It is indeed, although that fact may or may not have slipped my mind when I wrote this! ;D

Thanks! Obviously, Proto-Slavic doesn't come from Pre-Proto-Germanic, but it makes sense that you see similarities. This is the stage where a lot of the "messiness" (laryngeals, syllabic sonorants, etc.) disappears, so it's easier to see what's going on. The two also developed somewhat near to each other, so there may be similarities in their development. I'm more a Germanicist than a Slavicist like you, so I'm not very familiar with Slavic. :)

Thank you! Glad to hear you like the videos! So, there are basically three things I consider in choosing the words. First and foremost, I go for words with an uninterrupted evolution from PIE to the modern language, without morphologically changing form much. So we can trace Italian "figlio" and "oro" and German "kalt" and "weiß" back to PIE forms, but those forms have no direct descendents in the other, so wouldn't be suitable for the videos. Second, I want to show off certain sound changes, like rhotacism, Grimm's law or the Romance palatalisation, so I try to pick words to demonstrate those. Third, I deliberately mix it up a little, so that the videos aren't basically the same list and you get to see other PIE words. Obviously, I stick mostly to the very stable forms, so several words are the same between the lists, but hopefully that explains the variation. Thanks so much for watching and engaging! :D

Makes sense. Thanks for the explanation!@@LexisLang

No problem! :)

@@LexisLangIs this he comment you were talking about?

Yes, it is! :)

Thank you! I'm really glad you enjoyed it. Hopefully more coming soon(ish). :)

Thanks! I have some plans. Hopefully they won't take ages to make! So glad you enjoyed :)

Ah, thanks for that note; I'm aware that the word has a number of reconstructions to account for the various reflexes, but I've only ever seen the consonant-final form for PGmc, though my expertise is primarily in West Germanic. That does make sense, though, so thanks again due teaching me something! :)

Yeah, someone else has pointed that one out; you're totally right. :S

Only [ð] shifted during the PWG stage, not /θ/. This /θ/ phoneme then split (along with the other fricatives) into separate voiced and voiceless phones. We can see this ð > d shift in words such as beard (< *barðaz). In Old English, "mother" and "father" were "moder" and "fæder", with plosives contrasting words like "broþer" ("brother") with a fricative. There was then a regular shift of -der endings to -ðer - likely under the influence of the -þer in words like "broþer". In Proto-Germanic, [ð] was actually an allophone of /d/. I've actually made the mistake that it should have appeared as [d] in *kaldaz, due to this allophony, so my bad there. Hope this clears up the confusion. I'd like to do one of these videos for English at some point, where I can discuss this, but thanks for your very good question. :D

Specifically what brought it to my attention is that PWG itidi, sihwidi is not consistent with (Early modern) English eateth, seeth.

This one took some research. I believe the answer is that PG and PWG generally used -þ as the 3S verb ending. In certain verbs, however (maybe near fricatives?), it instead used a -ð. In English, these differences were later levelled by analogy to -þ, but in German, þ and d later merged, so even if it did happen, we couldn't tell. It just so happens that all the verbs I've used here are of the -d type, but most other verbs were in -þ. :)

He said it can be different accents of Proto-Germanic

Yep! Absolutely true! :)

Thank you! I have a few languages I'd like to do with this, including English, so hopefully I'll do that at some point. Glad you enjoyed the video though! :D

@@LexisLang i like how other branches that come from I do European are strongly based on PIE but Germanic is just like; kwetwor? More like fedwor.

That's really just the effect of Grimm's Law though. Other than that, it's not at all dissimilar from Welsh "pedwar". Big sound changes can easily distort how similar the languages actually are and Grimm's is certainly that! ;D

@@LexisLang yeah grimms law... (:

@@LexisLang when will you make the videos for English or French?

I'm glad you've enjoyed that! But I just wanted to run through this myself, so here's what I got. So, these words don't look very PIE, so I wrote them out in a more PIE style, trying to keep their sound as close as possible. I had: - Méynkraptos - Ǵometridas (I compounded this one for extra fun!) Now advancing them (hopefully wellish): PGmc: - Mį̄hraftaz - Kanðritaz (*e elided from *kameðritaz) PWGmc: - Mį̄h(a)raft (per words like PGmc *fį̄hlō) - Kandret OHG: - Mīharaft - Kantrez Gm: - Meiheraft - Kantrez (I feel like this would become Kantretz or Kantretze) I also ran "méynkraptos" through the Italian SCs, which gave "mincratto", I think. The really interesting one is Welsh, which I'm thinking will be the next video of this format I do. "Méynkraptos" evolved through to Welsh I believe would give "mwyraeth". :D

@@LexisLang Wow, first, the way you turned it in to a proto-indo-european-y word was awesome and artistic. But the way you evolved it so well, and the result sounded so well in German Welsh and definitely Italian is just... WOW, thanks for showing me the real way it would work (: Love your videos!!

@@theofficeroliviersamson4498 Thank you! I suspect my conlanging experience helps me run through these kinds of things and know where and how to make the necessary adjustments. I'm glad you like what I make and I always like seeing familiar names with inquisitive minds in the comments. It's good to know people are actually engaging with what I do, more than just watching it. Please do keep doing that and I'll always be happy to reply to what I can, but if ever you want to chat about stuff a little more generally, my email's on my about page. No pressure of course, but you seem particularly curious and I'm always happy to help where I can! :D

​​@@LexisLang​ I'd say that's a good attempt. Though, I don't think an epenthetic vowel would arise in the middle of /hr/ (or rather it wouldn't stick around beyond the OHG period) and I think OHG /t/ should be revoiced to /d/ after /n/ (if we're talking Standard German here). Additionally, the outcome of *t at the end of a word is always /s/ (/ts/ only in gemination and wordinitially) so I'd suggest Mei-raft or rather Meireft ~ Meierft and Kändres or Känders (r-metathesis feels right in both cases since they both occur in unstressed syllables). The voicing of *þ to *d in PGmc depends on where you want to put the stress but I feel like the stress should be placed on the syllable immediately before the *tr thus resulting in *þr that stays as such until it shifts to /dr/ in OHG

@@LexisLang this was very interesting to read, and I’ll have to try this is with some other words, perhaps my name. This looks like lots of fun!

Brilliant! I love when people do this kind of thing! I have noticed a few problems, though. Firstly, PIE words were not this long. With some exceptions, they were usually 1-2 syllables, rather than 5-6. This'll change the whole dynamic of the word and things may not work the same - it very much feels like each word should actually be two. Secondly, /a/ was a very rare phone, thought to be non-native and only found in baby talk and loanwords. Thirdly, your syllables seem very CV in structure. Across both words, you have no words with more complex syllables than CVC. You've also got to remember that the list of changes in this video is the least complete of all my videos in this series, so a little initiative my be required at points. You also seem to have missed a few steps, such as ā > ō and d > t. All that said, I gave your two words a go. *dʰalóbʰeh₂meh₃npos I get becoming Modern German *Talebomamm, or possibly *Talemamm with syncope (I'm a bit unsure on a few points in the final syllable). With *bʰeh₃datédʰleh₂mranpos I got the result of *Buzzedölmbramm or maybe *Bussölmbramm. I've made a few assumptions here and I'm pretty sure there are several mistakes, but thought I'd try. :)

⁠@@LexisLang I’ll try again with 1-2 syllables and more words, also I seen the d>t but it was dialectal Bweh₃tēnpós Bwōtēnpós Bōþę̄faz (I think the change between dungʷōs to tungaz causes the w>Ø Bōþēf Buodief Budief Lm̥peǵós Lumpegós Lųfeɣaz Lufeg Lufek Lüfek Lüfek SnēHntós Snēntós Snę̄taz Snēt Sniez Sniez Schniez Kl̥pandhós Kulpandhós Hulfąðaz Hulfad Hulfat Hulfat Dṇsulteh₂ḱós Dunsultākós Tunsulþāɣaz Zunsuldāg Zunsuldāg Zünserdogen (The l disappearing is a normal shift)

Yes, emoji are interesting, aren't they? The latest stage in this communicatory evolution of ours. I should like to do a video on them. Perhaps some time in the new year. :)

Well, Wikipedia has some decent lists of sound changes, which I used as a starting point. I also used the Index Diachronica and tried evolving myself to fill in the blanks. For the Italian video, I think I also read some papers, but I don't think I did for this early video. The symbols are called "sound change notation". I'm going to do a video on it at some point, but essentially, they show how sounds change over time. Again, the Italian video is a bit more in depth - it lists my conventions, but in brief: () = optional [] = linguistic feature {} = set/"any of" _ = "in this position" C = consonant V = vowel N = nasal : = long ! = not Ø = zero/nothing # = word boundary / = condition ... = "not immediately before/after" Hope that helps! :)

@@LexisLang Thank you! This really helps, I was asking because I wanted to make a video talking about an etymological root that would turn into the word ''Minecraft'' or ''Roblox'' in *English* as a joke because it obviously comes from mine+craft.

Overall a really good and well researched video. I just want to correct some pronunciations. To me it sounds like you're saying [ç] in MHG but it stayed [x] until after the MHG period and MHG sounded a lot more like Swiss German in that regard. On that note, /h/ would have become [h] word-internally in MHG at the latest but probably already in OHG. Also - and this is a difficult distinction to make, I give you that - there was a clear distinction between OHG (it's better to represent this /s/ as in order to distinguish it more clearly from /ts/) and representing [s] and [s̠] respectively, which is important because in certain environments the latter became Modern German /ʃ/.

Polish is related to Russian - part of the Slavic branch of Indo-European. I expect it's also taken some loans from Russian, but sadly I'm not familiar enough with the language to comment in depth. And yes, Portuguese and Spanish are also related. Both are Iberian Romance languages. Portuguese does sound a bit funny to some people. I guess it is kind of Slavic. :)

@@LexisLang good writeup

Thank you!! I'm so pleased you like the video! =)

Neither, I completely messed it up! Pretty sure I checked several times when I made this and I still got it wrong. Very few people have noticed, though, so well done for spotting it! :Ь

Oh, so that's what it was. I was just thinking it was some random colours to liven the video up haha.

@@Frau_Brotchen I mean, it certainly helps with that too! :D

Do you think so? I'd say my voice is a tad lower and less inflectional, but I can maybe hear a slight similarity. :/

Thanks for pointing that out. I did actually intend to pronounce it, but inadvertently omitted it. Complete mess up on my end - I really should have checked everything, but was just thrown by the MHG. Thanks for taking the time to comment, though! :)

I was reading about that recently. As I understand it though, the Hebrew shva doesn't always represent schwa, does it? Just due to the vowel complexities of semitic languages. It is interesting to read about where these linguistics things come from though! :D

Yes! French is famous for its nasal vowels and as you can see, it's interesting that English went through a nasal stage, too.

In German, PIE is called Urindogermanisch ("Proto-Indo-Germanic"). They are indeed related.

@@yoti2155 Gaelic of Ireland 🇮🇪 fled from Central 🇩🇪 Deutschland.

@@johnrogan9420 The Celtic languages were originally spoken on the mainland. Gaelic itself was never spoken there except maybe by a minority. The speakers migrated as most human communities have.

:)

As I said in my reply to your comment on the Italian video, I can only find 22 - two columns of 11. If you could let me know what the 23 words are, I'd be very grateful for finding a mistake. Besides, even if there were 23, I wouldn't say that's "false information", but rather a sneaky mistake. I'd be happy to edit anything I can if there really is another. :\