Yeah, it's wild how different they are. In theory, there's not much separating them, but it is very extensive. When I first started learning Welsh, I was shocked how little I could recognise. I'm far too used to Germanic and Romance languages. I can figure out more now though, having done this video and understanding the relations a little better. :)

italo-celtic theory

You're very welcome. Thank you so much for watching! Are you a native Welsh speaker? If so, I hope my pronunciation wasn't too bad! It certainly is very interesting to see how the words develop and change over time - particularly when you know the endpoint. Glad you enjoyed the video! :D

As a (second language) Welsh speaker I was struck by this too! The step into proto-Brythonic was jaw dropping too, almost all of the words were entirely recognisable!

@@LexisLang I'm not a native speaker, but your pronunciation of the modern Welsh is excellent imo.

@@MP-hz6iz Thank you! :D

Дякую! It is a very lovely language! Glad you enjoyed the video! Thank you for watching! :D

Yes! That one is nice! It means "poeth" is also related to the "cotta" in "panna cotta" and the "-cuit" in "biscuit", which is cool. The semantic development does make a lot of sense of course (cooked food > hot food etc.), but cool nonetheless. Hope you enjoyed the video! :D

Isolation and like a thousand years. And to be fair, there aren't that many big changes. Just that those that do exist changed the language very systematically and extensively.

time

Muchas gracias! I'm glad I've been able to help fulfill your interests! And Argentina - that first word on the list is nicely fitting! ;D

@@LexisLang Yes, indeed!

¿Estás por acaso yn Y Wladfa?

@@pierreabbat6157 No, vivo en Rosario, bastante lejos de la Patagonia. Pero me interesa todo lo que sea Linguistica. Sí debo decir que conocí hace años a un señor que era de la colonia galesa de Chubut que vivía en Rosario. Se llamaba Juan Davis.

Aw, thank you so much! I've put a lot of work into it, so I'm glad it's paid off. I think I've refined the format a lot since the first of these videos I did and hopefully they'll just continue to get better from here! Thank you for watching! :D

@@LexisLang I've just gotten into your channel and you've definitely earned yourself a subscriber. After going back and watching some of your older videos, I really can see that you've refined your style of content, with this latest video of yours really well executed.

Thank you! I genuinely really appreciate that! Good to know I'm not just lecturing into the void. :D

I absolutely get what you mean, but I think doing it like that would kind of kill the bigger picture a little. I may do a video in future going through individual words, but for a video like this, I want to maintain the flow and give the audience a perspective of each stage of the language as a whole. If you are interested in individual words, it is hard, but it should still be possible to skip around a bit. Even if I did do individual words, it'd be rather disjointed anyway, as I'd still need to discuss changes throughout. Hope that explains my thought processes a little bit. Thanks for watching anyway and thank you so much for your feedback! :D

Irish "dubh" is actually from PC *dubus, the source of Welsh "du" (as seen in the section on the soft mutation). This is related, though not identical to, *dubros, which gave the Irish "dobhar". I get what you mean, though. Seeing it approach something you know and then diverge again is very cool. :D

Don't encourage them lol. Every video like this I get people mentioning that. I've also just word-counted my script and you're completely right - 1001 words on the dot! I'm glad you enjoyed the video! Thank you for watching! :)

@@LexisLang My bad dude XD

These things are often quite hard to date. However, in researching this video, I used chapter 5 of "the Celtic languages" by David Willis and edited by Martin Ball and Nicole Müller. It's available on Google Books in part and also references a number of other works. That provides some rough dating of the Brythonic to Middle Welsh stages, which was rather useful. I believe they were drawing from a work by Kenneth Jackson, although I couldn't get hold of that. Glad you enjoyed though! :)

@@LexisLang Of course i do not say to add an exact date, because it's impossible, but an approximate interval maybe. Keep up the good job anyway! 👌

@@Pellwolok Of course. Thank you! :)

Absolutely they must. However, the regular masculine ending in Proto-Celtic was -os. -Us is a different ending and it's actually irregular, having the same form across both genders. Originally, I had them agreeing, because obviously they should, but I checked and it's actually an irregular one. Thanks for noticing though! :)

Thank you, I'm glad you enjoyed!

Ooh, good spot there! That is indeed a mistake on my part; I should have checked. There's always something I get wrong! :D

English is absolutely on my list. Might do one or two other branches or families before I get to it, but I certainly will at some point! :)

Diolch! Dw i'n hapus fod di'n ei licio! Dydy fy Nghymraeg i ddim yn dda iawn, ond mae dysgu'r hanes iaith y dw i'n dysgu yn helpu fi i ddysgu'r iaith. Dwi'n gobeithio fod hyn yn ddefnyddiol - i mi ac i di! Diolch am wylio! :)

Yeah, there's not loads, but there are afew bits. The Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (www.Geiriadur.ac.uk) gives a brief etymology and examples back to Old Welsh. There have also been a number of published etymological dictionaries, such as Alexander Falileyev's or Phillipe Potel-Belner's, though I haven't read these two, so can't comment on their quality. There's also Omniglot's Celtiadur which provides Celtic cognates, or Wiktionary, which is user-written (so be careful), but generally not too bad and often cites its sources. There should also be a lot for Irish and the Gaelic languages, but I'm not so familiar there, so you'll need to try looking yourself. If these aren't what you're after, try googling "Welsh etymological dictionary" - quite a lot comes up and I may have missed something. :)

Yes! Exam season is over now, so I can get back to it again! Shame I've missed a few months, but I'm ready for the next regardless. :)

@@LexisLangI just want to say, I think when there is a ring below the r, that indicates that it is unvoiced. Also I made a video “Origin of (gen alpha) slang”, and it’s very popular, I got to almost 5k!

@@theofficeroliviersamson4498 Yeah, so in regular IPA, an underring indicates voicelessness. However, conventional PIE notation uses the distinct convention that it instead represents a syllabic sonorant. It's really important to know that distinction, especially here, where it means different things at different stages of the language's history. It is maybe something I should have noted and I was going to add it to my list of conventions, but for some reason I didn't in the end. :)

Not that I'm aware of. I've met a few people who are far more confident in Welsh than English, but despite Wales' excellent policies on the language, I think it'd be hard to get by without even the littlest English. :)

Yes, absolutely. If you check Proto-Brythonic and Modern Welsh, they both have a "dd" sound. Same with all steps in between. Old and Middle Welsh are attested languages, so I used their spelling conventions, which hadn't been standardised yet and didn't represent the full breadth of the phonology. Same as how /d/ is often written and /ɬ/ is written . Modern conventions just hadn't arisen yet. Great question though and good timestamping! :)

The documentation around Rusyn may not be the best, but I'd love to look at some other Slavic language(s). I don't know a great deal about them, but I'd love to learn! Thank you for watching! :)

Russian (or another Slavic language) is definitely on my list for the future. I'm a little scared of the pronunciation, but I could try! :)

@@LexisLang Тебе легко дастся произношение. Международный фонетический алфавит и видео с произношением нужной фонемы тебе помогут.

The various stages of Welsh are more discrete periods that we have record of. We define them by major sound shifts or historical events. The various proto-languages are, by definition, the last common ancestors of other languages too. PIE, PC and PB weren't technically single units - Early PC speakers may not have understood Late PC speakers - their languages would have been as different as the various Welsh periods, it's just that our reasons for classifying them one way or another change depending on whether or not they are attested. So yeah, hope I've got my point across in this ramble. Essentially, all stages of the language form a spectrum - there are no sharp cut-offs, so we define them differently. The proto-languages aren't even necessarily single languages, again it just comes down to definitions. :)

@@LexisLang makes sense, thanks!

I'd love to! It's on my list and o I'll get to it at some point. :D

Yep! Is this a correction, because I'm pretty sure I got all that right in the video? :)

I could certainly try. I think Hindi's phonetics might challenge me a bit - you heard my murmered stops (PIE *bʱ, *dʱ, *gʱ are Hindi भ, ध, घ). It would be a fun one, though and I'd love to try. :)

@@LexisLang as a native speaker i dont get how these are hard but i cant pronounce the "th" sound in the in english i pronounce it as dʱ

I feel like this is a meme I'm not in on - I've heard a friend say something very similar. Hope you enjoyed the video nevertheless! :D

@@LexisLang it's just the font you use, that's all

Ah, of course! Good eye there! All my early stuff was done in trebuchet and it still hangs on in places. :)

That would indeed be interesting! I'd love to do a Slavic language at some point. I was considering doing Polish as my next one, since I'm a tad more familiar with it and I trust myself to pronounce the words a little more. But Russian does make sense as one to do too and it'd be great to do and learn about. :D

@@LexisLang Nah do a West Slavic language. I want to see you try doing the alveolar fricative trill. :P

⁠@@LexisLangYea, I was gonna say Polish but it’s a lil hard to pronounce

@@LexisLangAlso, are the words random? Because if they are, could you add 8?

@@Corben-pq4nc Personally, I find Polish a little easier. With Russian, I get too bogged down in palatalisations. Polish is also a language I've encountered more, so would probably be easier for me to imitate. What do you mean "could I add 8"? You mean like adding the word for "eight" to the list or adding eight more words? If you want a little discussion on how I choose the words I do, check out where I've talked about it in a comment before here: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/gLynfbpnyaq3Z3k.html&lc=Ugw0QFVBISdbP3nOI8t4AaABAg.A1kIUaunk2gA1kPmhhNuAE

No, it's a sound change environment. It means "word initially before a consonant". # is a word boundary, _ is the position of the change and C is a variable for any consonant. It's standard notation for this sort of thing - there's a list of conventions and variables at the start of the video. :)

@@LexisLang btw what does the term "word boundary" means ?

@@machun9793 Sorry, it's just where a word starts or ends. Literally the boundary between two words. I know this can all be a bit confusing; I should like to do a video on it at some point. :)

@@LexisLang thanks, because I didn't study linguistic in university so I don't know these at all

@@machun9793 No, that's fine. These videos are for all. Most people watching probably haven't had any formal teaching. Keep asking questions if you need to. Curiosity is what drives learning (and of course informs me what I need to elaborate on). :)

I wasn't aware there were many Welsh speakers in the States (aside from recent emmigrants). I assume that's where you mean, rather than yr Wladfa? Anyway, glad you enjoyed the video! :)

Diolch yn fawr! Dw i'n hapus iawn fod di'n ei hoffi a bod fy ynganiad yn iawn. :D (Gobeithio bod fy Nghymraeg i'n dda 'ma)

Ydy, mae'n dda iawn! ​@@LexisLang

Cymreig dw i, wrth gwrs dw i'n...

Dw i'n hapus fod di'n ei hoffi a dw i'n gobeithio fod di wedi mwynhau'r fideo! :)

@@LexisLang Ydw, wrth gwrs....

Whoops! Fixed that! Thank you! :D

Absolutely! The Welsh spelling system is actually rather regular and it does make sense why the letters are used how they are when you look at it in isolation with a historical perspective, but when you try to compare it to other languages, it does look quite strange. Technically the same goes for French, but that one's also quite hilarious. :D

In terms of of the alphabet and orthographic, apart from "y" who can be a bit of a crazy guy all Welsh letters are only pronounced one way, the same as with Spanish and many Slavic languages. So if you learn the Welsh alphabet, you can pronounce any Welsh word, no matter how long it is and if you have no idea what it means. I grew up in North Wales completely bilingually and I learned to read Welsh years before I mastered English. @LexisLang, are you Welsh, your Southern pronunciation is perfect.

The Welsh word for "a hundred" is "cant". If you're trying to create a perfect cognate here where it isn't, I'm not sure why you get "amrawdd" rather than the expected "rawdd". If you took the PIE sources of both parts of the English word, the result would be "cantrawdd". Also worth noting that the elements compounded in Proto-Germanic, not Proto-Indo-European. There was no such PIE word **ḱm̥tómh₂r̥h₁dʰéh₂. You are getting better at using SCs, though - you were almost there. :)

@@LexisLang what are SCs? Anyways I use wiktionary as a source and it shows amrawdd as a descendant of *h₂roh₁dʰ-éye-ti, a version of PIE *h₂reh₁dʰ. there wasn't a page for amrawdd, so I couldn't check the etymology, same thing with rawdd. Even if, the Proto-Germanic rado comes from *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-éh₂, which doesn't seem to have a Welsh or even Celtic descendant