Proto-Celts and the Hallstatt Culture

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Study of Antiquity and the Middle Ages

3 жыл бұрын

The Hallstatt culture is named after the site of that name in Austria and it flourished in central Europe from the 8th to 6th century BCE. The full period of its presence extends from c. 1200 to c. 450 BCE - from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age.
Due to cultural similarities with later Iron Age peoples in Europe, the Hallstatt culture is often called a proto-Celtic culture. The Hallstatt culture went into decline from around 500 BCE as local natural resources, in particular, salt, ran out and rival trading centers appeared elsewhere. The Hallstatt culture was replaced in terms of regional dominance by peoples living to the north, west, and east, known collectively as the La Tène culture (c. 450 - c. 50 BCE), when cross-European trade routes shifted from the Hallstatt area.
The Hallstatt culture derives its name from the site on the west bank of Lake Hallstatt in Upper Austria where the first artefacts were discovered in 1846 CE. Traditionally, the culture was divided into two approximate periods spanning from 750-600 BCE and from 650 to 450 BCE. More recently, archaeological finds have demonstrated the culture began earlier than first thought and so the full span of the Hallstatt culture is now divided into four periods (A, B, C, and D), beginning around 1200 BCE and ending around 450 BCE. However, these dates are the broadest possible range and are not agreed upon by all scholars, neither can they be applied to all areas where the culture was present.
TWO DEVELOPMENTS WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE HALLSTATT CULTURE: EXPLOITATION OF LOCAL DEPOSITS OF SALT & IRON.
What is more certain is that, eventually, the culture spanned out from Hallstatt to the east and west, covering territory in what is today western Austria, southern Germany, Switzerland, and eastern France on the one side, and eastern Austria, Bohemia, and parts of the Balkans on the other. It was the western side of this area that would eventually develop into what we might today call the ancient Celts. Just how the Hallstatt culture spread is another point of uncertainty. Migration was traditionally suggested as the answer but more modern historians prefer a nuanced explanation that includes such activities as trade, tribal alliances, intermarriages, imitation, and so on, all of which can be difficult to trace in the archaeological record.
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Пікірлер: 182

@gothicwestern 3 жыл бұрын

Prehistoric Europe is always referred to as 'culture' not as 'civilisation' but looking at videos of the houses, crafts and artefacts, and burial and trade practices, I think it is perfectly reasonable to refer to this period as early European civilisation.

@gothicwestern 2 жыл бұрын

@Kash243 Soldier it's a misleading demarcation. European civilisation arose from this iron age culture, this is the early civilisation of Europe, tools, houses, burials, specialised labour. The difference being: did civilisation arise in one place and spread from there? No, civilisation is a developmental process that evolved in different locations at different times. Convergent evolution.

@mr.bulldops7692 2 жыл бұрын

Typically, historians define "civilization" beginning at urbanization. However, urbanization is surprisingly uncommon in the pre-historic and ancient world. More common was networks of villages, principalities, and tribal confederacies. But absolutely, the term "culture" can give a diminutive impression of the accomplishments of ancient people. The Celts were described as savage "barbarians" for centuries. However, that was being colored by the authors of those accounts who were usually Roman or Greek historians. In actuality, they built great earthen structures, were fine craftspeople, were successful farmers, and engaged in trade near and far. They certainly "feel" like a civilization.

@philipknox7976 2 жыл бұрын

This was definitely a civilisation it chandvand influenced and changed Western Europe for many hundreds of years

@francesco3772 2 жыл бұрын

It's defined as a culture because the elements composing it are cultural, ie material culture that spread and was adopted and adapted across different groups.

@gothicwestern 2 жыл бұрын

@@francesco3772 Vinca - culture or civilisation?

@MDE1992 3 жыл бұрын

If you've never been there, Hallstatt is really a gem in Europe, you should really visit it;)

@philipknox7976 2 жыл бұрын

It’s an amazingly beautiful part of Europe

@ekesandras1481 2 жыл бұрын

@@philipknox7976 it used to be a gem, before it got invaded by daily masses of Asian tourists, but I think COVID has halted that phenomenon a bit.

@raphaelalioth 3 ай бұрын

way too crowded. There are other villages in austria and switzerland that are just as beautiful and less crowded and touristy.

@julesknight1511 3 жыл бұрын

I absolutely love these proto-culture type histories! Would very much like to see more of the same for various regions throughout the world

@savvygood 3 жыл бұрын

I agree! I have no idea what was going on in early China

@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 3 жыл бұрын

I think we can help with this! Thanks for watching!

@oskarskalski2982 3 жыл бұрын

I agree, Sumerians and ancient Celts/proto-celts are the most interesting. Also seeing something about old europeans would be great.

@Jason-ms8bv 3 жыл бұрын

A stunning presentation!! I hadn't realized just how sophisticated and connected this culture was, and so much amazing artefacts too, I would love to know more about their association with the Etruscans, another fascinating people, thanks for this one guys!!

@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 3 жыл бұрын

Glad you enjoyed it! And thanks for watching!

@wodenravens 3 жыл бұрын

I recommend Barry Cunliffe's The Ancient Celts (Second Edition), as he writes about the relations between Celts/proto-Celts and the Etruscans.

@Jason-ms8bv 3 жыл бұрын

@@wodenravens Thanks I will look it up

@robertolang9684 Жыл бұрын

that people moved here look at they cities in late bronze age

@robertolang9684 Жыл бұрын

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citania_de_Sanfins_Portugal_05.jpg

@nvr2l8toeducate17 2 жыл бұрын

this presentation is exquisitely written as well as superbly narrated, perfectly coordinated with amazing video. thanks to all who contributed in production.

@barbaralucas1220 3 жыл бұрын

Would just like to say, thank you so much for your work sir! Find your voice so soothing and videos so informative. Thanks again and take care 😊

@silviac221 2 жыл бұрын

Yes, fantadtic narrator, not like other videos in this channel.

@strigosandreas7217 3 жыл бұрын

...another most excellent narrated and produced video...much appreciated 👏 thank you for your hard work... Wæs þu hæl

@NAHAJI133 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you for this presentation. We all came from people as these. We are here today thanks to them. I know Poland has huge salt mines.

@barbaralucas1220 3 жыл бұрын

Simply amazing I love this 😍

@olinayoung6287 3 жыл бұрын

That was excellent!! Thank you so much!

@TWD999 2 жыл бұрын

A nice overview video, I’m doing a module on the Iron Age in Britain at the University of Manchester and this helped paint a picture of a section of the period, thanks

@subhamomm5930 3 жыл бұрын

Wow this video is amusing and very appriciating I liked this video very much concept is memorable so I liked your video you will be the best KZfaq channel in future so carry on keep it up.

@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much 😀

@anne-marienordin7636 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!🌹

@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 3 жыл бұрын

Most welcome and thanks for watching!

@ericcloud1023 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I love any Celtic, Pre-celtic, Yamnaya, or proto Indo-European history!

@chrisoleary9876 Жыл бұрын

Miss you Nick!

@guillaumeloreau1279 Жыл бұрын

Great video, too bad you didn't add the credit of the illustrations source + name of the artefacts on the video ! Keep the good work !

@paul6925 3 жыл бұрын

I can totally picture Gollum pushing himself around in his little boat in that salt mine

@persianfantasy2070 3 жыл бұрын

nice

@thli8472 3 жыл бұрын

Interesting. I wouldn't have thought it was more effective to mine salt.

@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for watching!

@OblateSpheroid Жыл бұрын

Miss you, Nick.

@suzbone 3 жыл бұрын

Did DW also read chapters of The History Of The Greeks for Libravox?

@DWDraffin 3 жыл бұрын

I did not. I keep meaning to work with Libravox but haven’t gotten to them yet.

@tommunyon2874 3 жыл бұрын

Fascinating information. One has to wonder if these cultures acquired a degree of literacy, given their contact with Mediterranean peoples who had developed alphabets. I'm inferring that the burials didn't contain any inscriptions or other written material. Their level of sophistication indicates that they had some way of keeping accounts and passing on knowledge.

@robertolang9684 Жыл бұрын

Iberian carry the biggest of DNA from Hallstatt and la tene peoples , Hallstatt colonized central Europe from Balkans to Iberia south of France today its descendants live in that areas

@ShoujoJo-us3py Ай бұрын

I just found out today that I have a genetic ancestor that was from this culture, super interesting stuff!

@paulosaraiva4848 3 жыл бұрын

They were the Saefes, Cimpsi and Dragani that conquered western Ibéria in VI Century BC

@MilanTheMan69 3 жыл бұрын

This Proto-Celts were the ones that defeated Thracian/Triballi tribes in Balkans around 8 cent BCE... But war was not over... And Triballs continued their existance. We need more research on Balkan civilisation around Danube.

@MilanTheMan69 3 жыл бұрын

Metallurgy and metal smelting process exist on Balkan from 5000 BCE... Why we are being ignored by the world? 🤔

@koksalceylan3934 3 жыл бұрын

Balkan dont have history but criminal records.

@MilanTheMan69 3 жыл бұрын

@@koksalceylan3934 🍌

@book3100 3 жыл бұрын

Sounds like... Trouble with Triballs

@robertolang9684 Жыл бұрын

@@koksalceylan3934 i'm a Iberian 50% halsttat , 50% thracian bronze age

@abrahamdozer6273 Жыл бұрын

My ancestors ... my Y chromosome haplogroup is heavily concentrated in those Hallstatt and LeTêne burials and the mutation likely came from somewhere nearby. Classical Celt ...

@gladysseaman4346 3 жыл бұрын

The bowman at Amesbury has been connected to the hallsted culture. His teeth, I believe, has strontium tested to the area.

@damionkeeling3103 2 жыл бұрын

Not sure where he came from but he's from the Bell beaker culture and lived a thousand years before the Hallstatt culture.

@neilog747 3 жыл бұрын

This video is well worth watching, imo, but as a side note it is now disputed whether Middle Europe was Celtic. We are always finding more evidence and material/artistic culture can pass between tribes easily. They only have to find it useful or just like it! It would be great if we could find some linguistic inscriptions.

@ezzovonachalm9815 10 ай бұрын

The Hallstattians who had attained one of the highest degrees of civilisation and were well known by the nations with whom they were in commercial contact and whose artistic production they exchanged for salt, should not be named " Celts" since celt/ kelt/ κελτος designated bizzare, unknown, dangerous people dwelling in the profound infinite forests of unexplored n😊orthern Europe. As for Proto-celts it is equally inadequate because it should apply to the even less known predecessors of the Kelts ! The Gauls (lat. Galli) did not yet arrive in future Gallia as the Hallstatt civilisation was flourishing in middle Europe.

@janetiscute77 2 жыл бұрын

Them my peeps!!

@braudhadoch3432 Ай бұрын

Wasn't the Huns that pushed them out?

@veronicalogotheti5416 2 жыл бұрын

The greeks used to sail around there They wrote about it

@papazataklaattiranimam 3 жыл бұрын

So Austria was originally Celtic but became Germanized 🤨

@Lord_Of_Aether 3 жыл бұрын

Yes

@volkanaydemir1440 3 жыл бұрын

şu fotoyu değiş reis ,bilgili adam benziyon yakışmıyor sana...

@BiturixTaranuncnos 3 жыл бұрын

One of our chancellors claimed, that Austrians are descended from the celts who lived here and founded Noricum.

@noahtylerpritchett2682 3 жыл бұрын

Yes

@papazataklaattiranimam 3 жыл бұрын

@@noahtylerpritchett2682 Then Sad/Happy Celt/German noises

@veronicalogotheti5416 2 жыл бұрын

These people had a culture They were not going around naked

@ozzy5146 3 жыл бұрын

Excellent content. A few key words are hard to understand due to occasional poorly enunciated/swallowed delivery.

@gyulaerdei3180 21 күн бұрын

A Kárpát-medencei kultura tanitotta az európai népeket ! ..... *

@virgiljjacas1229 3 жыл бұрын

Before I go. Stop " explaining " centuries with one sentences and sound bites. 🤬🤬🤬

@russelleads2145 3 жыл бұрын

Really, BCE? Lol, the whole reason that there is any delineation is CHRIST! GRRRRRR!!!!

@KrisHughes 3 жыл бұрын

BCE = Before Common Era

@damionkeeling3103 2 жыл бұрын

@@KrisHughes Yes, but the "common era" is based on the medieval interpretation of when Jesus was born. Using bc and ad acknowledges where that comes from. Our numbers come from India but we call them arabic numerals because Europe got them via the Arabs. It doesn't need to be changed to Indic numerals, it's a record of what people believed and adds to the richness of history and culture.

@camulodunon Жыл бұрын

@@KrisHughes lol but the thing is, there was no common era. There was no big split between BC and AD in terms of common era or whatever. There was little sudden difference if any at all The actual split was the birth of Christ.

@memyselfi0120 3 жыл бұрын

Almost entirely speculation. Hallstatt is an archeological site in modern Austria, not a culture in the sociological sense. And there is no indication at all that whoever crafted these artifacts spoke a Celtic language .

@christinawhitlock5579 3 жыл бұрын

Of course l see what you mean linguistically. As, tribal Celts may in Ethe British Isles did have an oral culture, as well as a written culture. ImEg, on stone artefacts, metal or pottery. Did the Celts located in Austria and other oarts of Europe have no kind of written culture? I'm sure when the Hallett Celts migrated they would have took that form communication with them. If you get a free moment can you explain in more depth about this nomadic tribe.l, as you made it sound very interesting. 🤓✍👍

@memyselfi0120 3 жыл бұрын

@@christinawhitlock5579 That's my point. There is no indication of a "Celtic culture" anywhere in artifactual history. The term "Insular Celtic" was unheard of until the 19th Century. The idea that any pre modern artifact belonged to a "Celtic" speaking person is a baseless assumption.

@kryvex1890 2 жыл бұрын

@@memyselfi0120 celtic described people who share common language culture and haplogroup

@damionkeeling3103 2 жыл бұрын

@@memyselfi0120 Okay, so Iron Age coins from Britain and Gaul with inscriptions in a Celtic language are not artifacts of a Celtic speaking people, whatever floats your boat mate.

@memyselfi0120 2 жыл бұрын

@@damionkeeling3103 What Iron age coins? Name the artifact. I'll research it and give you my response. Because as far as ive read the oldest coins in Britain with inscriptions were minted by the Romans around 35bc and were inscribed in Latin.

@ezzovonachalm7534 3 жыл бұрын

In summary a very mediocre culture compared to contemporary Italic,Greek, Etruscan.. cultures. No wonder that the Celtic culture left no traces in the history of civilisations.

@kathymayes4290 3 жыл бұрын

Then how do you know of them?

@ezzovonachalm7534 3 жыл бұрын

@@kathymayes4290 trough the emphatic litterature produced by keltophiles who try to superate their inferiority complexes toward the contemporary civilisations of the Greeks, Persians, Etruscan, Romans...

@lottat6420 3 жыл бұрын

Since this culture comes before the great era of the Greek culture it is different but not less sofisticated. The artifacts prove advanced technical skills and culture. You cannot value any culture as less or better than any other since your knowledge is limited and values are subjective and not aplicable.

@markheithorn3905 2 жыл бұрын

Battle of Allia (387 BC). The Senones Celtic tribe defeated an army of the Roman Republic. Rome was later sacked by this Celtic tribe. I suppose you could say they left a bit of a military imprint in ancient history.

@robertolang9684 Жыл бұрын

don't be stupid man there plenty of it in Iberia