs, and new users can get $54 coupons!
Also mentioned:
- The open source Pi4GPU project: github.com/geerlingguy/pi4gpu
- See ALL the gory details for every graphics card: pipci.jeffgeerling.com/#gpus-...
- Video from Captains Workspace (4090 size joke): • Testing the Nvidia RTX...
- Video from LTT (ASRock Rack M2_VGA): • THIS is a Graphics Car...
- Video about getting GPUs working from last year: • It took me TWO YEARS t...
- Video about the Petabyte Pi Project: • The Petabyte Pi Project
- Thanks to Lambda Labs for sending the RTX 8000: lambdalabs.com
- Contact Mirek from Mirkotronics for PCB Design: pcb@mirkotronics.pl
Support me on Patreon: / geerlingguy
Sponsor me on GitHub: github.com/sponsors/geerlingguy
Merch: redshirtjeff.com
2nd Channel: / geerlingengineering
#RaspberryPi #Sponsored
Contents:
00:00 - Plug the computer into the GPU
00:42 - The Widow Maker
01:28 - How we made the PCB
02:07 - First boot!
02:59 - Not-so-cool - AMD flops
04:00 - Nobody asked, Intel
04:53 - Thank the makers!
05:49 - The RTX 8000 - perfect for the Pi?
06:53 - So. Many. Cards.
07:20 - Wait... it worked???
07:43 - Why is it so hard? Featuring my Only Fans
08:26 - How about a little M2_VGA?
09:09 - I'm not insane! (maybe)

Пікірлер: 630

@Summer-xu8qu Жыл бұрын

Jeff you really never waste a single opportunity to show us your onlyfans do you

@tatsuuuuuu Жыл бұрын

First time i see this channel. Gotta say the humor is top tier

@cv990a4 Жыл бұрын

Wondering how his wife feels about this. Half the fun of this channel is watching Jeff tilt at windmills. I wonder if Cervantes is his middle name.

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

My wife doesn't understand anything that I do. But she is happy it makes an income lol

@scudsturm1 Жыл бұрын

some girls do understand electronics but these are rare, but if u find one u are going to have the best time together if both are nerds

@bcastroalves Жыл бұрын

@@JeffGeerling Same here! 😂

@crashatau Жыл бұрын

I think we forget that companies like AMD, Intel, Nvidia, 3dfx etc were founded by people who at one point or another were told "that's not possible" and likely responded with "hold my beverage". 100 hours for a text console via VGA, that's progress! Thank you for your hard work Jeff!

@AlyssaNguyen Жыл бұрын

Is that before or after being told that beverages aren't allowed in labs? 😂

@SquirrelTheorist Жыл бұрын

@@AlyssaNguyen They drink in the laminar-flow anti-static room.

@theofficialquicksilver Жыл бұрын

Jeff is probably the only guy to mess with GPU drivers just to use 3k GPU on a raspberry pi. Big respect to you and anyone involved in that ptoject! :)

@rcoder-dev Жыл бұрын

5:57 "I'm a professional... Sometimes" - Jeff Geerling, 2023 Better add that to a shirt lol.

@JaikrishnaAdithya Жыл бұрын

Yeah could be a new merch!!!

@pcislocked Жыл бұрын

definitely

@MadMathMike Жыл бұрын

I would wear that in a heartbeat!

@MarcoGPUtuber Жыл бұрын

I plug my computer into the Internet to watch Jeff Geerling

@JaikrishnaAdithya Жыл бұрын

Hey hi again Ive seen you in hardware haven's channel!!

@MarcoGPUtuber Жыл бұрын

@@JaikrishnaAdithya Yup! I'm the guy who sent him the Asustor NAS.

@densidste9137 Жыл бұрын

Does Jeff do other videos than shilling pocket size print boards ?

@altosack Жыл бұрын

I still plug the internet into my computer.

@harriska Жыл бұрын

@@altosack just beat me

@Demorthus Жыл бұрын

"then I decided we needed a custom PCB bracket, and his friend Adam fabricated it", sheesh who doesn't Mirek know?? 😂 Casually, builds a pcb, knows a person for lasering the art on it, knows a person for fabricating the bracket.. Don't stop now 🙌🏼🤣

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

Next thing you know I'll need a custom SoC and he'll have some other friend fab it!

@greggv8 Жыл бұрын

@@JeffGeerling I'd like to see someone design a SBC PC/XT clone with 2 DOS compatible USB ports, a PS/2 port, 2 DE9 RS232C ports, and VGA out. What to use for a case? The shell of a dead Netgear GS108 ProSafe 8 port Gigabit Switch. In place of the 8x Ethernet ports on the back there's room for the list of ports above, and the power connector is already through the opposite side of the switch. Give it hardware LIM EMS 4.0 and max out that RAM. Have it boot off an EMMC hooked up with XTIDE, with support for USB 1.44M floppy drives. Being able to boot from small USB flash drives would also be a good thing. Why? Industrial / CNC control replacement. I have a ProLight PLM 2000 benchtop mill and the only software ever made for it runs in MS-DOS and needs EMS RAM to load gcode into. The mill is controlled via RS232C. The second serial port would be for the touchscreen on an ELO 800x600 industrial monitor I have. I expect there are plenty of other old things that need EMS RAM but newer PC systems with a ton of built in peripherals have the UMA too fragmented, with no contiguous 64K free space nor a total of 64K or if there is 64K available it's fragmented into chunks too small for LIM 4.0 or any 3rd party EMS software to piece together. The Netgear GS108 case is heavy steel, has a pair of 3-way mounting slots on its bottom, the case opens up with a pair of screws - even when mounted to a wall, it has four PCB mounting holes inside, it has a large opening in the back exactly the size of 8 Ethernet ports in a row, and it's dark blue. It's as if Netgear designed it perfectly to house an 8088 SBC or other SBC - as long as you choose the port assortment carefully.

@CommanderBenjaroonie Жыл бұрын

I'd love to see some gaming on the Ampere + 4090 rig, if possible! Been waiting for more people to make impractical ARM gaming rigs for years

@Ghfvhvfg Жыл бұрын

@Wotzinator ampere is so overkill it makes actual sense

@mikeschmitty4438 Жыл бұрын

7:58 the only time a man can say those words on the internet and its totally G rated, you go Jeff

@FindlayOsborn Жыл бұрын

This stuff is well above my pay grade, but it’s interesting to hear it all explained.

@dh2032 Жыл бұрын

the logical next step is just diching PC, just making do with GPU graphic card, a graphic card, I/o port, keyboard/mouse, Usb ports, and something to how to add a power source, and that a full circle, the first PC didn't have graphic card, and the latest pc going to be only a graphic card?

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

Nvidia also makes 'DPU' cards, which are basically their own (very expensive) multi-core ARM CPUs on a network card. Pair that with a dedicated GPU and it's kinda the same thing, but with 100 Gbps Ethernet and a looooot higher price.

@KameraShy Жыл бұрын

My pay grade is Walmart, but still enjoy watching.

@SquirrelTheorist Жыл бұрын

@@KameraShy Same! I felt so bad when he mentioned the "older" 3080Ti, which I just bought haha. Also, fellow cameraShy person, I feel that.

@hiddendrifts Жыл бұрын

completely unrelated, but i thought you said "gay prade" or smth for a moment

@niklasxl Жыл бұрын

cant wait for the next video, that daughter board on the motherboard looks really interesting, as well as it being arm also :D

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

It is a beast of a machine. Lots of fun will be had with it!

@BittenHand19 Жыл бұрын

“Some people would be discouraged, not me. I think I have a problem” spoke to my very soul sir

@ronniedude0000 Жыл бұрын

Jeff finally upgraded the vent register in his office to look nice and not require that piece of paper. Congratulations @jeff

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

You noticed! :D

@reidster87 Жыл бұрын

@@JeffGeerling Why do I want to call it OnlyVent now?

@mjc0961 Жыл бұрын

I saw that too. For whatever weird reason I always want to look at it and see if it's still covered or if he finally decided screw it and left it uncovered. And, BAM! It's different. I look at it more because he called it out that one time 😂

@ianwalsh3868 Жыл бұрын

Every Pi graphics card video gets closer and closer to being functional, and every Pi graphics video on the Geerling channel is the first thing I watch when I open youtube!

@mikeschmitty4438 Жыл бұрын

"I've been on a mission ... a stupid mission, but a mission none the less" These words are usually at the start of something great, thats what i keep telling my girlfriend. Keep on doing these missions and I will keep clicking that thumbs up!

@pabilgamesch9486 Жыл бұрын

I really didn’t expected you to pull out the ARC… You really didn’t joke about the „Widow Maker“ 😅

@TAGMedia7 Жыл бұрын

I just wanted to say I absolutely love your videos. They're well-produced and always engaging!

@fookingsog Жыл бұрын

Red Shirt Jeff gotta be chortling in glee over this exercise in futility!!! 🤭

@anon_y_mousse Жыл бұрын

I, and I'm sure others too, appreciate your work. Who knows, one day we could have numerous choices again for desktop computers running a wide variety of processors. Next thing you know, MIPS will make a comeback and be in millions of desktop computers.

@Wordsnwood Жыл бұрын

Weirdos of the world, unite! I nominate Jeff for Supreme Recompiler.

@dmacpher Жыл бұрын

There is a resizable bar joke in here somewhere

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

Hehe someone remembers the first GPU on Pi video!

@dmacpher Жыл бұрын

@@JeffGeerling 🤫

@eccodreams Жыл бұрын

Glad to see you're doing well Jeff! Fun video as always.

@grantclark4139 Жыл бұрын

Glad to see you feeling better Jeff, always love seeing a new video from you!

@adamkelly2256 Жыл бұрын

Thanks for being true to your crazy obsession, man. We need more people like you. Also, best beginner description of PCI memory mapping ever!

@ahmadkamamji3254 11 ай бұрын

I really like your videos Jeff , in fact I'm really stunned from this high quality videos , if u don't mind I'm really interested to know more about your experience in IT and electronics , so can u make a video on that ? explaining what theory have u studied to do all of this and thanks for your hard work to make these videos great!

@23lkjdfjsdlfj Жыл бұрын

I really enjoy what you do on this channel!

@eXsoR65 Жыл бұрын

Awesome video Jeff! Projects like this will continue to push the envelope on ARM PC’s. I really believe ARM architecture is the feature of computers and servers

@OliverAllpress Жыл бұрын

Jeff really love your content. This was a good one! The raspberry pi foundation need to see this! 🙂

@alisaraeb7973 Жыл бұрын

thank you it would be a great idea to try to use this approach to build a riser card especially for old workstations

@CaleGlisson Жыл бұрын

This is how plug'n'play expands. Thanks for all your effort!

@AFE-GmdG Жыл бұрын

I don't envy you at all for your hard work. It gets absolutely crazy when the graphics output works for the first time.

@liarus Жыл бұрын

if you get this working i know some very specific uses where having a low power computer with a huge powerhouse for compute (such as a gpu) would be insanely useful, amazing work as always jeff !

@einsteinx2 Жыл бұрын

Hahahaha I love that you have an “only fans” box 😂

@limelead Жыл бұрын

You’ve proven to genuinely be a madman, and in doing so you’ve earned yourself a subscription. Superb work!

@samiraperi467 Жыл бұрын

From a Post-it note to a PCB is like image enhance in cop series.

@DarkLinkAD Жыл бұрын

I hope you do this and more Risc videos in the future. I dont know if Risc is the answer but I love the idea that on a hardware/firmware/software w/e level, I might have a device or phone that my kid isnt being monitored on by strangers.

@heighRick Жыл бұрын

Thanks Jeff, helps a lot!

@HardwareHaven Жыл бұрын

I'm at a point where I don't know what's better... Your videos or your titles/thumbnails? I genuinely laugh at most of them at this point.

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

Hehe. I think some other commenter had asked about a collaboration on some sort of Ansible or Kubernetes related content... I'm game if you're ever up to it (maybe just a zoom chat, or whatever). I honestly don't get around to those topics as much anymore but it'd be fun to

@HardwareHaven Жыл бұрын

@@JeffGeerling Yes yes and a couple more yesses. Hahahaha

@MaxRabin Жыл бұрын

I don't remember the last time I laughed so much. Informative but especially entertaining!!!!😅

@LunaWuna Жыл бұрын

I absolutely love this series and its also how I found this channel :P

@kelvintai5748 Жыл бұрын

Thank you for all the effort !

@pendragonscode Жыл бұрын

Mr geerling! Excellent video as always!!!

@Badg0r Жыл бұрын

Good video Ed. There's still a delay on my reolink Doorbell. But my TP-Link c200's work well.

@vincei4252 Жыл бұрын

I won't lie the OnlyFans joke made me laugh.

@balazsfitz7517 Жыл бұрын

Thanks Jeff, this was the most riveting video I have seen about how something _doesn’t work_ … 😂

@reggiep75 Жыл бұрын

This is some fine tech madness. There needs to be more of it! 🤘😂

@edwardhartmann1798 Жыл бұрын

Seeing you still trying this after 2 years of effort, I'm honestly halfway tempted to get a pci-e adapter to try the particularly unholy combo of an AMD GPU on my Jetson nano. Hopefully that doesn't turn out to be a ritual for summoning the dark lord... or red shirt Jeff for that matter.

@MaxPrehl Жыл бұрын

Might summon a mad leather-jacket wearing CEO

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

hahaha

@MaxPrehl Жыл бұрын

WHAT A TEASE JEFF OMG CAN'T WAIT TO SEE THE ARM WORKSTATION BEAST

@AdRandy Жыл бұрын

"This is a Quadro RTX 800, a high-end GPU meant for professional graphics work." "I'm a professional...sometimes...and I try making graphics work" 🤣 I'm dead.

@kevf1029 Жыл бұрын

Thank you Jeff. It is amazing to see cool progress on getting the gpu to load on pi! Is there a way I can sponsor this project specifically? I have been following you for this project for about 3 years now. Love it and am more than grateful that you shared your process!! I tried to make it work when I was a kid and stopped it after a few months trials :( . would LOVEEEEE to see more content on this journey !!!!

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

I'm planning on pausing the work until I have more of a breakthrough on one of the other Arm boards, or whenever the next Pi generation comes out. As with all other things though, sponsorship through Patreon or GitHub Sponsors is always appreciated ;) I am planning on doing more Arm testing on the Ampere Altra shown right at the end of this video too!

@kevf1029 Жыл бұрын

@@JeffGeerling ah make sense! Absolutely. Cannt wait to see more Arm testing🤩 Ampere Altra is so power efficient!

@lhl Жыл бұрын

Neat project! Just in case anyone stumbles on this not as an ARM/RPi enthusiast, but more interested in using a modern ginormous modern GPU to the smallest SBC possible for ... reasons, the DFI GHF51 or Premio CT-NR101 are 1.8" SBCs that run Ryzen Embedded R1000 (this is basically a Raven Ridge, or equivalent to a Ryzen 2000 mobile class APU) and both have PCIe Gen2 Mini PCIe (of course, since these GPUs are >4" wide, you could easily put a 3.5" or 4" board underneath, which are a dime a dozen).

@jaisalahmadullah9735 Жыл бұрын

Superb work

@user-cx6rg6mr7d Жыл бұрын

cannot wait to see you make it work!

@TommyGx69 Жыл бұрын

I guess no one appreciated that, but as a dad-pun connaisseur, you deserve a medal for the "only fans" box

@microlinux Жыл бұрын

Great video Jeff

@AshleySteel Жыл бұрын

Please keep pushing Jeff, I want hardware transcoding on my Pi!

@CaptainsWorkspace Жыл бұрын

Thats a lot of messing around, love these technical yet funny videos. :D

@Combatwhombat Жыл бұрын

Keep it up man!

@hoxorious Жыл бұрын

Amazing video as always. Could you please make more videos about Kubernetes or Ansible? Thanks 🙏

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

I will likely sprinkle in some Ansible here and there, but right now I don't have plans on another series quite yet.

@criggie Жыл бұрын

Quinn Dunki came up with one response ... "If you have to ask `why?` then perhaps this isn't the channel for you"

@IngwiePhoenix Жыл бұрын

I wish I had those kinds of friends. xD Been wanting to turn my N-Gage QD into a tiny little gamepad/keypad and put something useful on the screen. But I am stuck in the first step to that, making a PCB xD. Been loving the GPU on Pi journey and looking forward to what comes out of this in the end!

@djedUVprojector Жыл бұрын

Wishing you a speedy recovery Jeff. These vids answer a question I've had since the launch of Pi's in 2012. Why doesn't Upton just add a little mini PCi slot for bespoke graphics chips? You've shown why it's not quite so simple...

@codebulletin Жыл бұрын

Hey I Just Got a Raspberry PI CM4 and i use it to host all kinds of stuff thanks to you i bought this :)

@tacokoneko Жыл бұрын

i am just so happy you did this so i can shut down anyone who says "you cant use any graphics card on a raspberry pi" and also shut down NVIDIA fanboys because it's an AMD card family that works because of open source drivers and because AN AMD ENGINEER HELPED.

@AlanBowker Жыл бұрын

Lol. Good luck with this project. As insane as it might sound, it helps to make Linux devices more viable as a whole. I don't dabble with Linux much at the present, but it's always awesome to see the hard work people are putting into it. Keep up the great work.

@bpmunroe Жыл бұрын

A stupid mission, but a mission nonetheless. Nice! Glad to see you looking and sounding better, Jeff. Hope you are feeling good.

@marcianoacuerda Жыл бұрын

I’m subscribed and I want to know what was at the end now, this cliffhanger is going to kill me 😅

@JohnMitchellCalif Жыл бұрын

That is the stupidest, most ridiculous project I've ever seen. ... I'm hooked! Would *love* to see the next episode! Beer to you and your crazy friends.

@lorenzo.roncato1188 Жыл бұрын

Love this video! What about the scales you are using? Where can I buy it?

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

That was a food scale I bought years ago I think from Walmart. Not sure if that model is sold anymore :(

@mistersmith489 Жыл бұрын

I don't know what you do or how you do it but thank you for doing it.

@AndrewHelgeCox Жыл бұрын

Yes, the Adlink ARM Ampere Workstation will run the 4090 because it is advertised as having RTX support.

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

I don't know if the 4090 was certified on it or not yet, though - right now Nvidia is doing per-card certifications. But hopefully it will be easy to get it going!

@phpnotasp Жыл бұрын

I now need a shirt that says "I'm a professional...sometimes" :D

@Jerms2pimp4u Жыл бұрын

I mean this in the most sincere and well meaning way possible - your content gives me PBS or Public Access vibes. It’s very intelligent and rustic in a way that reminds me of the random This Old House episodes my dad would watch on Sunday morning in the summer when nothing else was on. It’s a very nostalgic thing

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

I looooove This Old House (and used to watch them with my Dad too).

@cozy_kat Жыл бұрын

I spot an AVA system at the end. Have fun with those Ampere PCIe quirks!

@JoeSpeed Жыл бұрын

I love the surprise cameo appearance at the end🤩

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

Been spending a lot of quality time with that thing... ;)

@CheapBastard1988 Жыл бұрын

That logo is absolutely awesome.

@ShinyTechThings Жыл бұрын

Totally SICK!

@maharudar723 11 ай бұрын

I smiled. That was my first reaction upon seeing the thumbnail. Maybe it's just good mood. But when he mentioned 'The Widowmaker' 😂, I can safely say with his sense if humor (also evident from his expressions), he can survive his wife. Awesome content though😊😊!

@HayzerX Жыл бұрын

Need KZfaq algorithm to spot this video asap! Great work!

@TheMchip Жыл бұрын

totally loved this video !!!!!!!!

@-ColorMehJewish- Жыл бұрын

8:00 --- "Small Only-Fans box" you say? I had a completely diff picture in my head at first 😆

@yunodiewtf Жыл бұрын

Legit the first sponsor link I'm clicking on youtube. Gonna have my peasant-level payment gateway orange pi HATs made by them.

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

It seems like it's often a tossup between PCBWay and JLCPCB for a lot of small prototype projects. I honestly need to spend a bit more time on PCB design, then I hope to make a video on that aspect!

@yunodiewtf Жыл бұрын

@@JeffGeerling Welp good luck with that! And I sure hope going from two layer no metalization no silk no print soviet technology pcbs they offere locally to JLC gonna be amazing

@angst_ Жыл бұрын

I think one time you made a "yo dlg I heard you like..." joke once and now every time I see you hold something up next to your face I think of that Xzibit picture. Also, you hold those graphics cards just like people in McDonalds commercials hold big macs!

@RedneckSwede Жыл бұрын

Can Jeff solve this raspberry enigma before we ever get to see GTA 6? OH, and will it possibly be able to run it?!

@RK-ly5qj Жыл бұрын

oooh nice to see product from my country xD Cheers from Poland :D

@MGThePro Жыл бұрын

About intel, they are currently working on a new kernel driver for their latest GPUs called "Xe", I'm not sure if that works on ARM but it might be worth trying. Keep in mind though that to make any use of that (if it even compiles and boots) you need to also compile mesa with a few unmerged merge requests

@MGThePro Жыл бұрын

@Wotzinator Xe is the name for their current graphics architecture used in modern iGPUs as well as Arc, previously known as Gen 12. Now they're also calling their kernel driver Xe. The Xe kernel driver is supposed to supposed to replace i915. Phoronix has a few articles on the changes

@MGThePro Жыл бұрын

@Wotzinator If you're interested in using it for gaming on linux, I can't really recommend it atm. Most games that I tried wouldn't boot at all, and the vulkan driver is missing some critical features to properly support vkd3d, and last time I checked there hasn't been any progress on this in months. I had an A750 for a few days but actually returned it for that reason. For desktop use and media encoding/decoding it's great though, pretty much everything worked ootb (although I only tested wayland, not xorg)

@OK-tb8tm Жыл бұрын

3:50 LTT sponsor moment I got mini heart attack

@firemarshal1bill Жыл бұрын

That's a fancy looking HVAC vent you got there!

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

Haha you noticed! I might post a short about it later.

@OurPlayTime Жыл бұрын

Thanks Jeff!

@arturschuch 3 ай бұрын

Can you make a GPU mining inside the raspeberry pi? this was my curiosity when I got into this channel, great videos by the way.

@crschoen123 Жыл бұрын

I love the raspberry coloring sheet!

@rikwisselink-bijker Жыл бұрын

Your troll pronunciation of Ti was hilarious, thank you 😊

@lis6502 Жыл бұрын

5:30 when i hear "Poland" and "his friend Adam" in context of machining metals my first thought always is and will be Adam Maszynotwór, amirite ;d

@PsRohrbaugh Жыл бұрын

I bought an a770 both to support Intel and because it has amazing hardware AV1 encoding. I am happy with it for the price.

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

This is the way.

@FaultyStreams Жыл бұрын

Another fantastic video! Jokes on point. Into on point.

@Silundan Жыл бұрын

I was gonna rant about the tilted ARC sticker, but thinking about the product itself, it fits.🙏🙏🙏

@battalll Жыл бұрын

amazing mission, i really like that. idk why but things like this, makes me so fullfilled and happy. ex i once tried booting linux and running applications on a old television hardware. i wasn't successfull but it was fun. if i happen to do that i would be really proud.

@stewiex Жыл бұрын

You deserve way more followers. It won't be long before you are breaking the millions.

@alexlandherr Жыл бұрын

Maybe someone can get to work on a setup that uses some GPU + CM4 as HW-accelerated Plex or Jellyfin server?

@JeffGeerling Жыл бұрын

That's my ongoing motivation to get more IP blocks working on these older cards - they can do H.264 transcoding a lot easier than the Pi itself, and they're pretty cheap ... that is, if I can get one to work!

@sayanthapa0707 5 ай бұрын

Jeff you say what would people say "you spend 100's of hours on nothing but just a small video output" you should say i do all this kind of experiments because its fun and this gives you more and more knowledge and makes you intelligent more and more i would spend my life into this kinda projects but yes i would do something to earn for my living but 90%of my time i would spend doing like this i love your videos and when i watch your video i feel like i am making and doing that projects. Keep posting whatever projects you're working on just make sure its all about engineering.