“ too confusing for a guy like me”. This statement summed up my whole belief. I look at you as so highly educated and honestly loves to teach…. However, there’s always room in our cranium to learn more. A person is truly ‘educated’, when they realize and admit, they don’t know something….but know when and where to get the information.

As an old rock hound, I really enjoy your videos. I had a heart attack last year, and I'm living vicariously through your work. Thanks so much for sharing this!

Enjoying these videos. You are a natural born teacher. Wonderful to hear about new series. Watching the others.

I LOVE Baja-BC stories! And I love batholiths! So I am NUTT about Baja-BC-batholiths!!! 🪨

Thank you Nick. I live along the Colorado Front Range and have enjoyed many days like this using field guides to find my way from fault to fault on azure summer days like this. Although you enjoy some very different geology in the Northwest than our stories in the Rockies, the feelings of excitement and disappointment are similar. I'll never forget the first time I spotted the thin, black basalt intrusion through Precambrian granite in Middle St. Vrain canyon, not far from here. People drive by it every day and hardly give it a notice, but for me it was like finding treasure on a map. Don't be too disappointed. I can now tell you that tomorrow you'll find that black, glistening Chiwsukum shist just laying all over a firepit that will blow your mind! Thanks for taking me on these walks up north of your home.

Newer to the channel and I'm actually watching the exotic terrain series now. Can't wait for the next series.

I just travelled to Kamloops and back to Quesnel this week and I couldn't help but think of the exotic terranes as I passed through Cache Creek. I learned so much from those early videos Nick. Many thanks

Love it 💞 Thanks Nick ❣️ (Cool 😎 sounds like we have some home work to do before the Baja BC series!)

Dr. Zintner, thank you for honestly and openly demonstrating the active process of ‘questioning’ what you already know with new possibilities of learning something new. Always question.

Nick, I really enjoy your in the field videos, it really makes me look hard at what your showing us as I was next to you. Thank you so much for these videos.

Greetings professor 👍🏼 lol, one of these days, our Patrick will be old enough, you won't have to say , sorry Patrick, anymore.😂 Much love 💐to you and yours.

Professor Zentner, hello and thank you for introducing us to Ms. Loraly at Ichty Boots! Sure hope you get to meet her on the way to Alaska and show her some of these fabulous features in Washington State!

Awesome with or without all the answers. I guess I'm too simple, but until watching all these videos it never occurred to me that geology was a constantly evolving field and theories could and would change with time and added research. In my profession as a mechanical engineer it's much more black and white, mechanical theories are mostly proven and seldom change. Calculating torque and HP doesn't change with time or projects. Also the incredible scale of the geologic theories boggles my mind regularly. It's often difficult to see in my head the true scale. Thank you for putting this information into a more simplistic form for me.

Hi Nick. I love your videos! Hey you were standing just above a whole lot of garnet filled schists when you were shooting the river shots at Tum Water canyon. Was that Swift Water Picnic pull out? There are schists along that area down by the water with garnets in them that are popping out of the rocks. My wife and I stop there often when we are going through the area and we collect garnets. 2mm-5 mm ones are very common and the sands on the river edge are loaded with great pickers eroded from the rocks and boulders found there. I just learned that you can pan for them like you would for gold as they tend to be a little more dense than other materials found there. Can’t wait to give that a try next visit. You should stop by there next time you are driving through the canyon. Thanks again for sharing your knowledge!

Thank you again Professor for having such a drive to spread the knowledge. Truly enjoy listening and learning. Can’t wait for everything you have to offer. It may seem like I’m kissing your butt but I’m not I really want you to know how much you are appreciated.

Hot dang. Glad to see you out working on this winters A to Z information. Come on November.

Yay we get to see Professor Nick and Meryl Beck gain.

I am so looking forward to this winter's series.

Thanks so much Nick at 70 my back and hips have been used up from my youth so I am no longer able to do what you can still do.. it is nice that you do this so I too can see some of the old places and the wilderness I love so much plus learn new things about this wonderful land that mexico donated to use for it's beauty... ;-) You always get me excited about learning geology.. I wish I had run into a great teacher like yourself when I was a young lad.. I might have been a geologist.. thanks Nick so very much!

Great start to new upcoming series Nick. Love your down to earth low key style that draws us in with just enough technical data to help us understand the science without over load. Will rewatch the exotic series to dust off the old memory.Your the best. Can’t wait. Love you too.

Hey Nick Zentner. Thank you for another amazing video. Love these Geology videos. Keep doing what your doing. Your an absolute legend when it comes in terms of being a Geology Professor.

Have to get my brain thinking geology again. Glad you are giving us lots of time to do that.

I want to go mountain exploring now! I'll see things in a whole different way!! Thank you! New subscriber, and totally hooked! So interesting! Thanks!

I wouldn't be able to resist the urge to pack out a few bags of those rocks to take back to the school lab.

Beautiful Country, the 'Mount Stuart Batholith' is a great story to write home about. Looking forward to more research.

Looking forward to more Baja BC and especially Michael Eddy's input. BOILER UP!

I'm impressed with the variety of rocks that make up your state. Thank you for sharing more with us.

thanks nick was fun

The other day, we watched a lecture by Shiela Alfsen on Oregon geology. During the Q and A session, someone asked about Baja BC. She said “you’ve been listening to Nick!” We cracked up.

Staurolites are also known as Fairy Crosses. They are twinned brown crystals, and are probably most often seen as exes, but ideally crosses. Yes, those pinky to brown teenies are probably garnets. Lucky you--the ones I find are the crummy black ones. Thanks, Nick for showing us some more fun rocks to explore! I look forward to more Baja-BC classes!

Thanks for the refresher. I’m getting excited again about this November. Thanks for setting a great context. It really does help to see the terrain.

Great to be out there again with you too. I've can generate enough excitement for both of us when crumbly or hard Serpentinite is involved! -Patty from Fresno.

Thank you Professor Zentner

Wish I was back in college and studying geology and with Nick would be a bonus..

Down in desert NM here, and just loving these videos

The Mt. Stuart pluton and its surrounding Terranes may have been rafted from Baja much like the Baja Peninsula is currently rafting from the Gulf of California/EPR rift/SAF; however, @90ma, the EPR/Pacific plate would’ve been way to the Southwest back then (where it is now,) and therefore, there had to have been yet another spreading ridge/ dual plate mechanism much like the EPR/JDF today. IMHO, the Farallon ended in an oceanic subduction zone, now over-ridden by NA (my guess, somewhere @present day Eastern Rocky Mtns.) This would’ve accommodated the ESE moving Farallon plate with the adjacent North to NW moving Kula plate that rifted/rafted Mt. Stuart; back then, located where @Southern Missouri/Arkansas are now, if the NA drift estimates are correct. There are examples of this mechanism @Indonesia. Right or laughingly wrong, I don’t care, it is fun to think about and try to piece these crumbs together.

Granit looks like some in the Sierra Nevada mountains nice place with such varied sites fairly close together ❤

The water is AMAZING this year!!

I just started, but it's great to see you on a hike man. I have very much been enjoying the field observations with various local geologists from your area, and the tours of your university! I like a mix though, and I also like trees:) I clicked on the video because I live in Southern California and specifically north of the San Fernando Valley. From the videos I have watched, and the one geology book that I own, I have learned that we have rock structures here that came from hundreds of miles south around the Salton Sea area. I also recently learned about rocks in an attempt to learn nomenclature. The Idea that there is oceanic crust mixed with land plate crust, tumbled together, and brought to the surface again, is so amazing to me. I can't find enough detail about stuff for my area, but I keep searching because on my hikes I observe constantly. I said it before and I appreciate it that every rocks and mountain structure that I see now, I see in a totally different way. You were my "gateway drug" to geology.👍

Thank you Nick. I am indeed looking forward to the upcoming A-Z. This helped set the stage.

Such a beautiful place.

RIP Dr Bentley 🇺🇸

Dont’t forget that GSA last year (2021) was also PNW (Portland)! The field guide they published is nominally about PNW terranes, but unfortunately no papers on Baja BC in it. PS, given that the Mt. Stuart Batholith was emplaced at 93 Ma, presumably at low-latitudes, and the M1 metamorphic event occurred 20-30 million years before that, the material was originally deposited in the Early Cretaceous off board the arc near offshore Mexico. The M2 event as described, with its minerals facies, seems to be mostly Buchan/Ryoke/Thermal/Contact metamorphism related to the coeval emplacement of the batholith itself. The M3 event as described, with its facies assemblage and higher pressure of 7 kbar (over 20km depth according to lithostatic pressure) seems to be more of a Barrovian/Abukama/Regional metamorphism story, grading into the Sanbagawa/Blueschist facies-in other words, regional collision of an arc and crustal thickening in the context of a cold, subducting plate. Given that the M3 event occurred after the emplacement of the Batholith, which again involved green- and blueschist regional metamorphism due to crustal thickening via thrust faulting and nappe stacking, it makes sense that the Windy Pass Thrust could be traced through the batholith. However, shear structures within the batholith could be related to the emplacement of the batholith itself, as it is emplaced into the existing rock, and also later Baja BC transform deformation, obviously depending on the arrangement of the shear zone and shear sense, with which I am personally too unfamiliar to make a call about.

I'm looking forward to the Baja BC series. I have to say if you are confused, I'm completely out of the water. But I love learning about the rocks of my state and how this was all put together. Thanks, Nick.

You're a great teacher!

I have to laugh: We have alot of schist in Vermont, and like Nick, I look at it and I say, "What am I looking at?". I am more befuddled than excited about it too.

So good for someone like me to see a professional geologist get bogged down by the textbooks. I enjoy looking at the history of a rock formation too, how it has been moved, subducted, and weathered.

Speaking from a layman's perspective with a deep interest in rock hounding, I remember that there are very unusual agates found in the coastal region of Washington state that are almost indistinguishable from certain agates from Mexico. Maybe specimens like this could help to further the cause of Baja BC? Agates are definitely like fingerprints in that no two are identical but there's definitely family groupings that are easily identified as from a certain area.

I remember climbing Mt Stuart in 1973 and the rock was very solid granite and a very short distance away Ingalls Peak crumbled beneath your feet as you climbed

It seems that on your map there is a circle that encompasses all of the terranes you are talking about. So they could all have moved as a unit to their current location from Baja. I wonder how much of those exotic terranes were scraped off on the way. Is that how the Josephine ophiolites got where they are by being scraped off the larger piece as it moved north?

Knew an old prospector, Jack Kirsch, who lived in Liberty, WA and he stated that he found a large Cobalt deposit in the Mt Stuart range but the area of his prospecting became a public park...

Couple of years? One and a half makes a couple? Anyway, looking forward to the winter joy!

Hi Nick and Folks, I really like the concept of Baja to BC, I am struggling with a couple of things though. First I think the name is wrong, it should be something like Tropics to BC? Secondly I've been learning about where I live on the Salinian Block, The local pluton, Ben Lomond Mtn, was 350km south 91Ma. Third the SAF was only started when the Pacific Plate and the NA Plate joined some 20Ma. Prior to that wasn't there a subduction zone along the entire West Coast. To me that would mean that Mt Stuart and Ben Lomond Mtn were coeval. Possibly on the Farallon Plate. Ben Lomond detrital zircons show a formation of 1.7Ga with a resetting date from reheating as it unroofed through metasedimentary rock 103-91Ma from 37 to 18Km underground and was 3-6Km deep 67-61Ma. Could Mt Stuart also be re-dated? Loving this learning! Thanks

Nick keep doing this You’re the best

This one is going to be great, I am saying before even watching!!! Nick, I have 100 acres of gold mining claims in Culver Gulch, part of this story. I am thinking about how get you up there kind of like you did with Rob Repin. I would like to talk sometime, I think you know who I am, we've met ;)

We really liked this one Nick. Gosh I wish I had a bunch of those striped rocks!! ( I know, I know, not PC., but they’re so cool.) can’t wait for the series.😊

God bless you rest in batholith peace Bob! Glad Nick got your materials!

Check out the Geological Society of America Bullentin from April,1996. A very detailed scientific paper written about this and done by Jay J.Ague and Mark T. Brandon of the Dept. of Geology and Geophysics at Yale Univ. It is way over my head but very much interesting. That rock formation at the secret quarry location is really amazing stuff. RIP Bob Bentley.

Firstly, thank you. Secondly, you are beginning to make me understand enough to appreciate that your part of the world is relatively young (compared to my part of the UK) and therefore 'easier'(?) to piece together. Or maybe it is just your excellent teaching? It is probably, now I think about it, the latter!!!!

Thank you, Nick! Beautiful!!Close to the shear area: that's why there is a little foliation (gneiss like) ? Oh, magnetic reversals too? My memory is mushy and retracing basics would be great. Some of that schist is in my garden. Cool sturdy boots. [3 gf's and I are camping on Ross next wk. 🤞🏻🌞]

We need a “sorry Patrick” tally

At 41.14 large rock upper middle od screen the dark bits seem to form an arc pattern suggesting movement. IDK - might be what you were looking for? So thrilled to get a new video this afternoon and I am watching the old series this summer to review. I am doing crazy Eocene first because I am obsessed with understanding the Wenatchee area better, and then I will do the other series so it is freshest closer to this winter lol.

Nick, Love a great fact laced mystery story. I was never really a 'whats the story guy' before until we started studying with you several years ago. Exotics are the deal! As always, thanks much!

"hypersolidus" is a new word for me. Google led to 'Processes in mushes and their role in the differentiation of granitic rocks' (2021). The paper is beyond me but it mentions mafic xenoliths commonly found in granitoids, such as you show at 42:08. I can't wait for more information from the dream team. Your field trips take me back to places I've been but always wondered what was going on. Thanks.

I'M EXCITED for the journey! Can't wait, really want to see more evidence that both supports or disputes this concept, there seems to be too many details to just dismiss this idea or just brush it aside.

Theres folding and stiring of rock looking like batter of muffins or something Its really interesting ive looked at this over and over as a child and always wondered what happened to make rock look like that So ya when it was wet it was a blender or mixer Some rock going down some up and it all mixing like batter Our mountains here are so old here we call them hills lol but we are the highest in our area Almauguin highlands area in Ontario near Algonquian park

re: 21:15 "you probably know more than i do...". No Nick. For absolutely sure I DO NOT know more than you do!! But I appreciate the humility. It helps make this 69 y/o brain and its new journey into geology with you a tad bit more digestible!!

I'm looking forward to Baja BC !!

Thank you.

nice looking runs

nick is the best!!!

Quite a variation in the metamorphic rocks you attempted to hammer on. I assume that's why some of your constituents carry a 4lb hammer! OR they make battery powered breaker hammers used on construction! REMEMBER - your knees are replacements and muscle deteriorates as you get up in age, simular to hair and memory loss. So mountain climbing should be attacked with reserve! LoL This video came at an opportune time, its been 100-105* here for nearly two weeks. Rain is predicted to help, but in Midwest that just means more humidity! Keep up the good work!

I wonder how many of the fractures we see in the Mt. Stewart batholth came from dynamiting to buid the road

Could the Guess and Shiest be the scrape off at the diving boundary of the Faralon plate subduction zone?

Around the 25:15 mark, remarking on amphibolitic schists: I'm wondering why the metamorphism of a mudstone would be more likely to make an amphibolitic schist than say, a hornblende-rich diorite? (Thanks for the opportunity to peek into the amazing world of geology, I'll forever be fascinated thanks to you.)

Time stamp 30:20 - hope you didn’t forget your rock hammer. Just when I’m starting to get a small grasp on the geologic time line of rocks forming…. Now we add in the whole thing traveling from Baja to Washington. I assume the Mt. Stewart Batholith could have been injected into the earlier formations somewhere along this path.

WONDERFUL... LOVE WATCHING AND LEARNING WITH ALL THE OTHER WANNABE STUDENTS... WILL BE IN ELLENSBURG 31STJULY2022 STOPPING IN AT YOUR FAVORITE BAKERY... PLANNING TO DRIVE UP TO RIMROCK LAKE AND SEEING A VISTA OF MT RANIER... THANKS NICK FOR YOUR ENERGY... THERE IS NOT ENOUGH TIME OR SPACE, IN TEXT, TO PRAISE ❤ THIS EFFORT 👋 YOU KEEP DILIGENTLY UPLOADING ON KZfaq... 👌😊

Same area in bay area has rock with quartz veins in harder grey and red brown rocks

Looking forward to Baja BC and reviewing the previous videos as a refresher.

I was enjoying the video, sort of listening about how you were not impressed (or something like that), and then I heard the words andalucite and kayanoite! You had my full attention the rest of the time. edit:All right I'm totally geeking out here. 1)The type of metamorphism in that schist unit sounds a lot like Barrovian. 2)A question; is the age date on the pluton from zircons, or k-Ar from the hornblend. Zircons crystallize early and hornblende tends to crystallize later. Point is IF thrusting occurred during/after emplacement, it's apparently showing up in the hornblende folliation so the hornblende has to be crystallized out. Thrusting apparently has to be older than the zircon age dates and has to have continued up thru hornblende formation represented by the K-Ar dates.

Geologic field guild was published the year I graduated high school, cool. oh no now i have a meatloaf song stuck in my head, I'd do any for ....

Looks like the salt and pepper granite on my bathroom countertop

You should do walking tours! I'd go!

I guess we both get to learn, together.

I spent many years chasing Platinum group metals in the Ingalls ophiolite at Hawkins mountain and Fortune Creek- the Ingalls Complex is a crazy mess,complicated by the intrusion of the MSB.

First stop serpentine ( low grade) looks like some of the rocks and cliffs in the hills on the east side of San Francisco Bay in Oakland, near home ( also near the Hayward fault).

If all three - Ingalls, Chiwaukum, Mt. Stuart - were formed in Mexico and transported north together, wouldn't all three share at least one foliation fabric?

That banded hard highly metamorphosed rock in the private quarry could be gneissic with segregated light and dark minerals, yes?

Rest in Peace Dr. Bentley

Private quarries aside what use is made of the extracted rock ? Amazing difference in the texture and hardness of the rocks, no doubt due to varying temperatures and pressures. Thanks for the foretaste of the next series.

Hi Nick Wondered where you have been!

Love your field trips Nick. I think that rock you liked and held up at 33:22 shows striations. I notice them best when I look away for a moment and then glance back, my eye seems to catch the larger picture than when I focus directly. They are particularly noticeable in the darker material oriented vertically as you held it. The dark areas are elongated by a factor of 3 or so on average, by my guesstimate. That seems to me to indicated flow in the vertical plane as you hold it, caused purportedly by pressure from the fault as the pluton solidified. Did you bring that one back? I'll be curious to see what Bob Miller has to say. Thanks for doing this!

There is another plutonium down in the columbia gorge called wind mountain you should check it out

I am waiting with bated breath for the Baja-BC lectures. A nagging question is "How do we know that the orientation of Z axis today is the same as at formation?" If the batholith has been "on the move" as we posit, what guarantees that is has not been tilted during that transit? Presumably the Paleo-Mag folks have a way of eliminating tilt, but an answer to this question would be greatly appreciated.

Another great video, Nick. I can hardly wait for your November classes although I sincerely don't want Summer gone too quickly 😆 The first bunch of schists you showed in this video are really beautiful. I learn so many great things from your videos and now have two graph paper tablets of notes I taken from your videos. I sincerely thank you for your time and knowledge. Also, would that last rock be a granodiorite because there was no appearance of Potassium Feldspars (K Spars)? I don't know but I heard that from the Ask Jeff Williams channel.

Overwhelming feeling after dusting. Rerun viewing is advisable. KZfaq, Jeff Williams is sharpe with over 40 years of geological knowledge. He knows his rocks.

It sounds like you're saying that the extra heat and pressure caused by the thrusting turned the randomly sorted minerals in the still cooling pluton to become a little less random... looking subtly more gneiss-like than the more granitic surrounding rock. If so, that's really cool. Do you think that's the main evidence of deformation then?

I love you ,too

Nick, why did you not wear a sombrero? And a poncho? Seems appropriate.

Sweet old Bob.