T Cell Development and Maturation

T Cell Development and Maturation - T Cells are COOL!

Рет қаралды 88,102

Күн бұрын

T-cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response - our ability to recognize specific antigens on foreign invaders like pathogens. In this video, we’re going to look at how they develop.
RESOURCES:
- Blog Post - www.interactive-biology.com/017
- Patron - www.interactive-biology.com/p...
00:00 Intro
00:19 T Cells in Bone Marrow
01:07 In the Thymus
01:55 CD4, CD8
02:42 Positive Selection
03:17 Negative Selection
04:24 Helper and Cytotoxic T Cell
05:29 Summary
05:39 Outro

Пікірлер: 182

@madhotdogg9750 11 ай бұрын

Man you’re saving me once again, my notes couldn’t help after countless hours but 5 minutes with you and it’s clear as water. Love the videos 🙌🏻

@InteractiveBiology 11 ай бұрын

I'm so glad the videos are helping you out. That's awesome.

@user-rn6ds5he6q 3 ай бұрын

No FIVE minutes in the world can be more helpful !! Thank you sir

@InteractiveBiology 3 ай бұрын

I'm so glad you found it helpful, @user-rn6ds5he6q. You are welcome. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@michelleotero6792 Жыл бұрын

You are so much better than my professor at explaining things. I've been lost and confused all semester until I found you. Thank you so much!!!!

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Yayyy. I'm glad you found the video helpful, Michelle. That's why I make them. Thanks for following along and thanks for taking the time to comment.

@jeffsinko14 9 ай бұрын

Was looking for a good video that summarizes this process to pass on to my students... this video is short, to the point, and not overcomplicated. Great job!

@InteractiveBiology 9 ай бұрын

I'm so glad to hear that Jeffrey. I hope your students enjoy it (and learn a lot). Also, make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help your students understand how the human body works.

@jonathansadanaga5065 10 ай бұрын

Been studying for the MCAT and as someone who is not a biology major these videos have been life-saving. Thank you!!

@InteractiveBiology 9 ай бұрын

Woohooo. You're very much welcome. Glad to hear you're finding them helpful. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@XeReF-lr8jo 7 ай бұрын

Thank you so much man! It was so tough for me to understand all these concepts from textbooks but you explained them so easily.

@InteractiveBiology 7 ай бұрын

You are very much welcome @XeReF. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@Ilillilllliliiii 3 ай бұрын

Best explanations ever for T-Cell Development!

@viviestudy 3 ай бұрын

Amazing video! Your enthusiasm is so contagious :D

@jadelemonade7714 Жыл бұрын

KZfaq needs to pay you top dollar. Your videos explain these complex processes so well, THANK YOU.

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Haha - well if you get a chance to speak to the higher ups at KZfaq, make sure to let them know that 🤣. But seriously though, I' just glad that the videos are helping you. Thanks for the encouragement. Stay tuned for many more like this 👍🏾

@kennyng7986 Жыл бұрын

Thank you so much Leslie!! You're saving my final exam! This is what good biology teaching should be, instead of reading aloud a textbook like my professor did.

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You are very much welcome @Kenny Ng. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@user-sg5zy7if3b 2 жыл бұрын

I love your personality and animations! This is very easy to understand, thank you :)

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

Why thank you 😃

@LeeAz49 10 ай бұрын

@@InteractiveBiology😊😊😊😊

@joymwangangye4 Жыл бұрын

This was so clear! Thank you!!!❤

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You are very much welcome @Joy Mwangangye. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@dr.nanci. Жыл бұрын

thanks im studying for usmle and you ace the explanation of the complement system... appreciated

@B23._ 8 ай бұрын

That was a great and brief explanation. Thank you so much ❤

@InteractiveBiology 8 ай бұрын

I'm so glad you found it helpful, Batheen. You are welcome. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@veethomasllc4118 Жыл бұрын

I wanted to come back to the page and personally say, thank you!!!! Your video made so much more sense in 5 minutes. I had been refreshing on this for a week for class. You made it click, instantly. Thank you very, very much!!! (I passed my exams). Do you have a video on the Humoral (B cell) side of this? You're amazing!!!! Thank you for what you do. Many blessings.

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Wow, Vee. I'm so glad to hear that. Thanks for the comment. That's the reason I make these videos - to help people like you. CONGRATS on passing your exams. I don't have any videos on Humoral immunity, but I'll add it to my list of topics to cover in a future video. Maybe sooner than later.

@wonderingmerchant Жыл бұрын

This Mr. Makes biology fun and simple to understand. Thus is helpful in my undergraduate program

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Glad to hear it, Joshua. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you with biology.

@nurulizzah9026 3 ай бұрын

Thank you for explaining such a complicated process that I try to understand in just 5 minutes 😭 I love your content, please don’t die ❤

@InteractiveBiology 3 ай бұрын

Happy to hear that. I will try my best not to die 🤣

@benjaminhagensieker3887 7 ай бұрын

Bro, thank you for the simple explanations. Great video.

@InteractiveBiology 7 ай бұрын

You are very much welcome @Benjamin Hagensieker. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@aisyahhumaira199 Жыл бұрын

I just saw 2 of your video.I REALLY LOVE YOUR VIDEOS! Plus your enthusiastic demeanour and your bubbly character , it made me giggle!

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Hi Aisyah, thank you so much. Glad you're loving the videos. And I appreciate the compliment. It's great to have subscribers like you. Have an amazing rest of the week 👍🏾

@neelmarzan860 Жыл бұрын

Man u don't know what phenomenal job u r doing for people.. Keep it up. Love from Bangladesh 💙

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Thank you very much, Neel.

@marean_mat 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you, sir! Amazing work!

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

You're welcome 👍🏾

@lr2683 2 ай бұрын

Greatly explained. Thank you so much.

@InteractiveBiology 2 ай бұрын

I'm so glad you found it helpful, @lr2683. You are welcome. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@theartistkat6985 Жыл бұрын

amazing work, I understand so well now!! thank you!!

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You are very much divine @TheArtistKat. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to get more content like this 👍🏽.

@kingdavidjapan 8 ай бұрын

Wow, great summary! Thanks 🙏

@InteractiveBiology 8 ай бұрын

You are very much welcome @kingdavidjapan. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@ashaoluayanfe7474 Жыл бұрын

Your explanation was top notch, thank you maestro

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You are very much welcome. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@carinamcallister4409 3 ай бұрын

Will be recommending this channel!

@InteractiveBiology 3 ай бұрын

Man, thanks so much, @carinamcallister4409. I appreciate every recommendation. Also, make sure to tap subscribe. Lots more great stuff coming.

@DrKevynOliveira 2 жыл бұрын

Perfect, as always.

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks, Kevyn

@bilgeatay9146 Жыл бұрын

thanks for very clear explanation... very helpful for my immunology exam

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You are very much welcome @Bilge Atay. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@mariamazam9688 Жыл бұрын

Thankyouu. It was helpful AND enjoyable💕

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You are very much welcome. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you with biology.

@brunojose4195 Жыл бұрын

That's a nice video! I'm just a little bit confused in the progress of the events. You said that the negative selection happens in the medulla, that's right, and after you said that the T cells are exposed to other body cells to determine if they are going to be CD4+8- or CD4-8+, but that does not happen in the medule, because only single positive cells arrive at the medula. So when are the T cells expose to these other body cells to determine theyir type if not in the medule, and does it happen after the negative selection?

@joshuabowman7210 2 жыл бұрын

You shared the most Information thanks

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

You're welcome.

@autf1_6 Жыл бұрын

So good animations! Thank you teacher.

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You're very much welcome.

@aydazarei1929 Жыл бұрын

That was perfect. Thank you❤

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You are very much welcome @Ayda Zarei. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@nayeemaansari474 4 ай бұрын

this topic was such a head ache... thank u for making it this simple

@nicowhitlock9381 Ай бұрын

love the energy man

@InteractiveBiology Ай бұрын

Why thank you. Stay tuned for more like this.

@deekshithagbmbt632 Жыл бұрын

You are amazing your animations are amazing keep this lectures going👍😊

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad you're finding value in the content. I'll definitely keep them going 👍🏾

@ingamalysheva2582 11 ай бұрын

*THANK YOU SO MUCH, AMAZING VIDEO!!!!!*

@InteractiveBiology 11 ай бұрын

I'm so glad you found it helpful, Inga. You are welcome. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@nejateshetu7826 2 жыл бұрын

Well done 👏

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks.

@malinyamato2291 2 ай бұрын

very good explanation.... keep going.

@InteractiveBiology 2 ай бұрын

Glad you found value in it. I will definitely keep going. Stay tuned for more.

@Stop-and-listen 2 жыл бұрын

Great explanation. Lots of questions. Love it.

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

Glad to hear it.

@TIKI-hb7by 6 ай бұрын

Thank god I found this channel!!

@InteractiveBiology 6 ай бұрын

Yayyy, I'm glad you found it too. Stay tuned for many more bio vids.

@abdilahiismacil8381 Жыл бұрын

Amazing lesson

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad you found it helpful. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you with biology.

@wycliffenyandika9017 Жыл бұрын

thanks for the video,the best explanation on KZfaq so far,tho from 5:48 going forward I did not understand most of it, what is that process? is there another video you can refer me to read more about it

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

5:48 is the end of the video. So I'm not sure what you're referring to. Was that a typo?

@syedazainabafzaal6125 6 ай бұрын

Amazing video 👏💯

@InteractiveBiology 6 ай бұрын

Thank you very much, Syeda Zainab Afzaal. I appreciate the compliment. My main goal here is to be helpful. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@brisss_1997 7 ай бұрын

OMG thank you so much! your videos are helping me with my microbiology class! I was having a hard time trying to understand T-cells. I wish you were my professor lol

@InteractiveBiology 7 ай бұрын

You are very much welcome @Brisa Rojas. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@LegendmemesDz 11 күн бұрын

man this was very helpful , love from algeria

@randomyoutube844 6 ай бұрын

Thank You So Much

@InteractiveBiology 6 ай бұрын

I'm so glad you found it helpful, @randomyoutube844. You are welcome. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@Zahltm 5 ай бұрын

Sir you’re brilliant and areal superhero 💜Such a great explanation

@InteractiveBiology 5 ай бұрын

Thank you very much, @Zahltm. I appreciate the compliment. My main goal here is to be helpful. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@nevilbritto8864 Жыл бұрын

Man the way u explained this difficult concept>>>

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Thanks, Nevil. Glad it helped. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@shiraziahmedsheikh6365 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks 👍 A great and consise video

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

You're welcome 🙂

@nosaibabahr810 9 ай бұрын

Very informative

@InteractiveBiology 9 ай бұрын

Glad to hear it, Nosaiba. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@zinathjahan1722 10 ай бұрын

Thank ya dude❣️

@InteractiveBiology 10 ай бұрын

You are very much welcome @Zinath Jahan. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@fairydust3493 3 ай бұрын

You are AMAZING ❤

@Heyokasireniei468sxso Жыл бұрын

great job man

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Thanks, Rex. Glad you found it helpful. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you with biology.

@khadarali9655 2 ай бұрын

Well done

@InteractiveBiology Ай бұрын

Man, thanks so much, @khadarali9655. I try hard to break things down in a way that's understandable. So if you wanna keep learning like this, make sure to tap subscribe. Lots more great stuff coming.

@sinquariuscreations6556 Жыл бұрын

That was a great explanation! I didn't realize that during the 3rd phase, what causes them to become T helpers vs T effectors depend on their encounters - almost like the point of a switching choice in development whether they will be female or male on the functional level (not great analogy perhaps). Question though, once they are released from the bone marrow, how long do they typically take to reach the Thymus, and go through processes within and thus released as a defined Tcell type?

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

That's a great question. From what I've found, it seems it takes about 3 - 5 days for the entire process. Hope that helps. Make sure to subscribe for more content like this.

@TFYS-QA Жыл бұрын

@@InteractiveBiology Thank you for the response. Subbed to you! Just read some of the comments below, and one person asked an interesting question about how the process of which, say a killer Tcell (CD8), would then lose its remaining CD4 receptors previously expressed through the 1st phase. If I were to guess on that, I'd imagine that the 1st phase was limited in TCR's overall, but enough to get through the last two phases, and then to be initialized to express either CD4 or CD8 based on the random selective hookup - meaning the Tcells would still have a small percentage of the CD4's left over once determined to be a CD8 type. Or some other process takes place that cleve's off the remaining CD4 receptors on a CD8 type T cell?

@konyipastrans 15 күн бұрын

Thank you

@ZalaanKhan-zv4wk 10 күн бұрын

Why I don't see your videos before Wow You are explaining the difficult processing in simple and easy way Thank you so much sir

@InteractiveBiology 8 күн бұрын

You are very much welcome @@ZalaanKhan-zv4wk. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@ZalaanKhan-zv4wk 8 күн бұрын

I am from Pakistan I appreciate your video And I subscribe already your video

@ssshibe5307 25 күн бұрын

Thank you so much!!! this is incredibly clear and helpful, thanks to you imma hopefully crush my immunology exam :)

@InteractiveBiology 24 күн бұрын

You are very much welcome @@ssshibe5307. Glad you got value from it. All the best on your exam. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@tenzinyangzom9056 Жыл бұрын

Wow! Thank you.

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You're welcome.

@masm3608 Жыл бұрын

These videos that you are doing about cells in the human body are interesting.

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Glad to hear it 😃

@mirachangaming Ай бұрын

oh you helped me soo much thank uu :)

@InteractiveBiology Ай бұрын

You are very much welcome @@mirachangaming. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.

@wasifhussain2220 2 ай бұрын

Thank you sir what a lovely method wao ❤

@InteractiveBiology 2 ай бұрын

You're very much welcome 👍🏾. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@mls564 11 ай бұрын

I love the way u teach, am from India,become fan of u

@InteractiveBiology 11 ай бұрын

Thank you very much, mls. I appreciate the compliment. My main goal here is to be helpful. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@Piji.S.2 4 ай бұрын

Thanks!

@InteractiveBiology 4 ай бұрын

Just realized you left a "Super Thanks". Wow, I'm so grateful. Thank you very much.

@awgoh2038 5 ай бұрын

At the end when u said they will be released as a mature t helper and t cytotoxic cells. So they still a naive t helper and naive t cytotoxic cells circulating in the blood, right?

@InteractiveBiology 5 ай бұрын

Yes, you're right! When T cells leave the thymus, they are indeed released as mature T helper cells (CD4+) and T cytotoxic cells (CD8+). But they are still considered 'naive' at this stage. This means they are fully developed but have not yet encountered their specific antigen. Once they encounter their specific antigen in the body, they become activated and can fully perform their immune functions. So, these naive T cells circulate in the blood and lymphatic system, constantly surveilling for their specific antigen to initiate an immune response.

@chimaobihillary-mu5rn 2 ай бұрын

Pls how do I get more of videos especially hematopoiesis

@InteractiveBiology 2 ай бұрын

Just subscribe to the channel. And here's my video on Hematopoiesis - kzfaq.info/get/bejne/f7hjn8dyp87TZ6M.html

@drrrajkumar262 Жыл бұрын

U r amazing bro❤❤❤❤

@suryamsingh5276 Жыл бұрын

Love this 😮😊

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Thanks, Suryam. Glad you enjoyed it!

@kotana2391 5 ай бұрын

thank you

@InteractiveBiology 5 ай бұрын

I'm so glad you found it helpful, @kotana2391. You are welcome. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@Aya-dh5dt Жыл бұрын

Thank you so much you are the best 🌸 Could you do for B cell please

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

You're very much welcome. Hmm, I'm surprised I hadn't done one for B cells. I'll add it to my list. Thanks for the suggestion.

@simisiby1446 2 жыл бұрын

Thank u

@klausmaus1886 2 ай бұрын

Great video - one small mistake though I think. The cells in the medulla don’t bring antigens in from the rest of the body - the cells which exist there just express loads of other body proteins, so it’s not cells entering from the periphery that causes this. I think. They’re called mTEC cells and they’re really really cool. Great vid though

@ShayanKhan-yp5yx 4 ай бұрын

amazing!!!!

@InteractiveBiology 4 ай бұрын

I'm so glad this was helpful for you, @ShayanKhan-yp5yx. My goal is to make biology as clear as possible. If you want more explanations like this, make sure to subscribe - I have a ton more on the way!

@ShayanKhan-yp5yx 4 ай бұрын

Definitely Subscribed :)

@InteractiveBiology 4 ай бұрын

You're awesome.

@azrieloni258 Жыл бұрын

I'm a biology professor and I have a hard time understanding all the complexities of t-cell development. This video made it so easy to understand those complexities. lol

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Yayyy. That's exactly what I was going for, Lyle. And hey - I understand how it is being a professor and not understanding something fully. Always an interesting challenge. Glad I was able to support you on that. Make sure to subscribe for more like this.

@Stop-and-listen 2 жыл бұрын

Can we develop an organoid that duplicates the thymus?

@InteractiveBiology 2 жыл бұрын

Great question, but I have no idea 😃

@nathancheese8645 8 ай бұрын

Thx

@InteractiveBiology 8 ай бұрын

You're welcome!

@FruitypantsMcNutz 10 ай бұрын

Hang on, if the T cells which recognise MHC I become CD8 T cells, but MHC I is how self cells are identified and the T cells are not meant to identify self cells..... I don't get it. Isn't it contradicting itself?

@InteractiveBiology 10 ай бұрын

Good question and I'm glad you asked it. Let me try to clarify. MHC I has more than 1 purpose. Yes, it's a way of identifying "self". But it's also a mechanism for cells to display the proteins that they are producing internally in the immune system. This can include proteins from viruses or other pathogens if the cell is infected. So, even though MHC I molecules are "self" molecules, the fragments they present can be "non-self" if the cell is infected. And that's where CD8 T cells come in. They are designed to recognize the "non-self" protein fragments displayed on the MHC I of an infected cell. When a CD8 T cell recognizes a "non-self" fragment on an MHC I molecule, it triggers the T cell to kill the infected cell. It's not contradictory, but rather a sophisticated way that our immune system can recognize when our own cells have become infected and deal with them accordingly. Hope that helps.

@LopLo-vb3lq 2 ай бұрын

amazing this is all what I can say

@InteractiveBiology 2 ай бұрын

I'm so glad this was helpful for you, @LopLo-vb3lq. My goal is to make biology as clear as possible. If you want more explanations like this, make sure to subscribe - I have a ton more on the way!

@no-eb2fr Жыл бұрын

Hey,what is the process of losing cd4 or cd8 called?

@TFYS-QA Жыл бұрын

Did you ever get your answer?

@no-eb2fr Жыл бұрын

@@TFYS-QA no but i dont care as my project is done

@TFYS-QA Жыл бұрын

@@no-eb2fr Ah you must be a student. Still, I thought your question was good and has me interested. Lucky for me, I have no tests to prep for. I'm just curious on how these things work. Best of luck in your exams :)

@no-eb2fr Жыл бұрын

@@TFYS-QA thanks

@IAMCRizzle 7 ай бұрын

Before birth hematopoeisis occurs in the FETAL LIVER (sorry my prof really wants me to remember that)

@nalavwememory8763 2 жыл бұрын

👏👏👏👏👏👏👏

@bezamengesha8515 3 ай бұрын

❤❤❤❤❤❤❤ wow wow you are wonderful .

@InteractiveBiology 3 ай бұрын

Thank you very much, @bezamengesha8515. I appreciate the compliment. My main goal here is to be helpful. If you haven't already, make sure to subscribe to the channel because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works.

@zeesharana5423 2 ай бұрын

Me and haseeb are listening this😂❤ yaayyy🎉

@fuadgn1239 Жыл бұрын

mantap

@zainahziyad2036 2 ай бұрын

❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

@InteractiveBiology 2 ай бұрын

👍🏾

@jasminevaughn5214 Жыл бұрын

What about smuge cells what is that

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

Smudge cells are a kind of white blood cell that appears "smudged" when you look at them in a microscope. They are often seen in people with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

@jasminevaughn5214 Жыл бұрын

@@InteractiveBiology I have smudge cells but I'm terrified

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

I recommend taking it one step at a time. Smudge cells are even seen in healthy individuals. So it's not necessarily an indication that there's a problem. I would check with your physician for further evaluation.

@jasminevaughn5214 Жыл бұрын

Are they t cells?

@InteractiveBiology Жыл бұрын

They can be B or T cells