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An autonomous vehicle, or driverless vehicle, is one capable of operating on its own and performing the necessary functions without any human intervention, through the ability to sense its surroundings.
An autonomous vehicle uses a fully automated driving system to allow the vehicle to respond to external conditions that a human driver would manage.
What are the 6 levels of autonomous vehicles?
There are six different levels of automation, and as the levels increase, so does the extent of the driverless car's independence from controlling the operation.
At level 0, the car has no control over its operation and the human driver does all the driving.
At level 1, the vehicle's ADAS (advanced driver assistance system) has the ability to assist the driver with steering or accelerating and braking.
At level 2, ADAS can supervise driving, accelerate and brake under some conditions, although the human driver must continue to pay full attention to the driving environment during the journey, while also performing the rest of the required tasks.
At level 3, the ADS (Advanced Steering System) can perform all parts of the driving task under some conditions, but the human driver needs to regain control when prompted by the ADS. In other conditions, the human driver performs the necessary tasks.
At level 4, the vehicle's ADS is capable of performing all driving tasks independently under certain conditions where human attention is not required.
Finally, Level 5 involves full automation, where the vehicle's ADS is capable of performing all tasks in all conditions, and no steering assistance is required from the human driver. This total automation will be made possible by the application of 5G technology, which will allow vehicles to communicate not only with each other, but also with traffic lights, signaling and even with the roads themselves.
One aspect of vehicle technology used in automated vehicles is ACC, or adaptive cruise control. This system is capable of automatically adjusting the vehicle's speed to ensure it maintains a safe distance from vehicles in front of it. This function is based on information obtained through sensors in the vehicle and allows the car to perform tasks such as braking when it perceives that it is approaching a vehicle ahead. This information is then processed and the appropriate instructions are sent to actuators in the vehicle, which control the car's responsive actions such as steering, accelerating and braking. Highly automated vehicles with fully automated cruise control are capable of responding to traffic light signals and other non-vehicular activity.
What are the benefits?
Autonomous vehicle technology can provide certain advantages compared to human-powered vehicles. One of these potential advantages is that they can provide greater safety on the road - vehicle accidents cause many deaths every year, and automated vehicles can decrease the number of victims, as the software used in them is likely to make fewer errors compared to humans. A decrease in the number of accidents can also reduce traffic congestion, which is another potential advantage presented by autonomous vehicles. Autonomous driving can also achieve this by removing human behaviors that cause roadblocks, specifically stop-and-go traffic.
Another possible advantage of autonomous driving is that people who cannot drive - due to factors such as age and disability - can use autonomous cars as more convenient transportation systems.
Additional perks of a self-driving car are the elimination of driving fatigue and the ability to sleep during overnight trips.
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