The SIMPLEST Explanation of QUANTUM MECHANICS in the Universe!

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Күн бұрын

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CHAPTERS:
0:00 Why do we need Quantum Mechanics?
2:23 What's "weird" about QM?
4:07 What is the Measurement Problem?
6:29 Uncertainty principle Explained
8:35 Why don't we see quantum behavior in macro?
9:31 Entanglement explained
10:25 What do atoms actually look like?
12:05 Learn more at Brilliant.org
SUMMARY:
This video explains Quantum Mechanics intuitively. Classical mechanics failed to describe how an electron could orbit an atom. An accelerating charge always creates electromagnetic radiation. This means it would constantly lose energy and crash into the nucleus. Only quantum mechanics could explain why this does not happen by showing that electrons exist in quantized orbits proportional to Planck's constant.
Louis de Broglie showed that they must be waves. And Erwin Schrodinger developed an equation to explain this wavelike behavior. Max Born came up with the idea that the wave function in the Schrodinger equation should be interpreted as a probability. So quantum objects have only a probability of being found at any particular location in space, which can only be determined once we measure it, not in advance.
Quantum objects are not like little basketballs. They are like waves because they create interference patterns like we see in the double slit experiment. The problem is that we only observe particles, not waves.
So the concept of measurement was introduced to account for what we observe. The most common interpretation of quantum mechanics is that whenever a measurement is made, the wave collapses and becomes a localized wave, or particle.
What is a measurement? Measurement is an interaction, and interaction of the quantum object with some kind of measuring device, more specifically an irreversible exchange of energy.
But there is a huge problem. No one can explain how or why this “wave collapse” occurs through measurement. This is called the “measurement problem” in quantum mechanics.
And since all our information comes from a measurement of some kind, we can never directly see this quantum world. Everything we observe must go through this measuring process that seems to result in the conversion of quantum objects into particles.
#quantummechanics
#quantumphysics
So how this wave evolves according the Schrodinger equation, is never actually seen. This is a fundamental problem that we need to resolve. In Quantum mechanics, objects have wave-like behavior described by wave functions, which are abstract mathematical solutions to the Schrodinger equation. These waves aren't localized but instead take up all of space. It isn't until you look for a particle that it becomes what appears to be a particle; before that, the particle is a collection of probability waves that theoretically extend out to the entire universe.
This has profound consequences. One is called the Uncertainty Principle, which states that you can never simultaneously know exactly where something is, and how fast it is going. More precisely we cannot know the position and momentum at the same time. This is not a limitation of our measuring devices. The universe itself doesn’t know the answer.
Why don’t we see this wave behavior in macro objects like a basketball? Well, actually all objects actually do have wave-like behavior! But their wavelength is so small, that you don't notice it. For example, the wavelength of a tennis ball moving 10 meters/second, is 10^-33 m. This is less than the width of a proton.
A second consequence of wave-like behavior is nonlocality. A wave exists over multiple regions of space. This nonlocality explains interference, but it also means that waves can add together to give complex interference patterns. This gives rise to strange correlations between such particles, called “Entanglement.”
Einstein called this, “Spooky action at a distance” because it appears to indicate instant communication between distant objects at faster than the speed of light, which is forbidden by Relativity theory. But while two or more objects are correlated, no communication is actually happening.
The wave behavior of electrons also means that the concept of circular orbits of electrons around the nucleus of atoms, that you commonly see everywhere, is wrong. A better picture is that they exist in a well-defined probability cloud around the nucleus.
The main point is that the Universe is quantized. Familiar quantities such as energy, momentum, electric charge, mass - possibly even time and space - are not continuous. They occur in discrete quantum units.

Пікірлер: 906

@SabineHossenfelder Жыл бұрын

The more of Arvin's videos you watch, the more intuitive you'll find it :)

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

Two state vectors related by a complex phase (a photon) are said to be in the same quantum state -- duality! SINE is dual to COSINE -- the word 'co' means mutual and implies duality. Waves are dual. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry. Point particles are dual -- Generalization is dual to localization, wholes are dual to parts -- holons. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality. Alive is dual to not alive -- the Schrodinger's cat superposition. Space is dual to time -- Einstein. "Always two there are" -- Yoda.

@CheatOnlyDeath Жыл бұрын

Yes! No gobbledegook here.

@CheatOnlyDeath Жыл бұрын

It might just be my ignorance or poor attention but no one seems to mention "re-coherence" or whatever it would be called. In principle couldn't a photon that was measured be sent back through a double slit somehow and exhibit wave properties again? Or even be entangled with another? What would happen to its spin? And if it decohered again would it be the same photon (or electron) and have the same spin it had? If spin is conserved, it must have had it as a wave and after the wave collapses and after the wave spreads out again. If recoherence is a thing, couldn't that be used to get a grasp on the measurement problem? Might it not be easier to experimentally determine when a previously measured decohered particle recoheres than vice versa? Sorry for gobbledegooking it all back up :)

@croozerdog Жыл бұрын

was watching your vids and got linked here by youtube, very nice (:

@croozerdog Жыл бұрын

@@lavkmr1 yes darling?

@sol_mental Жыл бұрын

This was indeed very clarifying. The quantization of the universe is like "pixels in a screen". There's never signal in-between two pixels, the light is either coming from one or the other. But put together enough pixels on a small enough area and you won't even notice it's pixelated, you'll start to form other patterns that your brain will use to understand what's going on. This is just FANTASTIC! Thanks a lot for the video!!

@thedeemon Жыл бұрын

Note: in the maths of QM position is not quantized in the sense of being discrete, space is continuous, the set of eigenvalues of position operator is continuous, so it's not really about "pixels". We see interactions at certain locations mainly because it's interactions with atoms and atoms are localised.

@sol_mental Жыл бұрын

@@thedeemon yeah, that was just a comparison to make better sense of what's going on. I'm not saying space is a great big tv with undetectable pixels xD but thinking it is helps (me) a lot to understand quantization and the different states in general. But as philosophy always says: don't seriously generalize everything into one basket, it'll get full and almost nothing will fit your description.

@DavidPysnik Жыл бұрын

@@thedeemon Yes, the math is done in continuous spaces with great accuracy, but, at a fundamental level, it is still an open question as to whether what we call space in reality is truly continuous in the same manner as various mathematical spaces. For all we know, there may be a "pixelation" to space and time that we have not yet detected, and some scientific theories have postulated this and are even attempting to detect if this exists.

@deepghetto8968 Жыл бұрын

You're a credit to scientific community Arvin. As an intellectual not in this field, your explanations are an incredible resource.

@paulbizard3493 Жыл бұрын

Well sais. I too am an intellectual not in this field, not in any field btw.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

SINE is dual to COSINE -- the word 'co' means mutual and implies duality. Waves are dual. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry. Point particles are dual -- Generalization is dual to localization, wholes are dual to parts -- holons. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality. Alive is dual to not alive -- the Schrodinger's cat superposition. Space is dual to time -- Einstein. "Always two there are" -- Yoda.

@paulbizard3493 Жыл бұрын

@hyperduality2838 Repent! As a representative of the true quantum dogma, I urge you to Repent!

@FryMonkey23 Жыл бұрын

@@hyperduality2838 Crazy is dual to sane

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@@FryMonkey23 Subgroups are dual to subfields -- the Galois correspondence! "Always two there are" -- Yoda. Galois was actually killed in a duel (dual). Integration (summations, syntropy, synergy) is dual to differentiation (differences, entropy, energy). Syntropy is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics! Synergy is dual to energy -- the 5th law of thermodynamics! Energy is duality, duality is energy. Duality (energy) is being conserved! Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy -- gravitational energy is dual. There are new laws of physics.

@Tomas.Malina Жыл бұрын

Nice explanation, now you can naturally continue to mention coherences and virtual particles, as there actually are intermediate steps when a particle changes states. And also, that the quantized states only apply to bound particles, not to free ones - a nice concept to illustrate is the Dirac sea (and maybe expand on its importance in some of the less known GUTs) 🙂

@Murtie85 Жыл бұрын

Super video, I've watched lots of your videos and I'd been trying so hard to understand it better that I watched other channels and read some articles, I should have known you'd help me fill in the blanks eventually :)

@jdbrinton Жыл бұрын

You are extremely skilled at explaining concepts! Could I recommend a video on vector spaces? A lot of these explainers just glance over the vector space and I think it's key to understanding how "everything possibility happens at the same time" in QM.

@juggyfreak622 Жыл бұрын

This is actually the first quantum mechanics video that I could follow until the end ... nice explanation !

@timothycwinn5993 Жыл бұрын

Thanks Arvin! This was one of the best and most succinct intuitive “explanations” of “quantum mechanics”. It helps understand what it is and what it isn’t. It seems like a mathematic equation(s) verses an intuitive understanding of reality. The intuitive answers remain hidden within the equations that are used for quantum mechanics. It was very helpful as I try to generate more intuitive theories of my own.

@oremazz3754 Жыл бұрын

@@marcosolo6491 Since 2022 there has been a new interpretation that gives an intuitive understanding of quantum mechanics, even more, it proposes how to join it with the other core theory of modern physics (Relativity). In amazon, there is a short book that describes it (Space, main actor of quantum and relativistic theories). The clue is in understanding space as one step forward of Einstein's proposal; a dynamic space existence in oscillation (Schrodinger's wavefunction). From the intuitive concept that existence is a combination of stuff and media, the stuff is the elementary particles of the standard model and the media is the wavy space whose presence in 3D is intermittent. Two entities that coexist together! not one entity that sometimes is a particle, and another is a wave; so the particle will be present in 3D meanwhile its space is... no duality issue! it's simple as that. This oscillatory presence is the reason why energy is discrete (Planck's great contribution). On each new cycle, the particle will assume aleatorily only one of its many valid solutions; this is the reason why on all the measurements/observations there is only one valid solution present (name as collapse). For example, in a hydrogen atom, the space oscillates at a frequency of about 10^24, so if an observation of 1 femtosecond (10^-15) is done, the electron has been present 1 billion times; i.e., 10^9 eigenstates; this is why the math considers the superposition of solutions... at last! nothing weird about the measurement. This short explanation shows that modern physics can be intuitive... all the historic problem comes because the old interpretations were partially successful, leaving quantum theory with many unsolved questions... hope you will like it, regards

@oremazz3754 Жыл бұрын

@@marcosolo6491 You are right, this theory has a scientific paper. For a general person, I refer the Amazon booking that explain it in a simple language than a research paper. Nethertheless, what is important is the reasoning giren withan intuitive view. As any New theory, it will have people that will not accept and others that the will do.... an expirement it also proponed in another paper to verified this theory... veré interesting, hope you will lote it, regards

@MichaelQShaw Жыл бұрын

If you say so

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@freefall9832 Жыл бұрын

Misuse of mathematics. No mechanic involved.

@waqaraliabbasikalhoro5955 Жыл бұрын

Thanks sir,you're really doing tremendous sort of work .students like us are very thankful teacher like you .🙏

@paulc96 Жыл бұрын

Thanks Arvin, for another great video on QM. Since it is a subject you have covered many times, explaining many different aspects of QM, have you ever considered making a video including more about the Philosophy of QM ? Without getting too technical, I mean the difference between what is actually "Real" (Ontology) and what we think we "Know" (Epistemology), might make for a different and interesting video. Thanks again Arvin and Best Wishes from Wales.

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

yes, it is a good idea.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@iggyzane 5 ай бұрын

Wow, beautiful Arvin Ash 🧡Thank you!

@Matlacha_Painter Жыл бұрын

Arvin! Never a misfluency. And such perfect writing. Leaves me speechless but always enlightened.

@GoblinMode3004 Жыл бұрын

Another great explanatory video, thank you, Arvin!

@steviejd5803 Жыл бұрын

Dear Arvin, your content and presentation are first class, thank you so much for taking your precious time and educating us, I feel so lucky to have found you.

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

I appreciate that! Glad it was helpful.

@mrtienphysics666 Жыл бұрын

@@ArvinAsh these videos will inspire a new generation of physics students and potential physicists. Good job!

@TimeCapsuleMan Жыл бұрын

Thanks for another great video, Arvin!! 🙏

@b7781 Жыл бұрын

Fantastic explanation. Thank you for bringing complex concepts to the realm of simplicity.

@shethtejas104 Жыл бұрын

Hello Arvin, how are you. Am returning to your vids after a while. Right now I am enjoying northern lights in far north of Finland. The folklore in lapland goes that the aurora is a princess who is dancing! Thank you for yet another marvellous video on a topic so complex that great physicists also find it hard at times. My question to you is this : Do you agree with the approach taken by most schools across the world where children are still taught Neil Bohr's model as an introduction to atomic theory? Shouldn't it be the probability model which is more accurate?

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

yes, I agree that the probability model would be more accurate. The Bohr model however is useful in chemistry and as a stepping stone, but I do think that we underestimate what young students are capable of understanding.

@paulmichaelfreedman8334 Жыл бұрын

@@ArvinAsh The bohr model describes the collapsed wave function if you'd ask me. What we see and measure. Our seeming reality.

@shethtejas104 Жыл бұрын

@@ArvinAsh Thank you for your time in answering my question. Your last line is profound and I agree with it. Young minds these days process a lot more information than we did in our youth. May be a supplementary chapter could be suffixed to physics textbooks of teenagers which would not be a part of exams (exams suck anyway), but would be there for purely voluntary reading. So for example, in the same text book where Netonian gravity is introduced, there could be a brief chapter at the end that would delve into how Einstein viewed gravity. Or, there could be a supplementary chapter on quantum mechanics. Schools are doing a very bad job on an average at stoking critical questioning and thinking. This could change. I am ranting so much because there are many things that I found out about physics/maths after I graduated purely because I had curiosity and there was google. Example : no body told me in school that a perfect circle doesn't exist. Or, the laws of physics are called laws not because someone derived them using maths but because we have observed something over and over and then formulated it into a law. Laws of Thermodynamics could well be violated but no one is yet to observe them. Give more chances to young minds to dare challenge what exists in maths/physics. 100% agreed.

@ooggabooga9348 Жыл бұрын

So true. Our class lectures in chemistry stopped at Neil Bohr's model and anything beyond it was never discussed even in higher classes. I am finding all about it from Arvin's videos. Also why it is included in chemistry?? Chemistry has limited use of this subject like explaining valency and chemical reactions and periodic table. This should be included in Physics so that younger people are better able to decide if they want to pursue this as higher studies.

@meet560 Жыл бұрын

Arvin, thanks again for this wonderful piece of knowledge. I feel like nowadays we are not advancing at that speed which was around 19th Or 20 th century. I mean like there has not been much breakthroughs in science recently. We're not getting more brains like Einstein, newton, tesla etc. It would be great that we prioritize it again

@douglasstrother6584 Жыл бұрын

A Faraday & a Maxwell

@paulmichaelfreedman8334 Жыл бұрын

Progress often comes in leaps and bounds. What these guys put together 100 years ago was enough to keep us busy right up to the here and now and into the foreseeable future. What they put forth were theories, that needed to be proven. Not so long ago, there finally was proof of time dilation in a gravitational field, and it took a while to prove lorentz contraction too. All predicted by Einstein's Theory of General and Special relativity. QM predicted a bunch of particles, and it took over 60 years to prove 80% of them. The final one, the Higgs boson, postulated in 1964, was finally confirmed in 2012 by the LHC. Not until these theories have been proven or disproven, and understood, can there be new progress. It's called standing on the shoulders of giants. And there's probably tons more to be discovered on levels we haven't dreamed of yet.

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

It might seem like we haven't but we actually have had quite a few breakthroughs. For example, the Higgs boson, discovery of Dark Energy are two of the most significant. The JWST will probably make other significant contributions.

@douglasstrother6584 Жыл бұрын

@@ArvinAsh I suspect that the James Webb Space Telescope will give us data/observations, in conjuction with Hubble (Old 'Scopes Rule!) that will revolutionize Cosmology comparable to "The Ultraviolet Catastrophe".

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle. Two state vectors related by a complex phase (a photon) are said to be in the same quantum state -- duality! SINE is dual to COSINE -- the word 'co' means mutual and implies duality. Waves are dual. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry. Point particles are dual -- Generalization is dual to localization, wholes are dual to parts -- holons. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality. Alive is dual to not alive -- the Schrodinger's cat superposition. Space is dual to time -- Einstein. "Always two there are" -- Yoda.

@dukenikos Жыл бұрын

This is the best video I 've ever seen. I would like someday to discuss with you some ideas I have about the universe, the time and the possible virtual futures of it.

@nearspaceresearch 7 ай бұрын

Great job! I love your videos in part because you refuse to conflate the fascinating fundamentals of physics with a personal pet hypothesis or philosophy. Though you are willing to express opinions, you don't disguise them or hype them. And you clearly acknowledges the limits of what we currently know. Indeed, a simple straightforward explanation of the basics. I'll be sharing this with my QM classes!

@schmetterling4477 6 ай бұрын

You are sharing internet nonsense with other students? Dude, there goes everybody's respect for you. ;-)

@zeropain9319 Жыл бұрын

Nice video! I always like the basics. Funny, you show the electron orbit analogy is wrong, and then a minute later you show an electron orbiting a nucleus? I like videos like this, the basics are so important.

@juliavixen176 Жыл бұрын

The animations and pictures used in "Popular Science" style presentations like this one are extremely misleading, and do not communicate what is actually happening physically or mathematically. I don't know why they don't use better diagrams... oh actually I do know why: that would require actual time and effort, rather than licensing some cheep stock footage that looks cool, while the voice narration contains the actual information. There are much better videos on KZfaq that teach actual Quantum Mechanics. For example, @PhysicsExplainedVideos is really good. "Atoms and Sporks" @atomsandsporks6760 is really good. "Huygens Optics" is really good, and actually does real, physical, experiments; it's not all just math. There's lots more... um, "ScienceClic English" is good... "Looking Glass Universe"... "Simulating Physics" has some good videos of wave diffraction stuff... "Zap Physics" is good... there's a bunch, including full college course lectures.

@zeropain9319 Жыл бұрын

@@juliavixen176 thanks, that's a nice list of channels.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@najummushtaq3391 Жыл бұрын

Superb, Arvin. Just wondering where does Dirac's equation fit into this picture? Doesn't it bring together Schrodinger's equation and Heisenberg's matrices and makes them compatible with Special Relativity? Why is this aspect of quantum mechanics usually left out of such discussions?

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

Schrodinger's equation is non-relativistic. This is where Dirac's equation fills some gaps. But it is much more esoteric and imo is not necessary to understand the overall picture of quantum mechanics in an intuitive way.

@thedeemon Жыл бұрын

Dirac's equation is a big step from QM towards Quantum Field Theory which is much harder to understand intuitively and explain.

@JohnWinquist Жыл бұрын

Lookin good Arvin! Thanks for another great video!

@shabzone Жыл бұрын

Much respect to this channel because most other "educational" channels would make the first 2:23 minutes of this video into a 15 minute video full of fluff

@NoActuallyGo-KCUF-Yourself Жыл бұрын

[Holds Arvin's beer] [Watches video] Sorry, your beer was in a superposition of full and empty.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

Full is dual to empty. Two state vectors related by a complex phase (a photon) are said to be in the same quantum state -- duality! SINE is dual to COSINE -- the word 'co' means mutual and implies duality. Waves are dual. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry. Point particles are dual -- Generalization is dual to localization, wholes are dual to parts -- holons. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality. Alive is dual to not alive -- the Schrodinger's cat superposition. Space is dual to time -- Einstein. "Always two there are" -- Yoda.

@MichaelVLang Жыл бұрын

We are objects made of particles. Thinking of that can be existential and kinda weird. Thanks for all you do.

@rohannashikkar810 Жыл бұрын

Ummm we are objects made of WAVES which act as PARTICLES.

@MichaelVLang Жыл бұрын

@@rohannashikkar810 Ummm thanks for the feedback!

@punditgi Жыл бұрын

Nicely done!

@MangySquirrel Жыл бұрын

Thanks Arvin, that was one of the best, most coherent explanations I have ever heard.

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@mikkel715 Жыл бұрын

The Measurement problem is indeed both fascinating and in some ways little scaring.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@David.b.nimble Жыл бұрын

@@hyperduality2838 Except for God who is Three that are One.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@@David.b.nimble The concept of God is actually dual. Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy -- gravitational energy is dual. Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Dark energy is dual to dark matter. Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry. Curvature or gravitation is dual. Entropy is dual to evolution (syntropy) -- Janna Levin, cosmologist:- kzfaq.info/get/bejne/ibh7hrh_0KfMoY0.html Randomness (chance, entropy) is dual to order (predictability, syntropy). "The association of ideas" -- David Hume on syntropy. Syntropy is the integration, union, convergence of ideas to form optimized predictions, expectations. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Objective randomness, natural selection, genetic mutation is the same and equal for all observers it therefore conforms to a principle of objective democracy. The lack of a target (randomness) conforms to objective democracy (a target) -- duality. Symmetry is dual to conservation -- the duality of Noether's theorem. Duality is being conserved -- the 5th law of thermodynamics! Energy is duality, duality is energy. Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy. Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence, duality. There are new laws of physics! Being is dual to not being creates becoming -- Plato's cat. Alive is dual to not alive -- Schrodinger's cat. Thesis (alive, being) is dual to anti-thesis (not alive, non being) creates the converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic or Hegel's cat. Schrodinger's cat is based upon Hegel's cat and he stole it from Plato (Socrates). Concepts are dual to percepts -- the mind duality of Immanuel Kant. God (thesis) is dual to the Christ consciousness (anti-thesis) synthesizes the holy spirit or the mind/soul.

@captainzappbrannagan Жыл бұрын

Great vid Arvin! I agree equations are the backbone but how we interpret them gives us the usefulness of the equations. It's imprecise but that means they are always available for improvement! Only religion and Sith speak in certainties.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

"Sith lords come in pairs (duals)" -- Obi Wan Kenobi. Two state vectors related by a complex phase (a photon) are said to be in the same quantum state -- duality! SINE is dual to COSINE -- the word 'co' means mutual and implies duality. Waves are dual. Points are dual to lines -- the principle of duality in geometry. Point particles are dual -- Generalization is dual to localization, wholes are dual to parts -- holons. Waves are dual to particles -- quantum duality. Alive is dual to not alive -- the Schrodinger's cat superposition. Space is dual to time -- Einstein. "Always two there are" -- Yoda.

@David.b.nimble Жыл бұрын

@@hyperduality2838 like the 12 sons of Israel and their counterpart in the new covenant, the 12 apostles

@captainzappbrannagan Жыл бұрын

@@hyperduality2838 Symmetry in the universe is not total but almost total. Must be some fundamental force / energy reason.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@@David.b.nimble The council of Nicaea in 325 AD was set up to answer the question, "Is the Christ consciousness the same substance as God or different?". Same is dual to different, homo is dual to hetero. Perpendicularity, orthogonality = duality, sine is perpendicular to cosine. The Christian cross is composed of two perpendicular lines. Christians have been worshipping duality for thousands of years. The Catholic church is based upon the council of Nicaea.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@@captainzappbrannagan Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy -- gravitational energy is dual. Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality. Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein. Dark energy is dual to dark matter. Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry. Curvature or gravitation is dual. Entropy is dual to evolution (syntropy) -- Janna Levin, cosmologist:- kzfaq.info/get/bejne/ibh7hrh_0KfMoY0.html Randomness (chance, entropy) is dual to order (predictability, syntropy). "The association of ideas" -- David Hume on syntropy. Syntropy is the integration, union, convergence of ideas to form optimized predictions, expectations. Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy). Objective randomness, natural selection, genetic mutation is the same and equal for all observers it therefore conforms to a principle of objective democracy. The lack of a target (randomness) conforms to objective democracy (a target) -- duality. Symmetry is dual to conservation -- the duality of Noether's theorem. Duality is being conserved -- the 5th law of thermodynamics! Energy is duality, duality is energy. Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy. Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence, duality. There are new laws of physics! Being is dual to not being creates becoming -- Plato's cat. Alive is dual to not alive -- Schrodinger's cat. Thesis (alive, being) is dual to anti-thesis (not alive, non being) creates the converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic or Hegel's cat. Schrodinger's cat is based upon Hegel's cat and he stole it from Plato (Socrates). Symmetric matrices (real eigenvalues) are dual to anti-symmetric matrices (complex eigenvalues). Symmetric wave functions (waves, Bosons) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (particles, Fermions) -- quantum duality. Bosons are dual to Fermions --atomic duality.

@bjs301 Жыл бұрын

Another excellent explanatory video.

@JavedAli-pm9nt Жыл бұрын

Arvin sir! You are one of my best professor, thank you so much, I would like to ask a couple of questions if you could answer me

@sadderwhiskeymann Жыл бұрын

Your style, mannerisms,"aura" etc are that of a teacher ?i mean it in the most positive way. Are you, by any chance, a teacher? Ps: great vid, as always 💙

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

Yes, I like to think I am a YT teacher.

@sadderwhiskeymann Жыл бұрын

@@ArvinAsh ohh you're more than that!! Still, you remind me of the good teachers i had in high school 👍

@Abc19853 Жыл бұрын

Plz explain maths of quantum mechanics & string theory

@manimegalai.r7999 Жыл бұрын

Yes sir

@manimegalai.r7999 Жыл бұрын

🥺🥺🥺

@anywallsocket Жыл бұрын

he would have to learn it first lol

@TuxedoMaskMusic Жыл бұрын

Yay! A New Arvin Video!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

@chrisyacoback6320 4 ай бұрын

I really enjoy your content. Thank you ❤

@Phoenixspin Жыл бұрын

I told my math teacher once, "Just shut up and calculate." I was promptly escorted to the Principal's office.

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

Haha. I was escorted to the principle's office myself from my HS math class for saying much less.

@CheatOnlyDeath Жыл бұрын

I never meant to be rude or disrespectful but I got in trouble for reading a newspaper during a college lecture by a very prestigious 70 yo physics professor who spoke far too slow to occupy my full attention. Got top grades but I also learned things from those newspapers. Nowadays I could multitask watching youtube without offending anyone.

@gwentchamp8720 Жыл бұрын

Perhaps the explanation for the Heisenberg uncertainty is that the amount of information in the universe is fixed. If more information is "extracted" in one part, it has to be "subtracted" somewhere else. Well, this is my way of thinking about it but it might be complete B.S. 😜

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

I don't think that is the case. The amount of information is increasing - this is part of the increasing entropy that we observe in the universe. Take your brain for example, as you gain more memories, the amount of information increases.

@allgood1710 Жыл бұрын

Increasing information in relation to intelligence implies decreasing entropy because that information becomes more organized.

@quiqueporcargarrett 4 ай бұрын

Brilliant explanation. Thank you!

@joebob4579 Жыл бұрын

I think this is my favorite video on qm!

@TheElectra5000 Жыл бұрын

-Do you understand quantum physics? -Yes -That means you don't!

@photon434 Жыл бұрын

Best case scenario, "If you know you're ignorant, you're not stupid."

@paulheinrich7645 Жыл бұрын

Ok, we, as outside observers, see either a particle or a wave, but what or how would the inside observer - the particle/wave - see itself as being?

@fragileomniscience7647 Жыл бұрын

What does that even mean? For measurement you need an external mechanism to interact with its field, which funny enough amounts to verification. Inside it there is no such frame of reference.

@henriquewaxman8957 Жыл бұрын

Same thing, it's not that we see it as particle or wave, it IS a particle/wave until it interacts with anything(even a massless photon)

@paulheinrich7645 Жыл бұрын

@@fragileomniscience7647 I just figure a tennis ball would know it’s a tennis ball, but wonder if a particle would know it was a particle or if it somehow knew it only might be.

@anywallsocket Жыл бұрын

@@uptrade8507 that is a leading theory -- see emergent gravity

@juliavixen176 Жыл бұрын

This really really depends on exactly which of the two dozen fundamental "particles" you are asking the question for. So... first of all, in Quantum Field Theory, particles are not really a "thing" that exist at one location in space and time. Each fundamental field exists everywhere in space, and what we call, in English, a "particle" is where the field is "perturbed" with a higher potential energy than the "vacuum" (where the field is at its lowest energy). That's why every electron in the universe appears to be identical... because they're all just lumps in the same electron field that fills the entire universe. (And... also, believe it or not, but whether or not a particle is detected by one moving observer or another is observer dependent. Particles don't really have an objective physical existence.) Anyway, that being said... to answer your question, particles "quote particles" with zero rest mass do not experience time or space. The instant they are emitted and the instant they are absorbed are exactly the same instant from their point of view. So, "photons" and "gluons", and at extremely high temperatures (above 8000000000°C) most of the other particles too. A so-called "photon" is a small chunk of the electromagnetic force field that fills the entire universe, that piece we gave a name to, because you can filter it that piece with the electron in your favorite atom. (Or a gamma ray with the nucleus.) Just like you can use a long wire as a radio antenna... for "photons" with a wavelength from a centimeter to hundreds of meters in length... The electromagnetic field is like water waves in the middle of the ocean... mostly random and all different sizes and directions. A small boat and a big boat will get rocked back and forth by different amounts, from waves of different sizes... just like an electron or proton does by electromagnetic waves. Because, what an electromagnetic wave *is*, is the time delayed electric force of one charged thingy, viewed by another charged thingy. That's it... Let's say you have an electron and proton at rest, some distance apart (not in orbit or anything, just floating free in space). They feel an attractive force between them. Grab the proton, and vigorously shake it back and forth. The electron sees the proton move, and starts to follow it (with some time delay). Congratulations, you've created light! An electromagnetic wave that transferred momentum from your wiggily proton, to your distant electron floating around somewhere far away. Anyway, so a "photon" is a useful calculation tool, but it's not a physically real thing that exists by itself... Like, you can listen to music, and say: "That note's pitch is middle C#", but musical notes are not actually a real "thing", it's a way to communicate about a small part of a large waveform. So is a photon. Now... for "particles" with mass, there is a lot more going on. Most mass comes from confinement, but you can't confine anything if it's just going to wizz off at the speed of light. The tiny amount of mass to get things to slow down comes from "right handed particles" interacting (via Weak Force) with the Higgs Field. (Right handedness is observer dependent, by the way.) So... they get inertial from smacking into more of the Higgs field going in one direction than the other. Remember: inertia is resistance to acceleration. (Velocity has no resistance to movement... yeah, think about it for a bit, inertia is weird.) (I'm trying to say, it's completely different from friction or viscosity-- those things are functions of velocity. Inertia is a function of acceleration, not velocity.) You know it's 01:30 in the morning here and I should sleep rather than explain the origins of mass, and spacetime, and why things travel slower than light... anyway, particles with mass are constantly interacting with other particles quintillions of times per second... and they're kinda like a little wave bouncing back and forth and back and forth and back and forth, etc. in a small area, very quickly... and only half of the time they are interacting, and the other half of the time they are not, so they can actually make some forward progress on moving. (And aren't stuck in one place.) It's all waves.

@An_Attempt Жыл бұрын

This is fantastic, I seldom subscribe after one video but this is a worthy exception.

@Saucedgg Жыл бұрын

Great vid like usual!

@stephenzhao5809 Жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot! 3:12 The problem is that we only observe particles, or at least particle-like behavior whenever we detect these quantum objects. This phenomenon can be seen in places like a cloud chamber and particle accelerators. The subatomic objects seem to behave like particles, not waves. So to incorporate this into our quantum mechanics theory, the concepts of measurement was introduced. So, you'll hear phyiscists say, at least in the most common interpretation of quantum mechanics, that whenever a measuement is made, the wave collapses and becomes a very localized wave, which effectively makes it look and behave like a particle. Measurement means an interaction, and interactionofthe quantum object with some kind of measuring device, more specifically an irreversible exchangeof energy somewhere in the measurement process. 4:07 This seems nice and clean. But there is a huge problem. 4:09 No one can explain how or why this so called "wave collapse" occurs throught measuement. This is called the "measurement problem" in quantum mechanics. And since all our information comes from a measurement of some kind, we can never directly see or touch this quantum world. Everything we observe must go through this measueing process that seems to results in the conversion of quantum objects into particles like the classical world we are familiar with. So how this wave evolves according the Schrodinger equation, while highly accurate in making predictions, is never actually seen. 4:44 Like I showed two videos ago, ultimately quantum theory boils down to a theory of interacting harmonic oscilators combined with a measurement postulate. 4:59 But no one can explain how the interactions of the harmonic oscilators are different than the interaction of the measurement device. If we really want to understand reality, this is a fundamental problem that we need to resolve. Now, having said all this, let me add, 5:17 that not resolving the measurement problem, has not prevented us from predicting and measuring outcomes from these equations. There is a philosophy called, "just shut up and calculate " - meaning, don't worry about what's really going on. If the bottom line is that all our equations work, and are highly accurate, that's all we should care about. 5:38 👍I don't subscribe to this kind of thinking myself because I think that the purpose of scientists, particularly physicists is to explain the inner workings of the universe, not simply create equation that make predictions without a deep understanding. 5:53 In 5:59 In Quantum mechanics, objects have wave-like behavior. They are more specifically described by wave functions, which are abstract mathematical solutions to the Schrodinger equation. These waves aren't localized but instead take up all of space. 6:15 🙏It isn't until you look for a particle that it becomes what appears to be a particle; before that, the particle is a collection of probability waves that theoretically extend out to the entire universe. 6:26 Now, this has some pretty profound consequences. 9:04 wavelength equals Planck's constant divided by momentum. But for large objects, the momentum is so much bigger than the Planck's constant, that their wavelenths are an undetectable fraction of their physical size - so we can never notice their quantum mechanical properties. For example, the wavelength of something the size of a tennis ball moving 10 meters / second, is 10^-33 m. This is less than the width of a proton. So we would never notice it. 9:31 A second consequene of wave-like behavior is nonlocality. A wave exists over multple regions of space. This nonlocality explains interference, but it also means that waves can add together to give complex interference patterns. So waves of multiple particles can add together to give a single wavefunction corresponding to multiple particles. This givesriseto a strange correlations between such particles, in a phenomenon called "Entanglement." 9:58 Einstain called this, "Spooky action at a distance" because it appears to indicate instant communication between distant objects at faster than the speed of light, which is forbidden by Relativity theory. 10:11 But while two or more objects are correlated, no communication is acutally happening. Correlation does not mean communication. The wave behavior of electrons are mans that the concepts of circular orbits of electrons around the nucleus of atoms, that you commonly see everyhwere when an atom is depicted, is wrong. 10:36 A better picture is that they exist in a well-defined probability cloud around the nucleus that might look more like this.

@KiloDeltaOneSierra Жыл бұрын

I've done the double slit experiment using a laser.

@lmaolpha_male Жыл бұрын

could you explain how you did that ?

@KiloDeltaOneSierra Жыл бұрын

@@lmaolpha_male yeah its easy. Lay pencil leads leaving two slits. Shine laser at this and you'll see a wave interference pattern emerge

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

Good for you!

@mountaineer5596 Жыл бұрын

That was great. Thank you!

@overlook4923 7 ай бұрын

This is th best simplified explanation of quantum physics I have heard

@tc871comments Жыл бұрын

Our minds collapse the wave

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

That's an interesting thought, but wave collapse occurs whether a mind is involved or not.

@GoblinMode3004 Жыл бұрын

Wrong, incorrect. Observers are simply anything that causes an interaction, conciousness/monkey brains have nothing, absolutely zero to do with it. The universe would exist without you specifically looking at it as long as *something* is interacting.

@tc871comments Жыл бұрын

@@ArvinAsh and what is your proof that the wave collapses regardless?

@tc871comments Жыл бұрын

@@GoblinMode3004 First not all acts of observation are Interactive. 2nd wave function and it's data remain as a wave function superposition until the data has been reviewed by a conscious mind. So when you use the word SOMETHING... that something must have a conscious mind. One of my favorite sci-fi analogies for the double slit experiment is the Star Trek episode Measure of a Man where data is trying to convince everyone that he is alive and has consciousness. I used to think that data could answer this question for himself by performing a double slit experiment. But because the nature of quantum wave functions not only Traverse infinite distances but also run backwards in time. This means that data could never divulge his findings to another life-form with a conscious mind otherwise whatever he observed from his experiment would not be his own theoretical consciousness that rendered the results but rather whoever it is that he is divulging the data to. This understanding of quantum wave function would seem to be reinforced by the "Delayed Choice Quantum eraser" phenomenon. If as you allege any form of quantification would cause a wave function to irreversibly collapse, then erasure of the data would not be able to turn the detected pattern back into a wave function. 3rd... my own ego plays absolutely no part in my analysis of quantum mechanics. I'm very well aware that the Universe existed before me and will continue to exist after I'm gone. But judging by the way you speak with such definitive conviction perhaps you should practice a little humility yourself.

@GoblinMode3004 Жыл бұрын

@TC871 COMMENTS man literally wrote a whole novel detailing how he's fundamentally misunderstanding several interpretations of QM at once 💀

@kapilshekhar 11 ай бұрын

If only you had been my teacher in school and college ! Profound Thanks Arvin

@seaprobecaptain Жыл бұрын

Fantastic explanation Arvin! Many "explainers" try to make quantum mechanics sound mysterious by describing the behavior of waves, all the while depicting the "particles" as colored balls or marbles. Of course that makes it seem complex, unintuitive, and confounding. Once we start thinking and visualizing waves, that leaves really one major confounding aspect… the measurement problem.

@hyperduality2838 Жыл бұрын

@jagannathsahoo5285 5 ай бұрын

Wow! what a excellent lecture ❤

@MicahOffman-artandmusic Жыл бұрын

One of the more enjoyable episodes of "Complex Question Explained Simply"

@Antoinette540 Жыл бұрын

Arvin you are the best science teacher I’ve ever had!

@richardedwards9044 Жыл бұрын

Thank you for making an article on the concept of what measurement actually is :).

@5ty717 Жыл бұрын

Your amazing with language… find the right words to explain this in the context of historical meanings… quite a smart guy.

@ramaiahrayala1497 Жыл бұрын

You earned another subscriber bro :)

@borispetrovchich3141 Жыл бұрын

Outstanding !!

@dr.satishsharma1362 8 ай бұрын

Excellent.... thanks 🙏.

@robbujold7711 Жыл бұрын

Great explanation.

@brothermine2292 Жыл бұрын

Detection does NOT necessarily imply "particle." (1:22) An alternative explanation is that the rest of the wave jumped to the detection point, even though some of the wave may have been far away a moment earlier. This behavior violates the Locality assumption, but not enough is known about the fundamental nature of spacetime to have confidence in Locality, particularly given other "spooky action at a distance" phenomena such as entanglement and wavefunction collapse. There's plenty of evidence to support the conclusion that matter travels as waves, not particles... interference in particular.

@ssgssvegeta6599 Жыл бұрын

What are the music soundtracks you're using? They give quantum mechanics an even more visceral feeling love it!

@anywallsocket Жыл бұрын

Einstein did not think entanglement was spooky in of itself, he thought the instantaneous 'effect' of measuring one entangled pair on the other was spooky. And the measurement problem is still unresolved, so nature remains spooky.

@eriknelson2559 Жыл бұрын

If you added an interaction with the virtual particle-antiparticle background, such that a virtual antiparticle cancelled out all of the "collapsed" part of the wavefunction, whilst the corresponding virtual particle "augmented" and "reinforced" the actualized "measured" part of the wavefunction, then you could explain "measurement collapse" via "creation / annihilation" interactions with the virtual particle-antiparticle background

@LQhristian Жыл бұрын

Excellent!!

@grajalessuarez8272 Жыл бұрын

Awesome, beautifoul, im Chymestry farmacology student and this videos are very help me in chemystry. Please, relize more videos about chymestry and physics, or quantum mecanics and biology, I LOVE YOU SO MUCH, SALUDOS DESDE MEXICO WEY

@alfadog67 Жыл бұрын

Outstanding, Professor Ash! I missed this last month, or your next video would have sunk in better. Just like photons ejected by atoms are a copy of the original light, electrons moving about nuclei are also copies. I wonder if these changes in energy state cause a gravity wave as well as a light wave.

@seanspartan2023 Жыл бұрын

I'd be very interested in your view of the two new papers published in the Astronomical Journal on SMBH Cosmological Coupling and the possibility that dark energy could be explained by vacuum energy being accumulated by SMBHs. Also the implications that blackholes wouldn't necessarily evaporate due to Hawking radiation, but could be sustained by this process of vacuum energy (and hence mass) accumulation.

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

I am making a video on that. Stay tuned.

@StephenJohnson-jb7xe Жыл бұрын

I wanted to say that perhaps the wave doesn't collapse because it is observed. Perhaps the wave like propagation can only be observed when a certain threshold is reached much like when waves interact, their peaks can combine. This might (in the double slit experiment, for example) give the appearance of a particle being observed, but there is no actual particle present. Then you showed the trails in the bubble chamber, and my idea of thresholds couldn't explain it.

@srathinam1 Жыл бұрын

Arvin, you are giving great explanations. Keep up your great work and I have learnt so much from your videos, so thank you. I have some questions about quantum mechanics which I am not sure i understand. If you can explain whenever you get a chance that would be great. You made a comment that Newtons laws are in the realm of quantum mechanics which basically then implies quantum mechanics is more fundamental. I am not sure about that statement. From what I understand, you can derive newtons laws but I have seen only derivations for conservative forces. Friction and nonconservative forces play a central role in mechanics which cannot be swept under the rug. Also, I am not sure if turbulence and chaos can be explained by quantum mechanics. My another comment is the following which seems people are overstating than necessary: The comment is that quantum mechanics is the most useful theory with several applications, or there are numerous devices that currently use quantum mechanical principles. Can you clarify on this? From what I understand, if Schrondingers equation like Newtons laws is at the heart of quantum mechanics, then how many devices currently use Schrodingers equation in day to day life? There are quantum computers and cryptography that people are working on, but it is still under research. If these devices use the discrete energy levels of electrons, then maybe that is what should be said....anyways pardon me if i made any mistakes. Thank you for reading.

@ivanlam1304 4 ай бұрын

When I was studying physics at university almost 40 years ago there were no resources such as yours, if there had been the outcome might have been completely different!

@gracemember101 Жыл бұрын

Thanks for your explanation. I have watched Nova presentations. I have watched Sabine and others and didn't get it. In fact I am going to watch your explanation again.

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@FunJoyTV Жыл бұрын

Always love your videos 🔥 ❣️❣️❣️❣️❣️❣️❣️❣️❣️❣️

@quixotic7460 Жыл бұрын

I feel so much smarter after watching this... I feel like I understood something fundamental about the world

@arpitpatel5814 Жыл бұрын

Thank You 🙏🏻

@davescruton2829 Жыл бұрын

If you have an electrical charge you can get waves, but at a threshold the electricity arcs to a point the path of least resistance or the path where a higher energy can more easily go to ground. I see it as the same for the particle wave duality.

@richardedwards9044 Жыл бұрын

Good article.

@morten3219 Жыл бұрын

so in the double slit experient when the electron has a position or particle behavior on the screen, is it then still having wave like behavior, but just much much less as it appears to be a particle (just like macro objects) or is it 100% particle and no more wavelike behavior? And another question, is it because it gets entangled with the enviroment(the screen) it collapses. Like is that due to it getting entangled with the particles of the screen? or does this have nothing to do with entanglement

@jayantabasu4153 Жыл бұрын

Arvin you have really done wonder to generate passion to learn the quantum mechanics , your explanations are very easy to follow with some background knowledge in physics Jayanta Basu Mumbai India

@amitchavan3651 Жыл бұрын

Thank you Arvin , great explanation. One query, what happens after the measurement? Does the quantum particle regain wave characteristics post measurement or the particle is simply annihilated post measurement..

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

no, it's an irreversible process.

@tommybanks3436 25 күн бұрын

It was nice to give you guys that night on your screen that you look at and study

@jayatigoyal8103 Жыл бұрын

Thanku Arvin for such well explanatory videos! I wanted to know if could it be that photons travel as particles in the trajectory of waves because they vibrate..? And when observed, they take a position otherwise they travel in the form of wave one after the other photon without much distance between them.. Hence both particle like and wave like behavior.. What do you think?

@wulphstein Жыл бұрын

If we treat the wave function like spacetime (building blocks of spacetime), then the DeBroglie wave equation, lambda = h/mv, can just be interpreted as particles of mass being permeated with spacetime.

@Paco-nq5yz Жыл бұрын

Merci beaucoup Thanks from France

@anthonycarbone3826 Жыл бұрын

There are many probability distributions. I think it is remarkable that the wave equations follow a normal distribution pattern to predict where the particle exists.

@sacredkinetics.lns.8352 Жыл бұрын

` 👽 Arvin: You're my favorite teacher in this fascinating subject. Thanks a bunch.

@douglasstrother6584 Жыл бұрын

The Uncertainty Principle is a general consequence of wave packets, not just QM. The "shut up & calculate" has practical merit (Atomic Physics, Condensed Matter, Chemistry, etc.), but, indeed, this view begs the question of truly understanding a theory that seems to be correct.

@wishiwsthr Жыл бұрын

Very satisfying

@helenamcginty4920 Жыл бұрын

My best quantum story. A friend used to send me ads for woo stuff. One was from a woman who "Understood" quantum (sic) and how our bodies are regulated by it. I fast forwarded through the 10 min video and discovered she was actually selling (for 60$) a book on magic.

@CarlosElio82 Жыл бұрын

Can the apparatus used in double slit experiment detect waves? It seems designed to detect particles only. In QM the measurements are produced both by the event you are trying to measure and the measurement apparatus. Something does not seem correct with the double slit as a way of deciding between waves or particles. What am I missing?

@ronaldjorgensen6839 Жыл бұрын

thank you

@anuradhiiruka5323 5 ай бұрын

❤thanks sir ☺️😊

@BlueFrenzy Жыл бұрын

On those videos where we see the wave collapse to one point, I always think: what if it's the other way around? What if it's more like a baloon popping. The particle just exists as a wave, but we can only detect it once before the whole wave becomes undetectable. Like, IDK, interacting implies extracting energy from the wave meaning the wave won't have enough energy to interact again. This creates the illusion of the particle collapsing into one single point, but it still exists as a wave, it's just that we need to give it back the energy (pushing it) so the wave reconstructs itself and becomes able to interact again.

@Orillians Жыл бұрын

Such a nice title for the video.

@grox2417 Жыл бұрын

The Dream speedrunning soundtrack at the start is just a cherry on top

@rxbracho Жыл бұрын

Just a comment. According to Sabine Hossenfelder, Einstein did not name a "spooky action at a distance" to the apparent communication between entangled particles, but to the fact that the entangled particles' functions would collapse simultaneously when each was merrily progressing in time, and even separated by large distances. At least that's what she interpreted from the original paper where the phrase appeared (in German).

@ebehdzikraa3855 Жыл бұрын

Wave function is a rendering code. Particel is a rendered pixel. Measurement is the active player playing the game. Now everything will be way easier to understood

@markmoore5222 Жыл бұрын

Arvin, why would you use a visual of the Bohr orbital electron model to illustrate the discrete change of energy from 3.4eV to 13.6eV (time code 11:09)? Wouldn't it have been better to show the probability cloud changing instantaneously?

@ArvinAsh Жыл бұрын

That's a nice suggestion. I agree that would be better.

@user-fr9id8qv9e Жыл бұрын

استاذ ممكن تبحث عن موجات او ترددات اختفت لم تعد موجوده عندي ذكره عن شىء حول هذا الموضوع

@alexolas1246 Жыл бұрын

An opinion I have: Quantum mechanics would probably make more sense if we started using the word “quantum” (plural: “quanta”) as a noun itself, because that word doesn’t compel you to think of quanta as always discrete particles or should-be-divisible waves. Like, a quantum is any object that exhibits quantum mechanics (wave-particle duality, does that weird thing with the double-slit experiment, etc.) Electrons, photons, quarks, protons, atoms, and molecules are all quanta. Some are elementary quanta (the quanta of the standard model), and others are composite quanta (nucleons, atoms, molecules).