Learn about every Engine Layout in just one video

Learn about every Engine Layout in just one video | V-W-X-U-H Engines

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Күн бұрын

Straight/Inline engine:
The straight or inline engine is an internal combustion engine with all cylinders aligned in one row and having no offset. An inline engine has a simple design and is often denoted as an ‘I’ engine. Usually found in four, six- and eight-cylinder configurations, 8 cylinders in a row would be too long to fit in most engine bays.
V-Engine:
V-Engines are one of the most common engine types; they have their cylinders configured in a V shape; it consists of two-cylinder banks-usually with the same number of cylinders in each bank-connected to a common crankshaft. These engines usually are at a 90-degree angle and are typically found in 6, 8, 10, or 12 cylinders.
Flat-Engine:
Flat engines are horizontally opposed piston engines. It is the same as the V configuration engines but with a 180° angle between the cylinder banks. Flat engines have been around since the 1890s. A flat engine is a 180° V engine that works similarly to any other V engine. Each pair of cylinders shares a single crankpin so that as one piston moves inward, the other moves outward.
Boxer Engine:
The Boxer engine is a horizontally opposed internal combustion engine designed with opposing cylinders on each side of a central rotating crankshaft. As you look at the piston movement, each opposing piston will do exactly the same stroke. They are actually mirroring each other. When the left piston is compressing, the right will also be compressing; when combusting, the second will also be combusting, and so on.
W-Engine:
A W-Engine is a type of piston engine where three- or four-cylinder banks use the same crankshaft, resembling the letter W when viewed from the front. W engines with three banks of cylinders are also called "broad arrow" engines because of the resemblance. W engines are less common than V engines. A W engine is typically shorter and wider than a V engine.
Wankel Rotary Engine:
The rotary engines are truly a unique concept and have been made successful by Mazda. It was invented by German engineer Felix Wankel.
It consists of a three-lobe rotor of a triangular shape with curved sides that rotates eccentrically in an oval chamber.
Radial Engine:
The radial engine is a reciprocating type of internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. C. M. Manly constructed a water-cooled five-cylinder radial engine in 1901. The radial configuration was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant.
--- Time Stamp --
00:00 - Introduction
00:40 - Single-Cylinder Engine
03:46 - Inline Engine
05:47 - V-Engine
08:46 - Flat-Engine
10:00 - Boxer Engine
11:58 - W-Engine
13:44 - Wankel Rotary Engine
16:02 - Radial Engine
18:01 - X-Engine
19:13 - U-Engine
20:27 - H-Engine
21:53 - Opposed Piston Engine
#engine #carengine #automobileengineering
References:
Wikipedia.org
thehenryford.org
oldmachinepress.com
simanaitissays.com
More Videos on Engines:
Different 'V' Engine Configurations - • Different 'V' Engine C...
Different 'W' Engine Configurations - • Different 'W' Engine C...
Different "Inline Engine" Configurations - • Different "Inline Engi...
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Disclaimer:
This video is just for educational purposes only. We are not in the auto repair business nor publish automotive service manuals. This video is not reviewed or authorized by any vehicle manufacturer. This video is intended only as general guidance. Every system is slightly different, so refer to the owner’s manual of your vehicle for any specific information about your model. Remember that only proper service and repair procedures will ensure your car's safe and reliable operation.
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Пікірлер: 261

@mokrulgobline9403 Жыл бұрын

Very enlightening video! Thank you. Most of the cars I've owned have been V6's or inline 4's. I've had an Audi A6 with a supercharged V6, which was a great engine until it got near 100K miles, very $$$ to repair. So, now I'm all about naturally aspirated V6's that can take 87 octane, like on my new Lexus ES 350, which has plenty of power and great gas mileage on account of its 8-speed transmission. I hope to keep it a long time -heard they last well over 300K and still run great, as long as maintained.

@echsylon Жыл бұрын

You mentioned that "Porsche, Subaru and Toyota are the only manufacturers that offer boxer engines", but you forgot BMW who offers several models of their motorcycles with excellent boxer engines.

@serbianwolfgaming9623 Жыл бұрын

Honda boxer 6....he said superbikes use v4.... Only panigale, every other is i4

@watt6248 Жыл бұрын

🤓

@realherobrine5636 Жыл бұрын

🤓

@gregcook1285 Жыл бұрын

Lotus did a flat 4 aswell??

@KaitouKaiju Жыл бұрын

@@gregcook1285 Lotus doesn't make their engines, they use Toyota engines.

@norcalman01 Ай бұрын

The opposed piston engine you showed, with added rocker arms and connecting rods, is one I never saw before. I know of the OP engines used in Southern Pacific Railroad locomotives made by Fairbanks Morse. These were used to haul the fast acceleration passenger commuter trains between San Jose and San Francisco, that I rode on. The FM engines had two crankshafts top and bottom geared together with the final drive from the lower shaft. One crankshaft lead the other by 20 degrees. These FM engines were two stroke diesel with a rootes blower to push in air. They had no valves in the cylinders using only ports for intake and exhaust. They did not meet emission standards of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District though and were retired in 1975. I understand the same FM engines were used in marine service, having heard the same sound coming from a tug boat. The "Deltic" opposed piston engine was also mentioned. I have heard of these in some British diesel locomotives. This used three OP engines in an 60 degree triangular formation. Any 1 of the 3 crankshafts were used by 2 adjacent cylinder banks.

@pjsunesis6664 Жыл бұрын

I'd like to study engineering, this video has inspired me.

@yellowhypergiant9971 Жыл бұрын

So much work had been done. Thank you for your great work.

@TheEngineersPost Жыл бұрын

Thank you too!

@alexclement7221 Жыл бұрын

The Sherman tank "W-30" engine (by Chrysler) is not really a "W" engine, but rather 5 separate flathead inline 6 engines mounted on a single mounting module, with gears on the flywheels turning a large gear on a central shaft.

@julianstreet8675 9 ай бұрын

Some later production Shermans like the easy 8 had radial engines

@shadowopsairman1583 8 ай бұрын

It's called a crank case, no different than a horizontally opposed engine.

@americantater.892 Жыл бұрын

I have a 1997 Jeep Cherokee with the good old 4L i6, not very fantastic in terms of speed or power however she gets me through the snow and has so far been very reliable.

@noahrichardson691 Жыл бұрын

I've heard that they're one of the most reliable engines made in recent times, up there with Toyota's 22re engine

@jwalster9412 Жыл бұрын

Torquey I presume.

@grantwhite8119 3 ай бұрын

Considered one of the most durable engines ever made.

@scottjohnson9573 Жыл бұрын

The Sherman Tank engine was not called a W. It was 5 separate 6-cylinder inline engines (flat head) bolted to a common block (in place of each engines oil pan). It was called a Multi-bank.

@allangibson8494 Жыл бұрын

The Sherman used five completely different engines…

@SaintBuick Жыл бұрын

@@allangibson8494 Technically 5 engine sub-blocks which were bolted to a central crankcase. They were unable to operate independently as they shared their radiator, water pump, oil pan and oil pumps. 1 engine not 5 different ones.

@jebise1126 Жыл бұрын

@@SaintBuick no no...different sherman models used different engines.

@julianstreet8675 9 ай бұрын

Some later productions and variations had radial engines like the M4A1 which was a improvement of the standard production M4

@shadowopsairman1583 8 ай бұрын

Crankcase, cylinder, head

@tsegabkarta6739 5 ай бұрын

This is an AMAIZING and deep explanation about engine configurations in the world and you have showed us all of the world's engine configuration, Great Work🤙

@tengkusulaiman 9 ай бұрын

im so lucky to be borned in this era. I can study anything online. The knowledge is unlimited. Im considering now to study engine. Retired IT tech guy.

@PeterPan-iz1kk Жыл бұрын

I have a Volvo inline four, a B230F. It just runs. Has over 300.000 miles on it now, and still runs like clockwork. Never been rebuilt or repaired, only serviced. A great engine!

@APOLO-oq3ce Жыл бұрын

Volvo engines have easily gone to a million miles on the African continent and a few in United states.

@DjokosurjadiSetiawan 9 ай бұрын

Gak jaman. Ini cuma pakek hp biasa bisa menciptakan seperti itu. Lihat sendiri.

@DjokosurjadiSetiawan 9 ай бұрын

Apa bang Ariel

@AndreSamosir Жыл бұрын

Very nice introduction to ICE settings! Thanks and kudos!

@bierce716 Жыл бұрын

You left one out, a relative of the opposed piston- the split single or twingle engine. In their day, they were popular in motorcycles.

@ZioStalin Жыл бұрын

I have 7 cars in total, mostly L4s, including also an L2 (with both pistons moving together instead of alternating, it's a Fiat 126 - similar to the famous 500 - so it's more like a double single cilinder engine..), a 383ci Mopar V8 and a Wankel (Mazda Rx8).

@ZioStalin Жыл бұрын

In more detail: 1971 Plymouth Fury III 4dr Hard Top Sedan 383ci (6,3L V8) 2007 Mazda Rx-8 (1,3L Wankel) 1994 Fiat Panda 4x4 with swapped engine (1,2L L4) 1972 Fiat 126 (650cc L2) 1991 Ford Transit (Diesel 2,4L L4) 1985 Citroen CX TRD (Turbo Diesel 2,5L L4) 1997 Citroen Berlingo (Diesel 1,9L L4)

@allangibson8494 Жыл бұрын

You missed a few - the delta and opposed piston engines. The opposed piston engine has the cylinders in between two crankshafts with the pistons pushing towards each other. The delta builds on that by having three cranks and three cylinder banks between the three crankshafts. Junkers developed the opposed piston engines for aircraft use before WW2.

@BryanPacker420 Жыл бұрын

You should have watched to the end, where they have the opposed piston, and what looks like an animation for a double opposed piston engine....

@steakandkidney3142 Жыл бұрын

The Napier Deltic is a very useful piece of kit. Locomotives, boats and the worlds most powerful fire pump.

@Thunderstormworld Жыл бұрын

There is another engine that not many have heard, also the most difficult but should be the most efficient, many tried to design and have either failed or had not been to successful, I had a try designing it too

@robertnicholson7733 Жыл бұрын

The master of opposed piston engines was junkers. The WWII Jumo 223 and 224 two stroke diesel aeroi engines were rhomboidal, that is a square standing on one edge, with four crankshafts. Look them up, they were magnificent. They never went into production and like the rest of Junkers were shipped to Russia after the en of WWII. The Napier Deltec engines were designed as a delta to fit into the hulls of patrol boats, the delta shape was a much better fit., Napier used Junkers technology that they licensed before WWII. There were compromises with the Deltec, one crankshaft had to turn in the opposite direction to the other two and the angle between the opening of the exhaust and intake ports was not optimal. Nevertheless, they sounded fantastic, especially the big Deltecs. There was no soundtrack for the opposed piston engines, you could use the Deltec but I think the best choice would be the Commer Knocker three cylinder engine, there is a good soundtrack of a Commer Knocker in Sydney. This engine used the arrangement shown in your diagram with only one crankshaft but used rocker arms to transfer the power to the crankshaft

@Antagraber 3 ай бұрын

Excellent video, Thank you! we have: SAAB 9-5 2.3 turbo (L4- reprogrammed ECU) + Ford Explorer 2008 4.0 (V6) + Cadillac Escalade ESX 2010 6.2 (V8).

@patrickmurray3846 Жыл бұрын

there is also 2 and 3 cylinder I-engines, mainly find these on snowmobiles and jetskies. Oh and ya made a pretty big mistake, with 4stroke engines no 2 cylinders are firing at the same time. If 2 or more cylinders are in the upmost position, then at least 1 is on it's exhaust stroke. the 4 strokes are combustion, power, exhaust, intake.

@mpetersen6 2 ай бұрын

Certain cylinder layouts are combinations of various types. Radials and inlines combine to make star engines. X layout is a form of that. Fan types and inlines combine to make W or Broad Arrow.

@russellkeeling4387 Жыл бұрын

The opposed piston engines in the Junkers 88 of the Germans in the second world war were the only airplanes of the time that could fly across the Atlantic Ocean to South America without having to stop for fuel. The opposed engines made today are amazing, we have computers now.

@denismorgan9742 Жыл бұрын

The first petroleum engine was made in Fenny Stratford, Milton Keynes. Petrol was first used to get rid of head lice. And was first used before Mercedes Benz in British vehicles.

@TheV4R 10 ай бұрын

I-V-W-X-U-H. thats the only type of engine configurations i could find

@bingbing-ti2rv Жыл бұрын

I'm an aeronautic mechanic, and I've personnally even seen some Radial Engine with multiple stages ! (i don't really remember but it was something like 18 cylinders i think, wich was built as 2 rows / 2 stages, of 9 cylinders each.)

@rawhidelamp Жыл бұрын

There exists the R-4360 Wasp Major, a 28 cylinder, 4 bank engine

@allangibson8494 Жыл бұрын

And the Lycoming XR-7755-3 36 cylinder radial or the Yakolev M-501 (a 42 cylinder engine) with a 144litre displacement.

@ATruckCampbell Жыл бұрын

Imagine the power of a full size two stroke Radial engine.

@davidlamothe6610 Жыл бұрын

Sounds like a double Wasp.

@givenfirstnamefamilyfirstn3935 Жыл бұрын

You laugh at his B-17 radial producing 1,200 *_RPM!_*

@eduardeduard8786 Жыл бұрын

Прекрасное видео, огромное спасибо вам, столько лет двигателю внутреннего сгорания, одни и те же проблемы с резиновыми ремнями и моторными цепями , не кто не хочет поставить в мотор железный вал проточенный по спирали чтоб он крутил шестерни, удивительно!!!

@davidherrera2465 Ай бұрын

Exelente Información 👉👍

@damindasampath5947 Жыл бұрын

I had no seen some type of engine. (U, H, W) It is good. Thank you

@nickayivor8432 Жыл бұрын

Happy New year 🎄 🎉 ✨️ The Engineering Post Thanks 👍 From Nick Ayivor from London England UK 🇬🇧

@Seryiuss Жыл бұрын

Thanks for the video and explanation 😄

@adamhindustani6269 11 ай бұрын

great work, thanks to you explaining all of this....

@DMC_KD Жыл бұрын

Thank you sir for bringing this information to us.

@RecioDj Жыл бұрын

Thank you, Kakler

@martintwum-baah9067 11 ай бұрын

Great work, this is a wonderful information

@martinnovak9618 Жыл бұрын

Good overview. My tips for types you missed ... 1.There is a special star configuration called "gnome". 2. Have you heard about Duke Engines? 😉

@stormlord55 Жыл бұрын

Yes Axial engines. Either stationary block or rotary are interesting. Actually some were produced and were more or less successful. Michel from Australia comes to mind.

@timhallas4275 Жыл бұрын

Duke Engines are an utter failure. They never made it to production.

@robertnicholson7733 Жыл бұрын

@@stormlord55 The Michel crankless engines were essentially another barrel engine, Michel called the plate "the slant". The difference was that Michell overcame the main issue with the swash plate by using the Michell hydrodynamic thrust bearing. Michell revolutionized ships with his thrust bearing, it was superior in every way to its predecessors. Look A.G.M. Michell up if you don't know of him, apart from the bearings and motors, he was the first person to solve the Reynolds equations for three dimensions. Also, he wrote the seminal paper on structural optimisation before he applied himself to lubrication, unfortunately it was 50 years before it was used, too far ahead of the times. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/pteFnayLuqm8c2Q.html This shows an experimental aero engine based on Michell's designs.

@MrKeerthi58 Жыл бұрын

Very important and good explanation and presentation. Thanks. What about pendulum engine invented and developed by Argentinian auto engineer Troussa.

@BillHimmel 5 ай бұрын

Great vid, thanks a lot!

@johncunningham4820 Жыл бұрын

Excellent coverage of the Layouts . However , also too many Errant Assumptions . Thumbs Up regardless .

@user-pv5yh4de6f Жыл бұрын

자동차 기술이 대단하십니다

@manabroy2539 Жыл бұрын

First view from India Assam

@jamesgeorge4874 Жыл бұрын

Junkers Jumo 204, Kommer TS3, Naiper Deltic all examples of opposed piston diesels, of which Cummins and Achates currently are devoloping.

@givenfirstnamefamilyfirstn3935 Жыл бұрын

Ju 86 R turbo opposed cylinder diesel high altitude photo reconnaissance WW2.

@WilhelmKarsten Жыл бұрын

Gegenkolbenmotor, invented by Wilhelm Oechelhauser... Hugo Junkers was his junior partner.

@markbrownfield1174 Ай бұрын

That's not the only layouts! MadMarkTech

@Mr.j3433 8 ай бұрын

I don't comment a lot but this was a very interesting video it had a lot of helpful touches especially for someone who wants to learn (consider selling this in an info series package with more detailed information) For me it's a new year and it's customary to wish each other good things So I wish you a lot of health, happiness and wealth and a lot of success with the page

@jonjonjet1449 Ай бұрын

I'm looking forward to saving up for a Pontiac solstice which has a v4 engine

@jchrg2336 Жыл бұрын

"Off" If you are not in the right environment this engine (engineering) mech. thing of mine isn't all that inspiring. "On" .... It's an off / on On/oF relationship In my moments in momentum Great video. Explains correct

@ckinc89 Жыл бұрын

Infomative video... Vry much tq ....

@youssefabouharya3282 Жыл бұрын

Keep going and thank you

@kailashsingh9737 7 ай бұрын

Very beautiful sweet video

@MaximRedin Жыл бұрын

Opposite diesel you can see in Soviet tank T64. It has a distinguished sound

@yordi55 Жыл бұрын

Thank you

@ahmedmechanicoffical Жыл бұрын

good work

@HampterYesyes Жыл бұрын

The surname if the creator of the rotary engine is just 👌

@jacksparro3150 Жыл бұрын

Everything that I have learned from engineering school has taught me that the one big factor that affects aerodynamics is the shape of the car's exterior. Can you explain how a V6 engine improves a car's aerodynamic performance compared if the same car had an inline 6 or inline 4.

@TheAttacker732 Жыл бұрын

The lower & shorter block can allow for smoother bodywork, if you're willing to make the engine bay a nigh-unrepairable Gordian knot of wiring, hoses, & ductwork. Thankfully, such affronts to good sense aren't practical to manufacture, making it a generally theoretical concern for cars. It's something that *should* have been explained in the video.

@Rev22-21 Жыл бұрын

Personally I think this clown is full of it.

@goatman86 Жыл бұрын

Wooshing sound between each slide brings back elementary school PowerPoint presentations XD good vid though

@mnhusin509 5 ай бұрын

In U engine or any engine with 2 crankshafts, like 2stroke square4 or 2stroke v4, is bot crankshaft connected to transmission (crank A-transmission gear-crank B) or only one them (crank A-crank B- transmission gear)? Thanks

@Mentaculus42 6 ай бұрын

Free-piston engine? Has some big advantages.

@EldregeCadavos Жыл бұрын

Love me some rotary

@WilhelmKarsten Жыл бұрын

LeRhone or Uberusel?

@richardmutyaba4936 Жыл бұрын

So interesting

@Starving_23 Жыл бұрын

Merci

@NikanDragosysSerpenDra Жыл бұрын

im moree of a high bypass turbofan gasturbine engine, the CF6 series being among the favorites and the GE 90's

@Thom101 Жыл бұрын

You missed the Liquid Piston rotary engine. Also the Duke and the weird Freepiston (no crankshaft) that was an electrical generator.

@WilhelmKarsten Жыл бұрын

All scams...

@poketrainer4513 Жыл бұрын

Nice

@zxen2330 Жыл бұрын

Have you ever heard about the "TAUROZZI PENDULUM ENGINE?" I think that is the engine that giant oil company and government hate.

@sheriffdeen175 Жыл бұрын

Thanks sir

@memeAlexcheramie Жыл бұрын

Fun fact: the inline-6 cylinder engine is the most balanced engine(originally I thought the boxer engine was the most balanced)

@gregcook1285 Жыл бұрын

That was very good. But you missed the Deltic

@stevecritchley2506 Жыл бұрын

Thanks, I had to look that up - very interesting!

@Goofy_fatguy 11 ай бұрын

"More cylinders you have more power it will made". K24 right now: I'm i a joke to you?

@olivertoeknuckleiii2093 Жыл бұрын

The Wankel engine is still the best design in terms of power/ weight and simplicity. I would love it if we could use modern tech to ‘fix’ the drawbacks of the design. You cannot beat the Wankel for efficiency, power and balance of the car it is mounted in.

@givenfirstnamefamilyfirstn3935 Жыл бұрын

The equivalent of stroke is tiny, they have no torque.

@davidaugustofc2574 Жыл бұрын

@@givenfirstnamefamilyfirstn3935 but spin fast enough to make up for it

@mauserpad5111 6 ай бұрын

@@davidaugustofc2574as if they need to wear out faster

@jibrailkazi 10 ай бұрын

Nice❤❤

@TheEscapisty 5 ай бұрын

Internal Combustion Engines = ICE

@Dclxvi6x3 Жыл бұрын

My ride has a shoe shape design developed by Converse they call it the Chuck Taylor All-Star 😉

@mechguy8459 Жыл бұрын

It is a Comprehensive Guide 💗

@jeangaza4090 Жыл бұрын

Great

@chadwickreno8499 Жыл бұрын

What kind of engine design layout would you get if you stuck two W engines on top of each other?

@bobvanbutselaar Жыл бұрын

I'm guessing top heavy.

@scotttimmons61 Жыл бұрын

A mechanics nightmare and engineers wet dream

@chadwickreno8499 Жыл бұрын

As in a W engine placed on top of another upside down W engine in the same manner as an "X" engine. I was also thinking of a 4 bank design rather than a 3 bank too. I imagine it would look something close to a "star" or radial engine.

@florinrazvangradinariu209 7 ай бұрын

Nice.. i use v6

@THEJR-of5tf Жыл бұрын

I did some R&D on opposed Piston Engines in the 1970s.

@tanthiennguyen9308 Жыл бұрын

Vielen Dank allen Mitarbeitern an Kompetenz Arbeitsplätzen Zufrieden haben bitteschön

@steeljawX 8 ай бұрын

This video needs an update. Wankels are making a return in the form of hybrids. Last I heard, which was a couple months ago, Mazda announced they'd be using Wankel rotary engines for some of their upcoming hybrid vehicles. So rotaries aren't completely dead and gone, just not a mainstream public use motor.

@stevehartley7504 Жыл бұрын

Where is Eduardo Taurozzi's curved cylinder engine. Not widely used but immensely effective. Now used in compressors and filters

@nasunorahl Жыл бұрын

Props in advance if this has my Polysphere.

@Iconoclasher Жыл бұрын

Regarding the "noisy" 4cyl engines, maybe it would be quieter if they put an actual muffler on it. 🤔

@jaw0449 Жыл бұрын

My son wants to be an engine engineer on a racing team...any tips? He's a sophomore in high school

@Hazza_the_great 11 ай бұрын

My mum's ford kuga has either an i3 or an i4 engine

@McsMark1 Жыл бұрын

You missed the DKM Wankel. It's the engine Felix designed and built. When he saw the KKM (the Wankel you displayed) Felix said - "You turned my Thoroughbred into a plow horse".

@KR8. Жыл бұрын

I would also like you to talk about the engines of Hungarian locomotives

@TrevorSachko Жыл бұрын

So rotary piston and deltic don't get a look in?

@mach1553 Жыл бұрын

22:00 The colored image moving parts doesn't match the B&W image moving parts next - 4 pivot points vs 8 pivot points.

@ronaldschoolcraft8654 10 ай бұрын

"Inline engines are smaller in size and take up less space." Tell that to a Caterpillar C-15.

@shantichoudhary2432 Жыл бұрын

👍

@user-tk2bk4yw3t Жыл бұрын

Please explain different types of electric vehicles 1 motor, dual, and four motor

@Demidovess98 Жыл бұрын

The Opposed Piston Engine was a T-64 tank :-)

@android584 9 ай бұрын

VR deserved a mention as it uses a single head for the v banks. Also V-Twin engines are in the radial category and I suspect the W3 depicted was really a radial.

@mpetersen6 2 ай бұрын

I can't recall who but there is an aftermarket engine based on Harley cylinders that is a 3 cylinder fan type. Anazi built 3 cylinder fan engines before WWl.

@henkoosterhof5947 Жыл бұрын

Straight 3.

@denismorgan9742 Жыл бұрын

There is another not mentioned and I don't know the correct terminalogy, where the pistons are horizontal with the axial shaft that as a fixed slanted disk around it, firing piston to the furthest part of the disk in turn turning the axle round.

@Thom101 Жыл бұрын

the Duke is that style of engine

@allangibson8494 Жыл бұрын

That was an oscillating disk engine commonly used in torpedoes but also used as a driven element in hydraulic pumps.