This film, MAKAI DEEP OCEAN DIVE was produced by the United States Navy in 1973. The film begins with remarks by astronaut and diver Scott Carpenter about Capt. George Bond, a U.S. Navy researcher who laid the groundwork for saturation diving with helium. Bond, who died in 1983, was an American physician who was known as a leader in the field of undersea and hyperbaric medicine and the "Father of Saturation Diving". The film then shows some of the steps taken in the wake of Bond's pioneering research in the deep sea. At 3:17 an open ocean dive is attempted off of Oahu. The year is 1971 and preparations are underway for a deep ocean dive in an underwater habitat using Underwater Breathing Apparatus. The rest of the film follows the progress of the experiment and the effects of the helium gas. The underwater platform used (seen at 6:45) was called the “Aegir” and was owned and operated by Makai Range, Inc. of Honolulu, Hawaii. AEGIR was designed to operate at depths of up to 180 meters.
At 9:30, two tame porpoises that are also part of the team are seen. At 10:54, underwater open-ocean salvage techniques are practiced. At 12:27 the experiment begins with the steel hatch of the Aegir sealed and the compression begun with helium. At 14:20 compression is complete and the crew rests. At 15:00 the Aegir is towed out to sea so that it can be lowered to depth. At 17:00, the Aegir submerges. At 17:25, a freak accident causes the communication cable to be severed, and the Aegir is returned to the surface. At 22;30 the Aegir, now repaired, finally submerges to a depth of 200 feet, the ocean floor. At 23:20 divers are seen aboard the vessel in their Mark 10 diving suits. At 23:40 they leave the chamber and enter the open sea. At 25:30 divers return to the Aegir exhausted.
Also featured in the film are interviews with LCDR Hugh Beatty, Ken Conda, Ben Cagle, James L.A. Majendie, Robert Helmriech, Ph.D., and Glen Egstrom, Ph.D. The film was written by Dr. Edward Hard Jr., who also wrote books under the pen name "T.W. Hard".
As you can see in the film, the Aegir consisted of two main modules joined in the middle by a sphere. It was one of the first habs to include ballast tanks so it could raise and lower itself, whereas Sealab (for example) needed to be raised and lowered by crane. Aegir was deployed a number of times in various locations besides Hawaii such as Butler Bay, near St. Croix. It was planned to be Aquarius' replacement when it was moved to Florida, but funding fell through, leading to the habitat being scuttled in 1973.
Saturation diving is a diving technique that allows divers to reduce the risk of decompression sickness ("the bends") when they work at great depths for long periods of time. Decompression sickness occurs when a diver with a large amount of inert gas dissolved in the body tissues is decompressed to a pressure where the gas forms bubbles which may block blood vessels or physically damage surrounding cells. This is a risk on every decompression, and limiting the number of decompressions can reduce the risk.
"Saturation" refers to the fact that the diver's tissues have absorbed the maximum partial pressure of gas possible for that depth due to the diver being exposed to breathing gas at that pressure for prolonged periods. This is significant because once the tissues become saturated, the time to ascend from depth, to decompress safely, will not increase with further exposure.
In saturation diving, the divers live in a pressurized environment, which can be a saturation system or "saturation spread", a hyperbaric environment on the surface, or an ambient pressure underwater habitat. This may be maintained for up to several weeks, and they are decompressed to surface pressure only once, at the end of their tour of duty. By limiting the number of decompressions in this way, the risk of decompression sickness is significantly reduced.
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