Why did the Incas voluntarily deform the skull? How did the Romans kill oxen without even touching them in front of the door of the underworld? Did the Spartans only devote their lives to combat?
In this 28th episode of Nota Bene, we come back together on some strange and amazing customs that our ancestors practiced. Far from judging such practices, it is interesting to understand why they were implemented and what impact they had on society at the time.
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For further :
On Spartans and their social organization:
An article by Pierre l'évêque, professor at the University of Franche-Comté, on the city of Sparta:
www.universalis.fr/encycloped...
Social organization in Sparta, an article by Vinciane Pirenne Delforge, University of Cork, FNRS:
www.academia.edu/34182011/M%C...
The contempt of the hilots, an article by Jean Ducat in the journal Annales, Histoires, science social de nov - dec 1974:
www.jstor.org/stable/27579426?...
The Roman sacrifices with CO2
Mention of the sacrifices by gas inhalation at Hierapolis by Cécile Nissen, Researcher at the FNRS, Greek archeology, University of Liège:
www.profpaolovanni.it/Analecta...
A team of researchers who analyzed the Co2 of Hierapolis plutonium (paying but summary available):
link.springer.com/article/10....
The Hierapolis site: whc.unesco.org/en/list/485
The sacrifice among the Romans, sheet by the University of Friborg:
elearning.unifr.ch/antiquitas...
Synthesis of the book "When to do is believe: the sacrificial rites of the Romans" by John Schied:
journals.openedition.org/assr/...
A collection of original texts on the Roman religion: "The Roman religion" by Marcel le Glay
A consumer article summarizing the case of Co2-based sacrifices:
www.sciencesetavenir.fr/arche...
On the Incas and the voluntary deformation of the skull:
Article by Patrice Lecoq, lecturer in Andean archeology in Paris 1, on the Inca civilization:
www.universalis.fr/encycloped...
Book of Jerome Thomas, researcher at the University of Montpellier, dedicated to the question of the deformation of the skulls at the Incas:
www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000...
Vera Tiesler's thesis summary on the bioarchaeology of artificial skull modifications (EN): www.academia.edu/5493751/Ties...
A summary of the state of research on the issue of skull modification in 2009:
ahotcupofjoe.net/2009/05/artif...
The article wikipedia a little more accessible: p
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9...
Article by Jerome Thomas, a researcher at the University of Montpellier, on cranial deformity across many civilizations:
theconversation.com/deformatio...
The article that popped in my feed and reminded me that I started writing something about it two years ago: p
www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/2018/...
A good book about the Incas:
Caesar Itier, The Incas, Paris, 1, coll. "Guide of Civilizations", 2008, 214 p.