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"....all the way up to 1453." I love you guys.

That Legionary who served 33 years. Before modern healthcare and nutrition, what a hero...

I feel bad for watching so many of these videos without leaving a comment. As a history teacher and enthusiast, I find these videos to be among the best on KZfaq.

"Give us an emperor from humble beginnings. Gives us AURELIAN!"

Two points. 1. Roman recruiters may have preferred agricultural workers because service in the legions involved ALOT of digging 2. Owing to the extreme debasement of the currency payment of soldiers in this period increasingly took the form of annona (rations) rather than coins. Really enjoyed the video.

“Became stronger out of necessity.” History in a shellnut.

A very overlooked era of the Roman Military. When you say Roman Legionary people imagine the classic Segmentata with Gladius & Scutum. There isn't much shows/movies with the Late Empire.

At 16:36, there are several errors. 1. Clothing: The Roman military already adopted barbarian long sleeve shirts and trousers since 2nd century. Ridley Scott's Gladiator film do depicted this very accurately. 2. Helmets: The Italic Helmet shown in this video is the Imperial Gallic I type, this kind of helmet was decommissioned during the 2nd century. The main helmet designs during the 2nd century were Italic D, E, G,H type helmet and Niederbeiber Helmet. It is said that the integral brass cross-braces added to the Italic D, E, G,H type helmet and Niederbeiber Helmet were influenced by the Hunnic helmet designs or developed as the response to the Dacian falx. On the other, the The Roman ridge helmet and Spangenhelm did saw service in the Roman Army since 2nd century but not saw wide spread usage until after the 3rd century. 3. Armour: Lorica Segmentata was still common but after the 3rd century crisis it was likely replaced by lamellar armour possibly introduced by the Hunnic or Sarmatian peoples. 4. Weapons: Spatha sword have more resemblance to the Han Dynasty Sword of the same era instead of the early modern rapier. There is a Han Dynasty Sword scabbard founded inside the Roman cavalry officer tomb in Bulgaria. Very likely the Roman military during 2nd century already acquired Chinese swords from the Sarmatian peoples and reverse engineered into Spatha sword.

Medieval European style warfare probably started from this period: 1.spear and rounded shield are the king of the battlefield for the western/middle eastern world 2. heavy cavalry/shock cavalry play a much more important role than before 3. gladius and rectangular shields are out while spatha sword became popular as backup weapons 4. New helmet designs such as burgh castle helmets, Imperial Italic helmets(a heavier upgraded gallic helmet) and Niederbeiber Helmets are also saw widespread usage throughout this era. 5. Roman style warfare are not viable anymore as spearmen and shock cavalry rules the battlefield 6. Long sleeves shirts and long trousers are standard issue combat uniforms 7. More and more Germanic peoples served in the Roman armies and eventually some of them became Romanised. After the 3rd century crisis, Diocletian institute reforms that will became the elements of Medieval Europe. Correct me if I'm wrong.

As a Severan dynasty/Crisis of the Third Century reenactor, may you be blessed by Sol and Mithras for this wonderful content. The Middle Empire is in my opinion the most fascinating era of Ancient Rome.

These kind of videos are the best, talking about the armies structure, logistics, tactics,...etc. Plz keep it up

Early Roman Armies were for fighting Italian Tribes, then for fighting Greek or imitative forces, then for dismembering Celtic & Germanic Warbands (Their most successful period), until they were finally required to meet more fluid and mobile enemies That didn't mean they were screwed if they fought something else, just that was what they did best against primary opponents at the time It took a commander of true incompetence to piss away a Roman Army, or appalling bad luck like Hadrianopolis Their list of Catastrophic defeats (ok, lets ignore Hannibal, he was some mutant genius) over such a length of time is astonishingly small Arrian's Array against the Alans shows how an army may adapt to dealing with a non typical enemy, Romans showed flexibility that few other armies ever repeatedly displayed

6:08 You thought it was a Roman senator, but it was I, Dio!

Here’s an idea for a new episode: the fall of Assyria.

1453? Ah, I see you're men of culture as well.

A Good Emperor dies. literally every empire in world history: I'm about to end my whole career.

When he first addressed his soldiers as sole emperor, having assassinated his brother Geta Caracalla said to them "it is because of you alone that I care to live, in order that I may confer upon you many favours", he was an autocratic ogre but he took his dad's dying advice to heart, maybe a bit too much

Some serious errors: 1. Ridge helmets are NOT composed of single piece bowls. The Deurne/Berkasovo-type has three variants according to the Miks classification, Variant 1 is of bipartite construction, and Variants 2 and 3 of Quadripartite (Technically Sextapartite) construction. The helmets you're referring to are often called "Niederbieber-type" but are a development out of the Weisenau (Gallic/Italic helmets) style. The most famous example is probably the Robinson Auxiliary E, also called the Heddernheim helmet, but the Buch, Rainau, and Niederbieber examples date to the 3rd century while Heddernheim is mid to late 2nd century. Oh and finally, ridge helmets were NOT of poorer quality. The fact that all of them are gilded or silvered, including the lowest-grade soldiers' helmets from finds like Intercisa or Burgh Castle (Limitanei infantry fortresses), says enough about that. 2. Ridge helmets were NOT replaced by Spangenhelmets until the late 5th century, not the mid 4th century. The Deir El Medinah and Leiden/Novae-type Spangenhelms both date to the late 6th century. And these helmets are only debatably of Sassanian origin - they could have been Hunnic, but it depends on the nature of their predecessors from the Tarasovsky 1784 burial mound and the Ukraine. And technically, ridge helmets continued in use, we just don't have evidence from the archaeological record until their successors from Praga-Stromovka and other finds in the late 9th-10th centuries. But we see them in art such as on the Vinicko Kale Teracotta and in the Bawit cave murals in the late 6th-early 7th centuries, as well as a few illuminated manuscript depictions. The common infantry helmet seemed to shift to the Narona-type Bandhelm and/or the Leiden/Novae-type Spangenhelm, while officers and high-grade infantry wore Baldenheims. But this is very much a D3 development (c. 455 to 480) at the absolute earliest. 3. The Dura Europos armor, which you're probably referring to, is an exposed lacing leather lamellar import from Sogdia, it's not of Roman manufacture, and it wasn't a set of thigh guards. They were most likely used for a Horse's neck according to the work of Dawson, citing an earlier 2007 paper I can't remember the name of. Thigh armor did exist, found at the Roshava Dragana burial mound which dates to the mid-2nd century AD, but we don't have enough fragments and the pieces aren't in the right configuration in-situ in order to effectively reconstruct it. 4. Roman swords from this era were nothing like Rapiers. There's a few Vimose/Illerup Spathae that are similar in shape to the Oakshotte Type XIV, but they're not like Rapiers. There's several types that were in use during the B2/C1 (also called C1a) and the C1b periods, but the Roman ones tend to be Lauriacum-Hromovka type. In the C2 period Nydam-Kragehul, also called Illerup-Whyl, become dominant, and in the D2-E1 Periods (420-510 although it really starts in the late phase D1) the ridiculously wide but wonderful Osterburken-Vrasselt aka Osterburken-Kemathen become dominant. This is a useful resource: www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_b/illustr/sb_3_1.html

Crisis of the 3rd Century: *happens* Roman Empire: *"[chuckles] I'm in danger."*

The bit about the Vexilationes is quite interesting because we're starting to see the same trend in modern militaries as well. I was reading somewhere that apparently in recent years, the U.S. Military has begun moving away from a military structure based where the division is the base element of the military to a structure that now favors smaller, more maneuverable brigades. A change that has been brought on by a shift towards small scale counterinsurgency operations instead of the large pitched battles that were expected during the Cold War or World War II.

I like how throughout history there is this back and forth change between close order and loose order formation from the close phalanx, to loose triplex acci, back to close legions, now to loose vexillationes. it seems to be as new tactics are introduced, they start of as close order then become looser as experience is gained. we see that in close order musket formations the later on loose order light infantry rifle formations. Even a few decades ago a modern division fought strickly along the lines of its regiments/battalions, but later on they started to served as command/control elements of taskforce/battlegroups/kampfgruppes.

One of the absolute best KZfaq channels out there.

This is a morale raiser for me lmao as I'm trying to finish my own DEI campaign on Rome. Another great documentary, this channel never disappoints on any release ever.

This video finally explained to me the inspiration behind Sucessor Chapters in 40k

Thank you for this great work Azul Salam from Algeria 👍

12:41 my hometown Solin (Salona) Wow I am so happy that they mentioned it :)

Glad you're covering the third century, perhaps my favorite period of the Roman empire!

I almost watched the video before liking it first, silly me.

"All the way till 1453"... My homies. good stuff

Please do a similar video about the Sassanid Persian army. Thanks!

You guys have really churned them out in the last week 😍😍

Vexillum principle reminds Napoleons infantry. He also splitted his army in small detatchments

I’m really loving this series. You guys are great!

Third Century Roman Army is pretty much the basis of modern army logistics. Deploy a regiment at a FOB and then split them into squadrons for other duties.

If Rome kept it's border at the Elbe river, how do you think that would have affected its long-term stability?

11:14 Lower Danube disappears. It disappears.

Liked before even watching it... love all of this Roman time period videos!!!

And always remember: Carthago delenda est

I like how the volume on your mic is turned up when you’re trying to sell me something, then right after the ad I can barely hear you

Your content is old history channel level of good, even better. Thanks for the effort, keep it up

Thank you Kings and Generals for this topic.

Very interesting video, I enjoy the more technical videos a lot as well. Thank you for the hard work!!

I've been waiting for a video on this!! Great for my revision cheers guys

Excellent video once again. And I have to say, your work is so commendable, because you are preserving History and our collective memory as humankind, in a time when History is either overlooked, ignored, or twisted and distorted... As an historian myself, I love your videos, and particularly the series concerning Ancient and Medieval History (my areas of research), but the Ottoman and 30 Years' War series are of course also top material. If one day you're interested on doing the Hundred Years War and its proxy conflicts in the Iberian Peninsula, I gladly write down a script. Keep up the excellent job!

top quality as always. Another great video.

Excellent content, in particular, the changes of the equipment of the soldiers; that way we can really understand the evolution of it, we tend to have one image, one idea of how a roman soldier would look like due to movies and series.

another great upload about ancient roman army ,many thanks K and G

Examples of lorica segmentata was find even in late 2nd early 3rd century, a legion in Spain under Constantine used it sometime according to archeologists. But it was very rare by now, and only a few units had it. And probably after Constantine no one used it no more. Until the late 3rd century also the niederbieber helmets was used, imperial cavalry helmets by the infantry. Until at least aurelian period they were used massively, then they was replaced with intercisa and spangenhelm and berkasovo and other types slowly in a few decades but even 100 years later in 4th century some officer preserved old style helmets.

Informative and beautifully done as as usual...a great and most interesting century!👍

Incredible video! I can't wait for you guys to make a video on the Late Roman army!

Your upload was just in time :) we are going through late Roman Empire in school

What a wonderful Monday and what a wonderful video! Waited for this for so long. Can you do more videos about campaigns against Parthian empire?

I've been here since 48k subs! I'm so proud to see this history channel almost at 1m!

Been subscribed for a while now and working through your videos. Your narration voice is captivating, I started watching a video from a couple of years ago with someone different narrating and had to turn it off haha. Anyway, you provide accurate and interesting content. Kudos to you.

Great video. It's always nice seeing the evolution of a certain military machine. My thanks for those who made this video a reality.

Nice...now that I finished watching I think it's another great video.

Thanks for a fascinating introduction to a period of Roman military history I know little about. ☝️😎

Amazing Video, more videos like that especially about the late Roman Empire.

a video i have been waiting since i was a child... thanks lads

Interesting, informative and very listenable! ⭐

YES. Please never stop making videos on ancient Rome. Never, ever stop. I love you guys.

Thank you. Great video

My favorite Roman Army Period . Best Helmet,Armor period

love the video great work

I really enjoy the discussion on the changes and developments in the Roman Army over time. Many KZfaq videos discuss the Roman army as one homogeneous stagnant force, never changing.

I absolutely love these videos. Thank you so much for educating me in ancient warfare I can talk about it all day but I have no one to talk to it about with haha

new video on Monday? I very confuse because I though a new video every on Sunday and Thursday. but I like the new improved graphic design. excellent work, Kings, and Generals

make more videos like this , which describes army structure and unit type please

KoG, you made a mistake: the main helmet of the Middle Empire period is the Niederbieber helmet (and sometimes a type of camail/aventail used most likely in the Eastern provinces, as seen in the Battle of Eben-Ezer's fresco in the synagogue of Dura Europos). The Berkasovo's type only appears around the 280s (probably due to the Diocletian reforms).

Fantastic content ❤

When I get the notification, i got to give it a watch immediately thanks for the content as always 👍👌

BEEEN WAITING FOR THISSSSS

It probably didn't help Alexander Severus that he tried lowering the soldiers' pay while fumbling both the Sassanids and the Germans.

Interesting explanation of how the limitani and comitatensis developed. Hadn’t quite heard it like that before.

"Pescennius Ni-" *arrested for hate speech*

You should go much deeper into Alexander the Great's military tactics, logistics, discipline, etc. He was a foundational character in all of human history, I believe it's worth educating people on.

This channel is like modern day tv documentary, great work

Great video again!!! I have a project in my university of history and archaeology about Aurelian and the worship of Sol Invictus and the relationship between the emperor and Palmyra and i would be really grateful if you help me find more information about Sol Invictus except Historia Augusta. Keep up the good work!!!

Your new artist is very skilled 👍

My favourite video by you guys

videos are coming back to back yeah

Please do a video about the individual legions and their fame they gained.

Nice video 👍🏼

Please do the Spartacus video!!! You've already kept me waiting for 4 weeks lol

I don't know if it's just me but your narration style and voice are very similar to the officiallydevin channel that I also watch. Still props to both of these channels.

So the legionary equipment became more cumbersome. That would explain why in his treatise "De Re Militarii", Vegetius complained about soldiers not wearing all the armor pieces, as they were really heavy. Also, I thought late roman legions didn't use swords anymore but spears...maybe this happened later?

Love this

Regarding the change in equipments: you mentioned the sword and the helmet, but what about the change of the shield from rectangular to round and oval?

Please do the military campaigns of Contantine the V. The 700s-900s are slept on.

It's interesting to follow the progression of the Roman army, and see how a lot of minor changes became signifigant in feudal europe

I thought I will be first to comment, only to see 13 comments. Your channel is growing bigger and bigger. Cannot wait until your video about the battle of Lepanto.

brilliant

Another excellent, easily understood video from you guys (and girls too?).

I would really be interested in a video about the armies of the Han Chinese and how it compares to the Roman Legions.

Keep up the good work, very interesting video

Wonder if anyone tried tying the pay to a basic necessity like the coinage needed to by a comfortable estate after service. After a hundred years of no raises it was overdue but the further raises were more like bribes.

The Portuguese common name for word is "Espada", thanks to the Spatha. Very interesting video, and often overlooked transformation of the formidable Roman Army.

I love the Late Roman Empire, keep it coming!

You should cover the Dacian wars also the last great Roman conquest.