It's so nice youtubers remembering Catalan exists and latin languages aren't just Spanish French and Italian lmao

I love how your visualization of the expansion of Rome is just you slowly stretching a jpg image

Having done research on a bunch of Romance languages for a certain upcoming video, I wanted to chime in that Sardinian also does the /kʷ/ /gʷ/ > /p/ /b/ sound shift.

Quick thing on the "ego" part: in italian "io" retains the latin stress, being ['i.o] not ['jo]

19:36 the reason that the Italian word is scudo instead of the expected *scuto is because it's not directly inherited, rather it was borrowed from a North Italian language which actually had the -t- to -d- change, there are several words like that in Italian (spiga < spica, riva < ripa) that did the same voicing, where the borrowed words displaced the native inherited ones

Some tiny remarks about Catalan: 6:14 Catalan's "standard" pronunciation of the "l" is still [ɫ] even if it is gradually getting lost because of Spanish influence! 8:15 Some dialects of Catalan (predominantly in Mallorca but also some dialects in València) also keep the [v] sound.

No way no way no way. I'm more excited that this video dropped than how excited I've been for blockbusters coming to cinemas

That’s the separatist flag of Catalonia. That’s not the flag of Catalonia… it’s like 🟨🟥🟨🟥🟨

Italian viewer here, loved the content. About the shift from the "TI+vowel" pattern, you correctly mentioned that your example "stationem", is a loanword. It was almost literally picked out of the latin dictionary by modern humanists in the Renaissance. Due to the fashion of the time, they left the latin word almost identical and only 'italianized' the ending ('stationem' to 'stazione'), and they adopted the 'z' following the ecclesiastical pronunciation of Latin, which was the one used by the Church at the time (BTW this pronunciation is proven to have no historical connection to Classical OR Vulgar Latin whatsoever). We call this set of words taken from latin on a later stage, 'vocaboli dotti' (cultured words). But there is another child of the latin 'TI', the one that followed the live development of phonology throughout the middle ages. In italian at least, this evolved into 'GI-'. Some examples are: - rationem ("motive, cause") --> ragione ("reason") - stationem ("resting place, stop") --> stagione ("season") As you can see, the two different evolutions also made it to English, through the Normans and the French ('saison' and 'raison' in our case). So if you wonder whether 'desk' and 'disk' are related, yes they come from the exact same word.

Important to note that there are many italo dalmatian languages, not just the one. While they're often called dialetti in italy, they are generally understood to be languages of their own right with large differences between them resulting in a large lack of intelligibility. In standard Italian /s/ and /z/ are written with the same letter, but there are minimal pairs if we consider sounds across multiple words, and many many if we consider near minimal pairs, where the difference is not conditional on the environment around the consonant. The problem is that due to the influence of regional languages of italy, s and z lost phonemic distinction in most of Italy. Distinction is preserved in florence, the origin of standard italian.

Great video, as always, but it's a bit too fast to comprehensibly follow. I'd make bigger stops between the sections to separate them a bit.

6:03 just a note on the Romanian „oară”, this means "time" in the usage of e.g. "5 times"/"the only time" (although it's not used for "once / one time"). While it's definitely still descended from the same latin root, there's also the word „oră”, meaning "hour", which might make for a better comparison imo. Also at 9:53, „făină” is 3 syllables: [fə'inə], in the same stress pattern as the rest of the languages. Finally, while your pronunciation of „eu” as [jo] is a valid pronunciation and very common in quick speech, „eu” is commonly pronounced on a spectrum [jo~jow~jəw~jew]. There are also speakers that, due to hypercorrection, don't preiotate words like various conjugations of „a fi” (e.g. ești, este, e, eram, erai, etc.) or the pronouns (e.g. ea, el, or indeed eu) so they pronounce it [ew], exactly as written. Basically there's a bunch of ways to pronounce it, including the one you chose. Otherwise great video, it was very interesting and the pronunciation was far better than I've come to expect from online videos not made by native speakers. I fully expected to notice a bunch more mistakes but there really was just the one, the stress on „făină”, which is understandable because the spelling is ambiguous. „Faină”, for example, has the stress pattern you gave despite being spelled very similar. Admittedly that's a loanword from English "fine", but there's also „haină” which also has the same stress.

This is a great video but could I recommend that in the future you read the words from the descendant languages in the same order each time? I kept getting confused and having to rewatch those portions of the videos if, for instance, I wanted to focus on how Portuguese changed.

About the qua gua/ pa ba shift in Romanian happens in Sardinian too. Infact "Language" is Limba like in Romanian

To avoid consonant clusters starting with s at the beginning of a word, following the preposition "in", some words in Italian used to get an "i" before them. For instance: "spalla" (shoulder), "in ispalla" (on the shoulders); "strada" (road), "in istrada" (on the road); "scherzo" (joke/prank), "per ischerzo" (as a joke). You can find these expressions in books from just 60 years ago, but now they've completely disappeared, with the exception of "scritto" (writ); "per iscritto" (written/on paper).

Little correction at 7:50, Romanian _leu_ is most likely an older borrowing from Latin, since a directly inherited work would have given _*ieu_ , as it happened with _iepure_ ("rabbit", < Lat. _leporem_ ). The fact that Romanian has both a lot of inherited words AND neologisms from Latin has given rise to many doublets. For instance, Lat. _monumentum_ has been borrowed as Ro. _monument_ , but inherited as Ro. _mormânt_ ("grave"). It's really interesting. Also, /h/ exists in Romanian words of Latin origin, but has developed from /v/ or /f/. For example, the verb _a se holba_ from Lat. _volvere_, or _hier_, regional variant of _fier_ ("iron"). Great job with the video and pronunciation otherwise, I'm happy to have just stumbled upon your channel. :)

WELL, ACTUALLY Catalan's classification is still debated, some put it into Iberian Romance, others into Gallo Romance and again others group it together with Occitan into Occitan Romance which acts as a bridge between the former two. Then again others put the whole group of Occitan Romance into either Iberian or Gallo Romance, but I personally prefer the bridge solution because it seems to be the most neutral one. Also, what most linguists are sure about iirc is that Occitan is Catalan's closest relative

I'm a speaker of the Parmigian dialect of the Emilian language in northern Italy, and I have extensively analyzed it, so I present Latin to Emilian sound changes (all examples will be in Parmigian orthography) Initial /j/ becomes /z/ (iocare > zugär [zu'gɛːr] (to play) /w/ becomes /v/ as in most Romance languages (ventus > vént [vẽnt] /m, n, l, r/ pretty much stay the same, except for final /n/ being backed to /ŋ/ and disappearing in rapid speech (leaving nasalization on the previous vowel) (bonus > bon [bõŋ]) /s/ gets the same treatment as in French, Portuguese and other Gallo-Italic languages, it gets voiced to /z/ and contrasts with the now-degeminated /ss/ > /s/ (passus > pass [pas]; causa > coza ['kɔːza]) /f/ also stays the same and /h/ also disappears /p, t, k/ are voiced to /v, d, g/ between vowels, while their geminated versions survive as /p, t, k/ (lupus > lovv [lɔv], rota > roda ['roːda], mica > miga ['miːɡa]) /b/ lenites to v while d and g stay the same /pl, bl, fl/ clusters become /pj, bj, fj/ like in Italian, while /kl, gl/ become /tʃ, dʒ/ (planta > pjanta ['pjãnta], blancus > bjanch [bjãŋk], florem > fjor [fjoːr], clavem > ciäva ['tʃɛːva], ɡlacies > gias [dʒaːs]) Palatalized versions of /k/ and /g/ turn into /s/ and /z/ (/θ/ and /ð/ in Bolognese) before /ɛ, e, i/ (cinque > sinch [sĩŋk], gelatus > zlä [zlɛː]) /sk/ palatalizes to /s/, while /skl/ becomes /stʃ/ (piscem > pess [pɛs], sclavus > sciav [stʃaːv]) /kw/ and /ɡw/ are retained before /a/, but turn into /k/ and /ɡ/ before front vowels (quattuor > quator ['kwaːtor], ɡuardare > guardär [gwar'dɛːr], quid > che [ke], sanɡuis > sanɡov [sãŋɡov]) and then the vowels... huge mess, but the most distinctive change is a > ɛː before front vowels in the next syllable

Ladino: 🥲

Some Things about romanian: The dark l sound actually became a w in between vowels, lets take words stea(star),zi(day) and cățea(she-dog), they evolved from latin stella,diella, and catella respectively, but they have archaic and or regional prononciations like steauă, cățeauă and ziuă, which explains their definite forms, also aromanian has these archaisims as the normal forms, mainly steaua/stiau,cătsauă/cătsau and dzua. Also the f-h change of spanish happened in romanian on a dialectal level aswell, in my dialect of romanian, f becomes h before i and e, so fier becomes hier,fiu becomes hiu, and so on, but unlike spanish, the h is still pronounced

A few things about Portuguese: 1. Ungeminated intervocalic n and l regularly is lost in Portuguese, with n producing nasalization which can then develop in a number of ways including being lost entirely (though this happened in the transition from Medieval Galician-Portuguese to Modern Portuguese and was very easily deciphered in medieval scripts) 2. As a consequence of the previous rule, geminated nn and ll then took on the simple ungeminated form replacing the originals which were now lost 3. Both of those rules only apply if there was no palatalization earlier, i.e. they were not followed by a j 4. Initial gl- is rare in inherited Portuguese words but does develop into l- as seen in glārea > leira, and globellum > lovelo > novelo (this last part is a consequence of dissimilation but lovelo is an attested older form) Plus in general: Most of Latin -tiō (-tiōnem) is generally borrowed differently in Romance languages than their inherited forms, while rare, these inherited developments can be seen in words like satiōnem and ratiōnem for intervocalic development and factiōnem satiōnem Pt: sazão Sp: sazón Ct: saó Fr: saison Unattested in It. or Ro. ratiōnem (many of these languages may also have a borrowed doublet) Pt: razão (borrowed: ração) Sp: razón (borrowed: ración) Ct: raó (borrowed: ració) Fr: raison (borrowed: ration) It: ragione (borrowed: razione) Unattested in Ro. factiōnem Pt: feição (borrowed: facção) Ct: faiçó (borrowed: facció) Fr: façon (borrowed: faction) Unattested inherited form in Sp., It. or Ro.

Most Catalan native speakers do dark L, I still do. In fact, when Spanish people mock our accent they always note our Ls.

As a native Italian, your pronunciation of the language is flawless

The official Catalan flag is NOT the so-called "estelada-blava": this latter one is a heavily politically-connoted one.

This is not the Catalan flag! 😅

The older form was ”țeară”, more recognizable in respects to its etymon, lat.terra, and it had other meanings than ”country” or ”countryside”. For example, in Vrancea ”ț(e)ară” was the place where agricultural produce were grown, according to 19th c. linguistic inquiry, so a synonym for dated ”agru” (lat.ager, agrum). In other parts ”țeara” was the ”field area” contrasted by the mountainous roum. Another thing, leu ”lion” (lat. leō, pl. leōnēs) had an older form ”lăun” (Viski Manuscript), that I suspect was *lăune in older times (before 16th c.), coming from lat. (accus.) leōnem. Romanian rarely has the nominative forms of Latin (omu, pl.oameni < lat.homō, pl. hominēs), but instead uses the accusative, and the masculine nominative ending -u was lost fairly late in our history. 'Omu' and 'omulu' (”the man”) were still used by writers of late 19th century. fărină is the dated form of 'făină', and 'a zice' (”to say”) or the short&older infinitive 'zicere' had an affricate [ʣ] written with ḑ (a ḑice, ḑicere). Fell gradually out of use since the 18th century, heard only in the countryside as late as 1950. The short infinitive became a noun with the verb's meaning: zicere 'saying'. About gint, the correct form was ginte (lat.gentem), now dated, and gint meant ”born”, as in ”singur gint” ”born alone” (lat. genitus). If inherited, stație would have sounded *stăciune.

What an amazing video. Deserves extra respect because knowing all the romance languages gives you a perspective on the evolution of Latin that not everyone has. Great work.

I wish I had the chance to study them but some day seeing languages like Asturian, Aragonese, Judeo-Spanish/Ladino, Walloon, Ligurian, Sardinian, Venetian, and Aromanian in videos like this would be so cool. :)

I forgot about this channel, and almost immediately after I came back, you posted TwT

Fun thing: Spanish -er verbs can't have high vowels in the stem. Every exception is a compound word: suponer = su+poner; palidecer = pálid+ecer, etc. When Latin -ere verbs had high vowels in the stem, they'd either drop the stem vowel (cUrrere => cOrrer [run]) or raise the theme vowel (scribEre => escribIr [write])

Great video, explanation, and examples. I paused the video a few times to take it all in. Thx!

oh my god! i can't believe it's actually happening. Thanks for the vid

thank you very much for this video. as a romance language enthusiast (I am romanian), this will really help me out. keep up the good content man! 🔥

In Asturian there's a thing called "methaphonetic expressions" which is like if the stressed syllabe is a closed or open vowel it changes all the other vowels in a word, this happens usually with diminutives, for example "pequeñu" (small) but "piquiñín" (very small), but also happens dialectically, for example in most dialects "esparder" but in some southern dialects "ispardir" (to spread). The word "fégado" ends in -o, something unusual in Asturian but in the dialects that do generalized methaphonetic changes it is "fígadu", the e closing to i also made the -o close to u. Central Asturian also has some kind of gemination, although it is not written, we often geminate consonants clusters like aspectu is pronounced aspettu, dialectu is pronounced dialettu, (but it is not written), and btw Asturian also has a /h/ as did Old Spanish, which serves for some words of recent germanic origin (like guahe from german wagen). That tse - the sound change happend in all iberian languages except Portuguese, and Mirandese as well as certain southern Leonese dialects keep the that old s sound that later became th in Spanish. The Romanian "poarta" reminds of a Cuideiru Asturian dialect that actually does [wa] diphtongs (puarta), in Western Asturian it is [wo] (puorta) and central it's like spanish, puerta.

W is in fact used in French speech and we do use loan words. The whole ''oi'' thing is pronounced ''Wa'' or ''Wei''. The word for bird ''Oiseau'' is pronounced ''Wazo''. Here in Quebec some words starting with Voi (Voir, Voiture, voile, voisinage) can be pronounced with a W in some accents. Apparently in Normandy, where a huge part of our colonizers came from, they really liked the W consonant.

Great video! I kinda wish that in the word pronouciation diagrams you'd separate european portuguese and brazilian portuguese, because SO many of those portuguese words have different phonetics in european portuguese. Just a nitpick tho :))

15:32 the Romanian -ție/-țiune suffix is borrowed from Latin and is found in neologisms and the inherited one is actually -ciune which is found in inherited words and older borrowings. (mortăciune (corpse), sfiiciune (timidity)). You will not find -ție/-țiune in older words.

so I finished watching this video. And yeah like I said previously, this video really helped me imagine how the majority of the romance languages evolved, and now everything that I’ve wondered for so long about got answered right here in this video. Thank you very much. Looking forward to Romance grammatical evolution.

word and syllable final might be retroflex or an alveolar tap in brazil too

This is great work! Felicitări! 🎉🎉🎉

Subscribed right away after finishing this educational yet entertaining content

Great video! Just a heads up as I wanted to point out that using the normal "Senyera quatribarrada" that is the current official flag in catalonia would have been better as not only it's the actual official flag, but it is also inclusive of speakers in Valencia, Mallorca and other places, as it is also a traditional ensign over here. The flag you used, the "Senyera Estelada" or just "Estelada" is linked with the nationalist movement in Catalonia and is only a Struggle Flag, meant to represent Catalonian struggle for independence and might not be inclusive of other national, political and cultural sensibilities in the Catalan-speaking lands.

Great video! With regards to 4:38, I just wanted to point out that oïl languages that were very thoroughly influenced by Germanic languages ( such as Picard for instance ) do use the w in many common words ( arwetcher, warder, wigner, for watch, keep, whine, etc ). Love your work!

I like this little mini series, it would be interesting to see the sound changes between the different Slavic Languages

I'm a simple man, I hear "i've learned romanian" I subscribe

Loved the video, to the point of postponing everything else I was planning to do for 21 minutes.

My interpretation is that "il" and "i" come from vulgar latin beginnings"IL-lo" and "I-gli"; and "la" and "le" come from "il-LA" and "il-LE". The masculine forms "lo" and "gli" come from the final syllables "il-LO" and "i-GLI" before S consonant clusters such as "st” and "sp" since the "s" had to borrow a vowel from the previous word.

I really like the Romanian ea and oa diphthongs for some reason. It seems that Romanian also had an /l/ -> /r/ shift at some point because Latin Sol became Romanian Soare.

I think I picked up somewhere that Gascon also has the f>h change. Which could of course also be caused by Basc influence. Or Castilian and Gascon influencing each other.

I love it how this sounds like you are talking to romans from the past how their language spread and changed with time and what the changes are

While it isn't particularly important, as an Italian native speaker I found the pronounciation of Io very odd. I, along with other speakers, pronounce it as [i:o], and the [o] may very well be short. I don't know if it is a dialectal thing or not, but I don't think it is.

Some portuguese word changed their pronunciation because of "relatinization" in writing. For example "flor" (flower) is not the natural mutation of lat. florem. The old pronunciation was "frol". Same thing for example happend for "planta" (plant). The old pronunciation was "chanta" (pl>ch is still present in some words like "chuva" (lat. Pluva) ecc)

I was waiting so hard for this video!!!!!!

also became /ʃ/ in argentina. don't know if in all positions

Some Spanish words that you would expect to start with 'h' but have 'f' instead (familia, facil vs hierro, harina) exist because they were relatively recent loanwords introduced by the clergy and the learned men who still romanticize the language Spanish came from. Take not that all words ignoring the f>h>0 rule have a religious theme, words that you would only expect to hear from the local priest's pulpit.

Wow, that was compact and precise!

I love your memes in the background, they're so silly, especially the Joker ones

As a Portuguese speaker, I am very impressed with your pronunciation, which many have difficulty pronouncing

switching language so fast to do all these different pronunciations is impressive!

awesome video!! as a spanish native speaker, learner of catalan and italian, and forgetter of french, here’s some tidbits i’ve noticed while studying the languages: 1. latin [ks] develops differently in every language, though it tends to either simplify or palatalize. in catalan it very regularly turns to [ʃ] (‘eix’ from axem, ‘maixella’ from māxillam). in spanish it initially turned to [ʃ] before developming further into [x], probably with [ç] as an intermediary (‘eje’, ‘mejilla’); the actual realization of it can kinda vary, but in my variety it’s much closer to [h]. in italian i’ve seen it be both [s] (‘asse’) and [z] (‘esercito’, from exercitum), but, as with all romance languages, i imagine there was a lot of influence from regional languages into the standard. when it comes to borrowings it tends to be kept as [ks] in catalan and spanish (māximus -> màxim, máximo) but gets italianized in, well, italian (massimo) 2. the written cluster ‘ns’ disappears in every language (spōnss-> sp. esposa, cat. esposa, it. sposa), but in spanish and catalan it seems to have been readded through written influence, which didn’t happen in italian: thus giving us sp. construcción and cat. construcció, but it. costruzione 3. the shift from ‘LI + vowel’ into [x] in spanish, though rare interlinguistically, it’s pretty common intralinguistically! it happens in molliāre -> mojar (see cat. mullar), paleam -> paja (cat. palla, it. paglia) and meliōrem -> mejor (cat. millor, it. migliore/meglio). something similar happens with the cluster [kl] intervocalically, when it happens as a result of vowel reduction: speculum -> spec’lu -> espejo (cat. espill (valencià), it. specchio), oculum -> oc’lu -> ojo (cat. ull, it. occhio). it’s a very useful sound change, insofar as it helps in spotting archaic words or borrowings, such as ‘muralla’ or ‘batalla’ instead of ‘*muraja’ and ‘*bataja’. 4. the exact sound value of ‘ll’ in spanish varies a lot, even when taking yeísmo into account. i say it as [dʒ], for both ‘y’ and ‘ll’; i’ve heard it been said as [ʝ], [ʎ], [j], [ʒ], [ʃ], and more. i believe a similar process happens in catalan and especially italian: the teacher who taught me couldn’t pronounce ‘gli’ correctly, per her own admission. 5. lots and lots of excepcions!! there are many “minor” languages spread through the whole romance-speaking world, and local varieties are also very influencial when it comes to day to day speech. overall an amazing video!! really thrilled to see a vast topic covered as cohesively and succintly: these ~20 minutes were basically an introductory semester to romance linguistics insofar as phonetics are concerned lol

Can’t wait for the grammar video!

useful as hell. There is belive it or not no good compilation of this

haven't watched it but I love it already

Funny how these variations in Latin that would become Romance languages are happening in Brazil right now. For example, every region as it's own phoneme for r, like the "American r" for the Caipira dialect of São Paulo, the /x/ and the /ch/ replacing /s/ for the Carioca dialect and the return of the trill in the South. Meanwhile, things like elision and syncope being very present outside the south, cutting and merging phonemes like a mad frenchman, and even vowel harmony of all things starting to appear in the Northeast. Consonants like /e/ and /o/ becoming /i/ and /u/ at the end of words or when not stressed( still allophonic variants though) , which are affected by syncope and merging with the beginning of the next word, although being kept as /e/ and /o/ in Southern accents, forming the "Sotaque Parananense" where I live. Also, /t/ becoming /tch/ outside the south. Also, the complete drop of plurals, both in verbs and nouns. "Colloquial" Brazilian Portuguese, more and more, just pluralize the articles before nouns to mark for number and don't conjugate verbs at all for plural, and making the verb system quite more "Americanized", relying a bit more on auxiliar verbs like "ter", our translation for "to have" or "ir", our equivalent of "to go". One good example is the fact we have a pluperfect form, and no one uses it. Instead, we rely on the "ter" auxiliary, and the form is almost a literal version of how you make the pluperfect form in English. If we include the tons of different vocabularies where it's a miracle that a Gaúcho and a Nordestino can still understand each other( What do you expect from a places so distant, that is on temperate zone, not even tropical, and other that is just south of Equator), I give 400 years that Brazilian Portuguese will form lots of Brazilian languages, forming it's own Branch of Portuguese languages.

Interesting and good video. Just one thing, that's not the flag of Catalonia, but that of the separatists. The flag of Catalonia only has red and yellow stripes.

Well, the Latin "d" sound in Romanian used to be "dz" until it was dropped in the 19th century. So back in the day Romanian "Zice" was written as "Dzice", though it is worth stating that Romanian used to have the letter "D̦" which was pronounced with "dz" sound, so we wrote it as D̦ice. And the same goes for all this words: Audi>Aud̦i (m. Auzi[Eng: "to hear") Videre>Ved̦i (m. Vezi[Eng: "to see") Deus>D̦eu (m. Zeu[Eng: "God" mostly a pagan one) Decem>D̦ece (m.Zece[Eng: number 10). So for the latter, at minute 14:45 you would write Cincispred̦ece. Though it was changed in 19th c. from dz>z, the pronunciation of "z" as "dz" is still found in today’s Romania mostly around the countryside; mostly seen as "peasant pronunciation" by modern standards of the Romanian language. I loved the video so much that I subscribed and I saved the video in my playlist. Hopefully you will make more videos about the Romance languages especially about Romanian and its evolution from Latin and also the relationship between Romanian and the other Eastern-Romance language (e.g Aromanian).

by the way some dialects of br portuguese like mine pronounce [x] as [h] in the nucleus of a syllable if the nucleus is "r" some dialects also use liquid r, [ʁ], [ɾ] or just nothing in places where [x] would be used in "r" in syllable codas

I'm glad you've set the story straight on vulgar latin as simply a development of what was standardised in classical latin. I see so many misinformed people trying to claim that classical latin is "constructed" and was never spoken, or that vulgar latin was somehow a language that developed in parallel from old latin.

Another point about vowels- in eastern catalan unstressed o -> u, unstressed e -> a, and generally in catalan there are open and closed a, e and o, which come from their own sound shifts

I wanna add that in Catalan, I could mention at least one example where LL (not before I) is not palatalized (just like French and Occitan): "estel," A synonym for "estrella," favoured for being an older and more genuine word of catalan (not taken from spanish after this one has processed the word with its palatalization)

I speak Sicilian and I think the most interesting feature is the retroflex consonants. They basically came from the consonant clusters /str/ /(t)tr/ and /(d)dr/ (for example, street is [ˈʂɽa:ta] or [ˈʂ:a:ta], and most notably, with the geminated /ll/ becoming /ɖɖ/, as in Sardinian

Love these, please do one for the Slavic languages!

Great video, would have been interesting to see Sardinian included. It's especially noteworthy when it comes to the vocalic system and plosives! Small correction: the Italian "io" is pronounced /'io/ [ˈiːo̞] so it's actually closer to the Latin "ego".

Some words in Spanish that never fully moved from f to h are hierro/fierro and the name Hernando/Fernando. It’s almost like halfway through the transition both spellings became acceptable.

I love the video. The fact that in romanian when you count from 11 to 99 or even higher there is always a way to make it shorter. (11) Unsprezece? Nah -> Unșpe, (12) Doisprezece? Nah -> Doișpe, (63) șaizeci și trei? Nah -> Șai'ș trei, (341) Trei Sute Patruzeci și Unu? Nah -> Trei sute patru'ș unu =)))) I don't even know how to write them, we just use them in conversations.

As for “st” and the definitive article in Italian, I think it is merely euphonic; lo/gli are used in many cases when the noun starts with 2 consonants (lo gnomo, lo spreco), or a “z”, which is then pronounced geminated (lo zaino) You blew my mind with italian vowel/consonant lenght combination: as a native speaker I had never noticed it! I spent 5 minutes trying it out!

Occitan could have been a good addition, between catalan, french and italian. It's a cousin/brother language of catalan (they were mergee at some point of history), and many french words came from occitan, especially in the middle age, with troubadour influences.

15:45 doesnt simply palatalise everywhere, it only softens before front vowels. like your example it. "scudo". also when you write geminate affricates in romance write it like [mad͡ːʒo] not [mad͡ʒːo] since they give very different phonetic values.

16:36 The relatinisation of romance languages is very interesting yet largely uncovered topic. I hope you will make a video someday about this.

Nice, thorough explanations! Regarding Ibero-Romance reflexes of Latin stop+l clusters: There's some confusion caused by multiple semi-learned forms that (re)introduced r- and l-clusters into Portuguese. Both Latin /pl, kl/ actually turned into Portuguese "ch" /ʃ/ (corresponding to Spanish "ll" /ʝ/) (compare Lat. plēnum > Port. cheio, Span. lleno; Lat. plānus > Port. chão, Span. llano; Lat. clāvem > Port. chave, Span. llave; Lat. clamare > Port. chamar, Span. llamar), while Latin /bl, gl/ both likely became /l/ in Portuguese and Spanish (Lat. blastēmāre > Port. & Span. lastimar; Lat. glattīre > Port. & Span. latir; Lat. glāream > Port. leira), though the data here is admittedly lacking (perhaps because the cluster simplifications removed lexical contrasts and were ultimately dropped from the Ibero-Romance lexicon). Semi-learned Latin forms with /pr, br, kr, gr/ and /pl, bl, kl, gl/ were then re-introduced into Portuguese in such words as praia (< Lat. plagiam), branco (< Lat. blancum), cravo (< Lat. clavum), grude (< Lat. glūten) as well as pluma (< Lat. plūmam), blasfemar (< Lat. blasphēmāre), claro (< Lat. clārum), gládio (< Lat. gladium), etc. An illustrative example is the Portuguese triplet "chegar" ('to arrive'), "pregar" ('to nail'), and "(ex)plicar" ('to explain' < 'to fold out'), which all originated from Latin "plicāre" ('to fold') but the first form was inherited directly from Latin, whereas the latter two forms were borrowed back into Portuguese at different points in time.

I’m Sicilian and I’ll tell you our dialect preserved a lot of stuff from latin, like the nasal n sound and the dark, l even the i+vowel like the word “maiu” which means may, also in sicilian scudo is scutu, this is so trippy, even the way tend to put the verb at the end of the phrase like the Romans did, we only do it when replying to a question though, for example if someone asked me “where were you?” I’d say “a casa era” meaning I was home, but if I weren’t replying I’d say “era a casa”

Could watch this all night!

Lovely video! Latin/Romance philology is definitely the linguistic history that I wish to specialize in personally before moving on to other language families, with Greek/Hellenic being the exception.

A part of the shifts that happened to Romanian also appear in latin borrowings into Albanian from what I've read.

That flag in Cataluña is NOT THE OFICIAL FLAG, but the radical independentist flag.

Native valencian speaker here. In valencian both the common pronunciation of the first person pronoun "jo" and its normative pronunciation according to the acadèmia valenciana de la llengua are [jó] / [jɔ́]. The same happens with adverb "ja", pronounced [já], despite this word comming from latin "iam", thus its regular predictable pronunciation in valencian being [ʤá]*

Talking by dropping consonnants at the end in French, many know that the final r in the end of verbs ending in -er has been dropped a long time ago but in some dialects of French, it is also happenning to other final r's at the end of verbs ending in -ir and -oir

it’d be cool to see a video like this abt the evolution of sounds in creole languages, either from you or someone else

what a work you've done! Greets to all our latin friends from the Republic of Moldova

In Romanian, /kt/ → /pt/ was part of a larger shift of velars becoming labials before alveolar consonants. This also affected the cluster written as ⟨gn⟩ which was pronounced [ŋn] in (late?) Latin, which in Romanian shifted to /mn/ (as seen in words like "semn" from Latin "signum"). ⟨gn⟩ actually underwent some interesting and significant changes in the other romance languages too.

A note on the portuguese pronunciations: The words ending in r only have the [x] in the brazilian dialect, european portuguese uses [ɾ] or [r] in the ending of words. In my accent it flower, cough and have would be [floɾ] , [tu'siɾ] and [teɾ]

I'm glad you exist

Romanian here, you did a great job on the pronunciation (especially with cincisprezece!), but there are words like făină, vânt and noapte which you got off, făina is more like fuh-i-nuh , vânt has a hard t, like you could say it vântâ, and noapte is more like nuapte, not napte. Great video though! I really enjoyed it

19:38. That's the most porteño sounding escudo I've ever heard jaja. Wonderful research, cheers!

EDIT: someone already commented something similar but I'll still leave the comment here First of all, great video. I subscribed and can't wait for the grammar one. As a note on the Romanian "eu", you put the pronounciation as [jo] but the official one in both dictionaries and spoken form is [jew]. It's one of the few examples of non-phonetic spellings in our language, and many people mistakenly pronounce it as [ew] in a process of over-correction, partly fueled by some overzealous teachers during the 20th century. Regarding the [jo] there are parts of the country that spell it as such so it's not entirely incorrect. There's a similar case in "sunt"= "(I) am/(They) are" which used to be and still is pronounced as [sɨnt] by many.

Well done!

Some more about Spanish Gs and Js pronounced as /x/ from what I've read: In Ladino/Judezmo (I like to call it the Romance equivalent of Yiddish, a descendent of Castilian Spanish spoken by Sepharadi Jews) there are four sibilants - /s/, /z/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, roughly corresponding to those sounds in (Brazilian) Portuguese. Ladino has split from Castilian around 1500 (due to the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492), so the sound changes of Spanish after that point didn't affect it, and the shifts in the sibilants in Spanish are most probably fairly recent. In Galician, there are two sibilants - /s/ and /ʃ/, and /z/ and /ʒ/ got devoiced (like in the word for window - "janela" in Portuguese, "xanela" in Galician). It looks like the same process happened in Spanish, with the addition of the shift of /ʃ/ to /x/. As a side note, the story of Don Quijote is known in Hebrew as "דון קישוֹט" (Don Kishot), due to an old translation by Bialik, probably influenced by the current French pronunciation of the name. The original spelling of the name is "Don Quixote" - with the 'x' pronounced as /ʃ/ originally, so Bialik's translation happens to preserve (somewhat) the original pronunciation of the name in Cervantes's Spanish, though I believe it's unintentional.

J (and G before E and I) was actally pronounced /ʒ/ in old Spanish, but it was devoiced, like all sibilants, merging with X, which was pronounced /ʃ/, and they both later became /x/, and the orthography changed so they would be written both J, although there are still toponyms with Xs pronounced /x/, like México. As for S, it was pronounced /z̺/ between vowels and /s̺/ elsewhere and when geminated, but it was devoiced like all sibilants. In most places it then became /s̻/, merging with Z and C/Ç, but that didn't happen in northern Spain and Equatorial Guinea. Z was pronounced /d͡z̻/, and Ç (and C before E and I), /t͡s̻/. They were, as all sibilants, devoiced, and also deaffricated, becoming /s̻/. In northern Spain and Equatorial Guinea they became interdental /θ/. When the orthography changed, all Çs became Zs, and all Zs before E and I became Cs.

Brazilian here. The glottal fricative [h] has not disappeared from our language at all! Although the letter H is completely silent in Portuguese, in many regions, it is the default sound for the letter R in the start or words and in VrC position. I noticed that in those cases you wrote it as a velar fricative [x] and [ɣ].

Québec French is also going the route of transforming ti and di into tsi and dzi. It’s hard for me to pronounce a « pure » ti sound, without the s. It’s one of the main hurdles for French people from France to be able to understand Québec French