Didn't the Battle of Kadesh (1274BC) occur before the Sea Peoples attacked Egypt(from 1236BC onwards)? Also, the Hittites and Egyptians had established an alliance in 1259BC. So, by the time the sea people's attacked, there was no war with the Hittites for them to partake in. In the past, my personal theory used to be that the treaty between the Egyptians and Hittites caused the rise of the "sea peoples" (the sea people's were basically pirates and marauders). That treaty probably resulted in a very large amount of mercenaries who suddenly found themselves unemployed. So they resorted to piracy and marauding (becoming the "sea peoples" and the "land peoples" )

Hey Dan, I really love your series. I was hoping you could do a video on the advent of boat "Sail" and it's possible origin in the middle east being used to transport logs down river and it's eventual adaption to canoes/boats and then spread to the rest of the world and how this may have influenced various cultures from the Polynesians to the Vikings. It makes one wonder if the sail originated in the middle east or possibly in multiple different cultures throughout time. A fascinating piece of ancient technology.

Hi Dan, just found your channel and 12 minutes in I've already subscribed. I love the detailed analysis. I wonder if it is possible to trace metal ore sources via isotopes like they do to find out where granite, etc. was quarried. If anyone has any insight I would love to hear about it. Cheers from Chicago!

Excellent history as ever ! I really want to go read some of your books but my eyes are a mess right now maybe when I can fix those I can read again.

What my theory is no doubt there was a cooling event and no doubt a lot of people went rampaging like in the great migration period. But maybe because the supply of tin from the east was no longer a viable source due to the climatic events and these people still had access to tin so it would make perfect sense to strike your enemy when their supply of bronze weaponry can no longer be made. Lets face it it was a success until Egypt fought them off and i bet they thought lets call it a day with the spoils we have already taken after the 2nd defeat. It also makes sense that Greece was the fastest to bounce back as they where closest to the places where these rampaging people came from so when things settled down again their trade with mainland Europe could start again putting them in a much better position to take advantage of the weaker nations around the Med.

Wow thanks that's an amazing thing to read, cheers Tim.

@@DanDavisHistory I've praised your work, before. ;) I must concur with Tim. For several years, I've been an ad hoc research assistant for a professor who specializes in Indo-European history, culture, mythologies and genetics. You are very, very, good, Dan. :) Solid research. Great 'scripts'. Perfect voice and narration for the material. World class work, as always. (I'm now retired, but assisting and mentoring that younger colleague keeps my hand in the game and keeps my mind busy. Encouraging people like you is simply a wonderful bonus.)

@@DanDavisHistory how did european martial arts develop ? Like in this era

The only History teacher that brought history to life like this for me was Mr.Switzer. He taught several courses at Holmes CC in Ridgeland MS. No professors at University even came close. I wish that he would have written professionally.

His voice is perfect for narration, and story telling.

Well Said, but the mace is perhaps not so much of a can opener as a blunt force trauma weapon. Still effective at killing a person in plate armour though.

@@HansenFT Yes, more of the can-crusher option there. Goes with the hammer half of the war hammer/picks.

@@HansenFT Blunt force can still open a can, I once opened a can of soup with a hammer so i'd say it counts.

I concur!

@@vaultdweller1386 my man just unga bunga'd his way into a can of soup

I think it's amazing how much we know. Just by pure chance all those several tens of thousands of clay tablets with cuneiform writing have survived and been found. Without them we would know a small fraction of what we know.

Oh thanks, I'll have to look for that, cheers.

Shoutout to the Lotus Eaters! ❤️

damn lotuseaters ate my comment yesterday ! just because I pointed out (politely enough, I would argue) that the sun isn´t shining that bright for the european metal detectorists, compared to brittain - seemingly can´t have someone spoiling their "white pill" with dark reality there those entries of this obnoxious pussysite-spambot who commented even before me, are still there.....

@@feldgeist2637 When I first read your comment, I thought 'this is some salty guy who used 'naughty words'...so I conducted a little experiment. No 'forbidden words' just a critique of some of Carl's 'Dadist' advice in light of stats regarding the family court system...yeet: Gone in less than 5 minutes. Disappointing to say the least.

@@platoplombo15 I truly hate how managed and designed the comment section has become on many channels either the owners, some deranged admins, yt itself or god knows who else is pushing you down intp the abyss of the section, shadowbanning or outright deleting you

later became symbol of ruling imperial family in China replacing jade or nefrit

That sounds very cool! Never heard of it but I will keep an eye out, thanks.

@@DanDavisHistory jacq is probably one of the best ancient egypt novelist but poorly known in English

Ramases, is made up of the word for the Sun, Ra and a name Mases, Moses who was an Eygptian prince was in face called Mases.

He was called Serramana. That name is drawn from an location in South Sardinia. 😉

Thank you. Good luck with your novel.

the phalanx had a solution to light infantry, and it was the tactic of ekdrome. The spartans did have light infantry and cavalry. Especially light infantry was plenty. it did not help them. Shields, especially very large shields, are very effective against all kinds of projectiles. Usually the only way for projectile weapons to be effective they have to get to aim around the shield (either by getting a different angle from increased height or by getting around). And I do not have the impression that, compared to the hellenistic combined arms concept, the Roman way of waging war was particularly more effective on a tactical level. They did seem to struggle a lot and relied heavily on local allied forces to achieve victory. Their success seems to be due to their own alliance's stability and their diplomatic achievements. All swords can be used in formation. Cutting makes less sense against metal armor, but has more stopping power. Short swords are more nimble than long swords of the same weight. Also less prone to breaking. And harder to parry (becase short, there is simply less blade to deflect or bind,) Shield combat becomes way more deadly (/shields protect less well) the closer you get because of an increase in possible attack angles. Nimble weapons tend to be more advantageous the closer you get. Same goes for weapons that are hard to parry. Tight formations do not increase general "combat power" (quite the opposite) they increase the effectiveness of shields and helmets. Hence (one of the reasons) why during the peloponesian war, when depictions of bronze armor suddenly become much rarer, formations tend to get tighter.

Thank you very much, welcome to the channel. I hope you enjoy the videos

Thank you.

No way? Awesome.

Thank you. Last few videos people complained the music was too quiet so I made it louder for this one. Hard to balance but glad you liked it.

Awesome, thanks Sean. So glad you liked it mate. Cheers.

Cheers.

Yes I will be doing that very soon I hope.

@@DanDavisHistory Thank you very much!

Thanks very much.

Thank you Mr McBoom. I do know Tomiris, I talked about her a bit in the horse warriors video but I did NOT know there was a film about her, I will check it out. Cheers!

Tomyris is from the Iron Age and she was very likely mythological rather than being a real character.

@@timurthelamest5630 I stand corrected. Iron Age. According to Herodotus, and other sources, she was real. Thanks for the correction.

@@BoomerMcBoom According to Herodutos which Herodutos himself admits that he heard this story from someone else. Other writers would then base their accounts of Tomyris off of Herodutos'.

@@timurthelamest5630 Is Herodotos the first historical reference to Tomiris? Most, if not all, historians hear their stories "from someone else". Not many first hand, and unbiased, historical accounts. History is always being updated and corrected. The Trojan Wars were also a myth, until they weren't.

Thank you, my friend.

Thank you very much.

Could be yeah or could be part of the general milieu across Europe.

Hi, I made a video about the Tollense DNA. We can rule out a meditereaen origin because genetically the Tollense warriors weren't Southern European. They were quite 'northern' genetically and match best populations who lived in Bronze age Hungary & late Neolithic Poland. We don't can't know exactly where they came from. They were apart of a mysterious genos who we don't understand yet. We just know they came from somewhere in mainland Europe north of the Mediterranean. Also, we know they were related to modern central-East Europeans in someway.

@@genoshistoria3487 Didn't some samples from Tollense match genetically with Scandinavians?

@@octodaddy4494 No. There were three mercenaries, one from France and one from Spain and one from somewhere near Lithuania. Then the rest were apart of that mysterious genos I mentioned in the previous post who we don't understand yet.

Thanks for watching them!

Thank you. Yes it's a fascinating era. Archaeology isn't so good when things happen so quickly and are so complicated.

Thanks for watching Bro!

Thank you! I don't think I would be a great archaeologist or historian as I don't have the patience or the intelligence. This video and all my videos are based on the work of real academics. I think my talent is in taking their work and telling it in an interesting way.

@@DanDavisHistory that's exactly what I used to think about my chances of becoming an academic. During my 20s through mid 40s, I thought I just didn't have either the patience or smarts to be an intellectual. And then aged 43 I took my MA in ESL and during that time I got acquainted in Linguistics. I successfully completed my MA and got accepted by a UK brick and mortar university to do a PhD in Applied Linguistics. I am now in my 2nd year and realise that what they require is for you to read up on all the "real academics' in the field and present my own imaginative take on one particular angle, using the work of these academics. No more and no less. As my PhD advisor said "It's not like writing a novel." They just want you to show that you know what's been written about it." At any rate, either way, your videos are very well informed, well presented and above all, you give valid and measured speculations that are very original and reasonable. Cheers!

Thank you.

Thanks for watching.

Cheers bro!

Thank you very much. Shame about that map, I took it from Wikipedia.

Thank you. I don't change the music or sound effects so that's strange, I'll look into it.

Thank you, I will do my best.

Thanks very much.

Thanks bro.

Thank you. I think there were many groups. Some may have been one ethnic group from a specific area like the Lukka. Some more ephemeral.

When I first heard about the Bronze Age collapse I was really fascinated by the whole Sea People-thing. I've read some article and it sounded like some fantasy lore: an unknown power came on boats and just burned one city after the other. And then this mysterious name, "sea people". It really reminded my of alien invasion movies.

@@Kuhmuhnistische_Partei Exactly... If you imagine... you are living like 2000 years in Bronze age, with clay tablets, small city states constantly battling each other and then many groups of mercenaries just show up and destroy everything in all areas of main "cradle of life". Who was thinking outside the box this much in those times? It was not raiding, they just destroyed everything in their path.

Thank you. I must say it's not my hypothesis, I'm just relating the work of researchers like Barry Molloy. Also I'm also sure some of the named sea people groups were ethnic groups from one location. The Lukka were probably Lycians for example. The Sherden may have been Sardinians / Nuragic civilisation. Etc. And the Peleset very likely originated in Greece. Although which group they represent is unclear Pylos or Pelasgians etc. But considering the distribution of artefacts etc I think these primarily Mycenaean groups would have included foreign warriors from Balkans and Italy, possibly also from Pannonia and southern Germany area and maybe even Jutland and further afield. There does seem to be a distinct warrior culture distributed across this region that spreads across the Eastern Mediterranean during the "collapse" period.

Warrior/hunters/herders cultures prayed on farmers, as these were an easy target and it became a custom sanctioned by clan cults When farming conditions worsened, farming output worsened, farming communities lost scale and ability to defend with it, forced to concentrate to lower attack surface. Famines, droughts, stress of war brought diseases decimating them farther. This naturally forced waring cultures to first decrease scale of trade getting less from exchange or robbing. but it also decreased wild animals numbers as wild horses. so even hunting got problematic. suddenly farmers were forced to also use food sources that were taboo like fishing suddenly all previous niche specialisations and chain of dependencies collapsed leaving warring clans with only option to harras farmers even more and start harrasing each other it added internal strife also because clans borders were sacred, place of mir of order and peace the moment of internal competition had religious aftermath it ment Gods are angry and fight each other and reaction to that was need to appease Gods by sacrificing let say prisoners of war or when things get bad to keep internal stability to start big crusade what created a domino effect also in these new conditions suddenly the most obscure primitive constant warfare in scarce resources conditions of old hunter gatherers became a winning strategy changing completely breeding and type of people being born prompting these social structures economic strategies and affecting whole cultural narrative worldviews it really was similar to another wave of steppe dwellers climate caused expansion and because of established trade routes and information flow these trade routes became exactly the direction of expansion flow what interest me is if the trade was interrupted or kept going obviously "Greece" was well established in exchange with eastern Mediterranean powers some being royally intermarried despite etnic divisions it could explain how much was it spontaneous how much preplanned and premeditated

Thank you, very kind of you.

Thank you very much Michael

Thank you very much. That track is by Lombus. I use his stuff in most videos - along with other artists. He mainly does video game music and that one is off the Survive the Nights Soundtrack. lombus.bandcamp.com/

I agree with this hypothesis for the most part and think the Luwians have been the missing piece all along. Especially Luwian speaking groups and Greeks being brought into conflict with Egypt. But I also think it's more complicated and perhaps more international than even we think. There's some potential evidence that Shekelesh is in reference to ancient Sicilians rather than Cyclades. There's strong evidence that the Nuragic culture of Sardinia is what the Sherden/Shardanu referred too. There's also the italic Terramare culture that Dan covered in another video that migration/colonized/invaded parts of Greece. They too could have been part of the sea people's coalition, though which tribe is unclear. They could have also just gone as unnamed, but involved mercenaries. The Peleset are nowadays generally believed to the Philistines, based on the archaeology and the very helpful Egyptian stelles that depicted the different sea people tribes (this art also helps coincide with the Sherden identification). Ekwesh is possibly likely Achaeans, though so too were the Danans/Dananu, and the difference between Ahhiya/Ekwesh/Achaeans and Achaean Danans, and why they were listed separate (was it because they were? or is a Egyptian misunderstanding of foreign identities?) is still debated and not well understood. A Pelasgian reading for Peleset is interesting since the Pelasgians supposedly were the pre-Greek natives, based in Arcadia, according to Archaic Age Homeric writings. But for now I'm with the Philistine reading. Which still works because recent archaeological findings have pinpointed the Philistine origins to southwest Anatolia -- so a Luwian origin. Also I think the Tjekker are unlikely to be the Trojans as the contemporary name was Wilusa (modern Ilion). The name Troy came about from a different linguistic journey. From what I've read: Tjekker, as an Egyptian exonym, may be related to the Shekelesh (if that references Sicily) in some way because the characters for it could also be read as skl or Sical. Another hypothesis has been the Tjekker refer to the Teucri tribe, which lived south of Troy, but apparently that's been generally dismissed as pure speculation and needs more evidence. That would fit with a Luwian origin for them though. The only for sure agreed upon thing is the Tjekker seeminngly conquered Dor in Canaan, based on the Story of Wenamun. And that their leader was named/titled Beder, who was a deputy to the king of Tyre, which was Phoenician. They likely came into conflict with the Philistines after the latter settled in Canaan. Comparative linguistic analysis, newfound archaeogenetic studies, and archaeology between art depictions and items found in the dirt have been extremely helpful narrowing the gap, but a lot of things are unclear and still need to be studied until we know for sure.

@@Joyride37 Thank you for the considered comment. I agree about the Peleset. Yes, they settled in Palestine and became the Philistines. But their pottery, grave goods and weapons indicate they were Greek. The Sekelesh I agree gave their name to Sicily but to or from? It appears there were "original" inhabitants and later settles, that we call today Sicels 1 and Sicels 2. I think the Sicels-2 were Greek colonists from Cyclades. So that suggests the Sekelesh gave their name TO Sicily. The Sherden are mysterious. I agree with the connection to Sardinia, but again, TO or FROM? The Sherden made an early attack on Egypt and then became hired as mercenaries during the reign of Ramases II. Sardinia was a very important place in the Bronze Age, as I am sure you know. They wore horned helmets, seen in Egyptian paintings. But there was also a Luwian city called Sedha. If I ever become an amateur archeologist in my retirement, I would like to dig in Sardinia.

@@Joyride37 good thinking,but there's something that everyone is missing in this story. There are many reasons for me to believe that the Homer's Troy wasn't located in Anatolia, but rather north of Greece in the Adriatic sea. For example, Anatolia was under Hitite rule at the time of Trojan war and the Greeks already established some colonies there,trade was well developed,etc. On the other hand, Trojan war was basically an expedition to unknown, mysterious and dangerous land. There are dozens of ancient megalithic ruins scattered along Eastern Adriatic coast and islands that nobody knows nothing about. Same cyclopean walls like in Mycenae, but since this is Balkan,these things are simply swept under the rag. You can also find in this area unique stone monuments called stecak, I think over 70 000 of them only in Bosnia. Some of them depicting scenes from Iliad, tournaments, funerary games, dancers,scenes from Trojan mythology,etc. Dardanians Thracian Bryghians, Paeonians, those are all Balkan folks. Odysseus took ten years to get back home from his backyard? Homer's descriptions of climate,animals, vegetation, geography doesn't fit Anatolia also. Hisarlik could only be Trojan colony in Hitite land. I think you're right about Shardani-Sardinia and Shekeles-Sicily, but for Philistines,recent findings shows that they originated somewhere in South Europe.

@@BalkanCrusader of course you could find in Bosnia monuments of Greek culture , this should n surprise you , after all the Adriatic coast was heavily colonized by Greeks . But to say that Philistines originated from some unknown place in Southern Europe is an insult to any educated person . All of the Academics place Greece- Crete as the origin of the Philistines( including the Bible ) KAFTHOR-KAFTHORIM = Crete-Cretans . Than again,,,,,, Homers descriptions don't fit Asia Minor ? I don't know what kind of books you read friend but i strongly recommend you to start reading proper books

@@ideos5 no Greek colonies in the Adriatic prior to the 4-5th century BC. Google new findings about Philistines DNA,KZfaq won't let me put link here. Homer is only historian I believe, cause he's not historian but poet. And for ancient Greeks, there was no doubt that the Trojan war happened. You think you're smarter than Plato or Aristotle?

Thank you.