Sadly...oh yes.

this is literally me

This. Also classmates taking up valuable lecture time and putting the professor off with their own anecdotes. God I hate my class this semester. GREAT VIDEO!

Me😂😂😂😂😭

I feel the same way. Urgh! I have been trying to comprehend what's on my notes and my lecturers voice record but to no avail. These videos are quite handy.

Me too😂 s4

Same 🤣🙌🏻

same😭

me tooooo

Which year ?

@@mazenshawamra9181 Master linguistics

Good for you , good luck

Thanks for watching, and I'm glad you enjoyed that film. It is indeed haunting!

2:15they they are either one or the other and they fail the kind of test so you can either be alive or dead you can't really say something is kind of alive or kind of dead never mind all the zombies that you've • 2:30seen in movies if you think about the meaning of something as a living being it's either alive or it's dead similarly somebody could either be married or unmarried you're either one or the other there is no kind of • 2:45in-between it's not a graded category those are non￾gradable antonyms next we can talk about hypotony and hypotonomy is when the meaning of one form is actually included in the meaning of a larger other form so • 3:00for example a daisy is a hyponym of flour a carrot is a hyponym of vegetable aspen is a hyponym of tree a cat is a hyponym of a vomit maker these are all examples of the meaning • 3:15of one word being included in the meaning of a larger category now we can next talk about homophony and homophony are forms that sound the exact same and that's what the word means homo as in same and • 3:30phone same sound but they are actually spelled differently and they have very unrelated meanings so we could talk about c the c is in the body of water and we could talk about c as in the action that you perform with the eyes to look we could also talk • 3:45about bear as in being naked and we could talk about bear as in the creature that you don't want to encounter in the woods these are homophones these are often confused with homo nyms so that means same name homonym • 4:00so homonyms are forms that sound the same and they are spelled the same but they have unrelated meanings so for example consider the word uh bank as in the side of a river and bank as in a financial institution • 4:15they spell this they're spelled the same they sound the same but they have very unrelated meanings we could also talk about a pen as in a writing instrument and a pen as in a small enclosed space where we might keep livestock or unruly children in both of those

4:30examples again we're talking about forms that are the exact same they're spelled the same they sound the same but unrelated meanings now we could talk about polysemy and polysimi has to do with words • 4:45that are the same they they're spelled the same they sound the same but they have related meanings often based on metaphor so for example consider the foot as in an anatomical part but we could also • 5:00talk about the foot of a table or the foot of a mountain so using the metaphor here of the anatomical part that's sort of the start the source for us to understand that it's the part of the table that's holding the rest of the table up • 5:15or the same thing with a mountain similarly we could talk about a mole as in the mammal that burrows underground spends most of its life in the subterranean environment and we could also talk about a mole as in a spy or somebody who's been planted for the purpose of • 5:30espionage that's sort of using a metaphorical relationship with the animal because it is a mole as in a human being a spy is perceived as being hidden or unseen that's polysemy the pali • 5:45meaning many and seem meaning meaning so many meanings next we could talk about metonymy and metonymy is really interesting because it's a big category but it's really the idea that you're referring to one thing • 6:00based on some close relationship to another thing and this could be in terms of association like for example when a server says table 14 needs water of course table 14 doesn't need anything it's an inanimate object • 6:15but it is used to refer to the customer who is seated at that table they're the ones who need water so it's based on association but we could also talk about metonymy in terms of referring to a container to talk about the contents like when for example i say i ate the • 6:30whole bag i didn't literally eat the bag if i did i wouldn't be making this video i would be in the hospital so i'm just referring to bag to talk about the container the chips that

are inside of it for example but we could also talk about metonymy in • 6:45terms of a part whole relationship where for example a captain might say on a boat all hands on deck that means that the people themselves they have to go up and do work they have to be on deck but we're just picking out one salient feature of the • 7:00human being the hand to refer to the whole body so incidentally that last example of a part whole relationship is often called synecdoche and many scholars treat metonymy and • 7:15synecdoche as two separate ideas and also incidentally if you're really interested in seeing a great example of synecdoche on film i encourage you to watch synecdoche new york it's a fantastic movie and it really provides a cinematic display of this concept of a part whole • 7:30relationship and i think philip seymour hoffman's hoffman's best role anyway i digress so now let's talk about confidential analysis componential analysis involves analyzing the meaning of words based on • 7:45certain identifiable semantic features so for example we can take the word bird and we can assign a number of semantic features to it based on what we see in the real world that for example birds have feathers they may sing songs • 8:00and they can fly this is not an exact exhaustive list of course it's just a really short and simple list but this is probably what we most identify with birds right so this is really useful for differentiating the meaning of the word • 8:15bird to compare compared to other critters in the animal kingdom such as a dog because a dog has none of these things but this approach is not without its problems so as you may have noticed there is a reliance here on binary categorization • 8:30and that means that something either is or is not a member of a category and that's kind of a problem because while a robin may sing songs it may have feathers and it may fly what about a penguin a penguin has none of these things yet

8:45we still call it a bird so this actually brings us to prototype theory which addresses some of the problems with confidential analysis prototype theory addresses some of the problems with componential analysis namely its reliance on binary semantic • 9:00features because prototype theory instead looks at meaning as a lot of gray area it's a scaled idea here so it's not as if something either is or is not a member of a category it's • 9:15whether or not something is or is not a best representation of that category so all of this really started back in the 1970s with the work of eleanor roche who revolutionized the figure the field of cognitive psychology and semantics in linguistics • 9:30by looking at meaning in this way rather than in terms of a traditional uh aristotelian or coming from aristotle approach in which something either is or is not a member of a category so now we can return to this example of • 9:45a bird and not look at it in terms of its semantic features but look at it from a prototype perspective and we can do this through a brief thought experiment so if i ask you what is your birdiest bird that might sound like a strange question • 10:00but i am not asking what is your favorite bird rather i'm asking when i say the word bird what type of bird appears in your mind now depending on who you are and your immediate environment you might say • 10:15a robin or a sparrow a hawk perhaps an eagle but you're not likely to say a penguin or an emu an ostrich or a roadrunner all of those are of course birds but they don't readily possess the • 10:30qualities that we tend to identify with most birds so some represent some types of birds are better representations of that category than others and this is the idea of prototype theory that there are some representatives that • 10:45are better for that category than others similarly i could ask you what is your fruitiest fruit another weird question right but i'm not asking your favorite fruit but when i say fruit what type of fruit appears in your mind for most people or well depending on

11:00where you are raised but most americans might say an apple an orange a banana but probably you're not going to say a tomato because even though a tomato is technically a fruit it doesn't possess the quality that we • 11:15readily associate with fruit which is sweetness so again some members of a category are better representatives of that category than others so unfortunately prototype theory is not without its problems just like with confidential analysis prototype theory • 11:30really works best when we're talking about concrete objects such as birds or fruit but it's less useful when we're talking about abstract concepts such as fear and love in which a prototypical member of that category is more difficult to • 11:45conceive of still prototype theory is really useful for linguists who take especially a usage-based approach to the study of language because it acknowledges meaning as a shifting fluid thing that is also culturally determined so depending on • 12:00where you live you're going to say that your prototypical fruit or your prototypical bird is different than perhaps somebody who is living in the united states that's just based on the fruit and the birds that you see around you in your immediate environment • 12:15so it has its advantages and disadvantages but i would invite you to consider prototype theory as an improvement upon the older confidential analysis approach which was based on binary semantic • 12:30features it's more inflexible and rigid okay that's all for this video i hope that you found this useful in the meantime thank you so much for watching and i'll see you next time take care

Thanks for your kind words, Jessica. As far as I know, one has to be enrolled in a university in order to register for any class. However, it is possible that there are linguistics classes on Masterclass or similar sites. I simply don't know--sorry I can't be of more help!

Great words for such great professional professor

Hello! Platonic idealism--admittedly, a topic I don't know a lot about--is indeed related to the concept of prototypes, and I'm sure Eleanor Rosch would be able to talk more specifically about how platonic idealism formed some of the groundwork for prototype theory. I think the differences may lie in the application. That is, Platonic idealism (at least, as I understand it), exists as a philosophical concept (e.g., who we are as humans, where we come from), whereas prototype theory is intended as a psychological/psycholinguistic idea, attempting to demonstrate how we as humans make meaning from the things in the world around us. Really good question here!

It is possible I will make a video on Optimality Theory in the future, but I don't feel comfortable enough right now in my knowledge of the subject to teach it.

Hello! In short, semantics involves the study of denotational meaning. For example, when people discuss what they think a word means, they are engaging in a semantic discussion.