Copy number variation and the secret of life

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Copy number variation and the secret of life - with Aoife McLysaght

Рет қаралды 394,602

10 жыл бұрын

Evolution is powered by variation: the differences in DNA sequences. One hugely important form of difference is copy number variation, where genes are duplicated or deleted from one generation to the next.
In this Ri event, Aoife McLysaght from Univeristy of Dublin explains how copy number variations gave us colour vision, a sense of smell and haemoglobin in our blood, before exploring the role they play in diseases such as cancer, autism and schizophrenia.
The event 'Too Much of a Good Thing' was presented at the Ri on Friday 28 March and forms part of the Ri's all-women line up for Friday Evening Discourses in 2014 as part of a year-long celebration of women in science.
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Пікірлер: 948

@eliastouil7686 6 жыл бұрын

Introduction 00:00 I will talk about evolutionary genetics 00:00 how evolution relates to the field of biology 03:50 What is a gene ? 07:43 DNA, duplicating genes 11:25 Evolution by gene duplication Examples of gene duplication 13:55 Human sense of smell 16:45 Evolution of colour vision 20:20 Globins What can we understand 26:40 Patterns of evolution 31:50 Why is there so much diversity (vertebrates/humans) 36:20 When gene duplication is problematic (pathology) 43:30 What to look for in DNA 48:15 Dosage sensitive genes

@spook_dad 5 жыл бұрын

please link to the smell your bum quote

@allwinaugustine 4 жыл бұрын

Good job elias!

@chipparker3950 4 жыл бұрын

A patently improvable statement. Amazing arrogance.

@jamesdolan4042 4 жыл бұрын

@@chipparker3950 I did not hear say anything about improvable adaptations just for the sake of it. She spoke of how olfactory genes in DNA duplicted and simultaneously changed ever so slightly to optimise survival for the species at that juncture in time. And conversely how these genes become redundant when optimizing survival does not need them. There was nothing arrogant about her iinformed and learned opinion. If you think differently I would appreciate you explaining it.

@altareggo 6 жыл бұрын

Truly an excellent presentation!!! Thank you so much for putting these online: its a great service and helps the general public understand complex matters by giving a lot of background material without anything overly technical.

@mohammedalhuneini219 2 жыл бұрын

Excellent presentation After minute 25:00 there is error in the Hb curve The fetal Hb (HbF) she is talking about is actually made of alpha/gamma not alpha/delta Otherwise a very wonderful talk

@jasimine_b 6 жыл бұрын

awesome on so many levels, no wonder she was exhausted in the end! i wish she'd make a whole lecture series of this with much more detail...

@ambrosewanjala8843 2 жыл бұрын

Seconded. Truly awesome

@kristineinarsdottir7404 10 жыл бұрын

Aoife McLysaght I really enjoyed this lecture. Your view on life is extraordinary!

@mathewalexander3664 2 жыл бұрын

Truly brilliant! Thank you Dr. McLysaght and the RI for putting this online. Its really as lucid as it can be, and so vital to making the general public understand where we're at, in terms of advancement in this area and the possiblities. I've shared this lecture with many. Look forward to seeing more from Dr. McLysaght..

@mattnewman5673 Жыл бұрын

Very informative . Thanks a lot Dr. McLysaght. I am not color blind about Genetics any longer.

@edwardlee2794 5 жыл бұрын

Charming with a purpose. Salute to The speaker and RI.

@clairehiggins7120 6 жыл бұрын

My daughter is homeschooled and will be watching this, there aren’t enough women in science and this simple explanation of a complex subject is something we need far more of, thank you. Great video.

@eddie1975utube 2 жыл бұрын

So nice to read your comment. Where I live in Alabama, 99% of home schooling parents would never show their kid such a video.

@NicleT 2 жыл бұрын

Excellent presentation, very insightful. Thank you Dr. McLysaght, and thanks to the Ri.

@doronron7323 4 жыл бұрын

Thanks for this breathless presentation by a confident and erudite young person. I've learned a lot here, by being captivated throughout.

@AceofDlamonds 3 жыл бұрын

"young"? She's a professor

@thomasbriggs4718 3 жыл бұрын

Young compared to me…

@stephanieparker1250 3 жыл бұрын

In case anyone is curious, her beautiful Irish name is pronounced “ee-fa”. 🥰

@whirledpeas3477 2 жыл бұрын

Cool 😎

@kingalf4828 2 жыл бұрын

I was literally just gonna look that up.. cheers

@Duckfest 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks. I don't recall ever seeing a name as Irish as hers. I love it. I also think Professor Aoife McLysaght would be an excellent name for a character in a fantasy novel.

@dboots123 2 жыл бұрын

Her name is the first reason I clicked for this video. Thanks for the info 🙏🏼

2 жыл бұрын

thanks !

@JR-ws8zy 2 жыл бұрын

Best speaking / teaching voice I have ever heard - concise with perfect clarity and not a moment spent on searching for words. You can tell she put a tremendous amount of thought into every idea she conveys to help us come to a basic understanding of a very complex science. I'll have to watch this several times. There is so much valuable information here.

@Insoo223 2 жыл бұрын

Totally agree!

@bpath60 10 жыл бұрын

Thank you - Royal Institution- A detailed science talk without Equations ! Cheers !

@rnnyhoff 2 жыл бұрын

She is such a wonderful, engaging, and knowledgeable presenter of some complicated steps in the expansive, total effect of (short "e" ... I'm American) evolution on the science of life. Extraordinary!

@heinpereboom5521 2 жыл бұрын

A beautiful woman and wise words are not the same.

@shrikantkukreti7068 2 жыл бұрын

What a Brilliant talk. So informative, simple and elegant. Congrats !!

@RochelleM491 2 жыл бұрын

This is one amazing, professional well produced video, I hope she has the time, energy and resources to creates many more videos like this which I really appreciate..!

@johncourt9580 3 жыл бұрын

Hi Aoife, a beautiful and captivating lecture, of a highly complex subject, made so watchable by your excellent delivery and style.

@matthewfeeley6226 2 жыл бұрын

Really enjoyed the performance, thankyou for sharing your knowledge and skill it was great to learn so much about standing up and delivering a complicated topic. Thankyou so much.

@Lloyd-lg6fx 5 жыл бұрын

Outstanding lecture and brilliant summary of information with great use of comparisons and analogy! Thanks for sharing!!!

@AquaTerraSys 4 жыл бұрын

yes, exceptional presentation, so look forward to hearing more from Ms McLysaght in the future

@nycbearff 3 жыл бұрын

This is an excellent lecture, well presented and clear. Thanks, Dr. McLysaght! Thanks, Royal Institution!

@captainzork6109 8 жыл бұрын

Alright, I've finished watching and I've come to the conclusion and I'm in love with the form of this presentation. This is great work. I'd love to learn more in-depth things about the genome now

@LairdJ56 6 жыл бұрын

have you learned more about the genome now? there are loads of amazing free resources to learn from... That is the reason God invented the internet.

@williamgoode9114 4 жыл бұрын

Yes Adam, plus the individual smart phones, and the instructions to care about ; climate,flora and fauna, via fires,floods & virus.

@MacNif 2 жыл бұрын

God = Internet ...whoa?

@miTTTir 7 жыл бұрын

This talk showed me something which was hiding in the plain sight right in front of my nose. Awesome presentation. Fascinating research.

@alidogramaci7468 Жыл бұрын

I am sending the link for this video to my granddaughters. Professor McLysaght is inspiring.

@ebrewste 2 жыл бұрын

Some people really have a gift for presenting. She is incredible. There is some interesting cross pollination of ideas that adds something to what is more traditional material I have seen on the subject.

@shinywarm6906 4 жыл бұрын

how to take an audience from the most basic explanation of DNA structure to cutting edge genomic science. Brava!

@alleneverhart4141 6 жыл бұрын

One of the very best RI presentations. Love her accent - just slightly Irish and only ever really announces itself when she says 'tink' - fabulous.

@talideon 4 жыл бұрын

She sounds like a typical middle-class Dubliner. She _is_ contrasting _t_ and _th_ though: the _t_ is an alveolar stop while the _th_ is a dental stop.

@eddie1975utube 2 жыл бұрын

“Some Assembly Required” by Dr. Neil Shubin has a chapter on Gene duplication. I’m halfway through the book. Watching this lecture really helped further cement what I read. I highly recommend Dr. Shubin’s three books, in this order: Your inner Fish The Universe Within Some Assembly Required.

@kavorka8855 Жыл бұрын

Even after so many years, still an incredibly informative lecture!

@Sailright21 9 жыл бұрын

Excellent! Copy number variation explained and explained beautifully!

@henriroggeman7267 5 жыл бұрын

You've given us more than just a sense. Thank you for an excellent talk! :-)

@AleksandarKospenda 10 жыл бұрын

Interesting. I´m learning biology for the first time and this ignited more interest for the subject.

@pecan11 Жыл бұрын

This lecture is one of the most incredible I have seen. I have a personal interest in evolutionary biology and I studied bio in college. Remarkable insight with this research

@boblenk 6 жыл бұрын

Thank you, Aoife, for acknowledging Susumu Ohno. He is one of my heros!

@MMasterDE 10 жыл бұрын

Good presentation. Thank you for sharing! :)

@wendellwiggins3776 2 жыл бұрын

I love the interest in this wonderful informative magical lecture. Simple yet complex enough to follow. I simply find the info so fascinating because the intricacies of life are so wonderful. The UNI-verse with all of It's elements are nobless than magical.

@DavoidJohnson 5 жыл бұрын

Exceptional seamless progression of knowledge. Other presenters should try to emulate this. Best of luck.

@BenjWarrant 4 жыл бұрын

The Irish delightfully comes out more and more as she carries on speaking.

@martinpollard8846 4 жыл бұрын

I "tink" you're right

@rolfw2336 5 жыл бұрын

This was a great talk. I never knew about the 4X event in human evolution. Thank you Dr. M!

@mammaliandischarger 2 жыл бұрын

Simplicity and beauty is evolutionary. The presence of this curious beauty is wonderful. Thank you

@framethis 2 ай бұрын

Absolutely brilliant information and delivery .Her pronounceiation is perfect ..which makes it easier to learn .

@CreativeContention 10 жыл бұрын

What a truly brilliant lecture.

@paulodetarsoarrudacorreia6138 5 жыл бұрын

Excellent presentation. Congratulations !

@0VistaDelMar0 9 жыл бұрын

Aoife is my new focus. 23:00, reminds me of a color experiment with non and savannah living heritage. Savannah heritage make reference in mind and name varying differences in the color pigments in their environment. Non environment make reference to a prescribed knowledge of the color wheel so to speak. Each tested on juxtaposed color charts had trouble distinguishing slight variances in the colors that they were not used to.

@jayaramanganapathi9385 3 жыл бұрын

Great presentation, so well articulated with examples specially the aircrafts with places where bullet hits were not found.

@jasonwiley798 Жыл бұрын

This also known as the mortality bias , a common statistical phenomenon.

@Nicho2020 3 жыл бұрын

Excellent! I wish I had seen this lecture years ago. Very informative, and a very good style of presentation. Let's see if there's more from Aoife McLysaght.

@ftumschk 5 жыл бұрын

17:44 "Rhodopsin" doesn't derive from "rod" -opsin, but from the Greek word for pink ("rhodon"), because of its colour. (Just for info, and not a criticism.)

@coolworx 3 жыл бұрын

Rhododendron!

@wolfpants 2 жыл бұрын

A remarkable show of fluency across such a wide array of disciplines making up the study of biology. Informative, impressive, and inspiring. Just a thundering and authoritative barrage against any possible anti-evolution understanding of how life works.

@arnoldleaf4521 5 жыл бұрын

" too much of a good thing" was fab found it really informative ! Thanks

@VvDOPAMEANvV 10 жыл бұрын

Excellent subject and content!

@hendrikhendrikson2941 10 жыл бұрын

As always very interesting!

@martingachagua4554 3 жыл бұрын

Eazzy To Take A Listen. She Introduced And Explained Abstract Things Flawlessly. Very Few Assumptions Intended On The Part Of The Listener. Can Be A Good Introductory Course To Genetics As A Whole. May I Say The Voice Was "Tonal" To Listen To . . .

@ryanmckenna2047 2 жыл бұрын

An excellent presentation! That research can be guided so effectively through the application of a a statistician's mindset. A simple principle - That the very absence of something to measure is significant and it reveals so much, fantastic!

@heinpereboom5521 2 жыл бұрын

Yes, a nice presentation, but what did she really say about the beginning of life? I only heard what happened after that beginning.

@anteconfig5391 5 жыл бұрын

This is something I needed to know. I have this idea to make special neural networks that evolve.(Not a new idea but mine is an improvement). I was wondering how genomes get longer over time and I'm pretty sure I found the answer in gene duplication. I also think it solves other problems I predicted, I can't remember. I just had it on the tip of my brain but I lost it.

@yaseen157 10 жыл бұрын

I love these presentations ;p

@infocentrousmajac 2 жыл бұрын

Beautifully explained and very engaging talk.

@MarkMiller-zm2th 4 жыл бұрын

Fascinating, great presentation.the lady’s accent makes you take notice

@dmitritobias 5 жыл бұрын

her name. what a kickass name. sounds like it's destined for greatness. i bet when she tried to make an account and typed just her first name, google was like... yeah that's available.

@KipIngram 3 жыл бұрын

You really don't need to waste time debunking creationism. The people that back it aren't listening anyway.

@christosnyman6386 3 жыл бұрын

So well presented! Great talk!!

@CyPhi68 2 жыл бұрын

At 30:54, it is interesting to compare the structure of hemoglobin and chlorophyll C1 and C2. Very similar, hemoglobin has an iron molecule in the center and chlorophyll has a magnesium molecule. Mother Nature found a useful carrier complex in plants and tweaked it in animals. She doesn't fix it if it ain't broke, just a little tweak. FYI, chlorophyll a, b, d and f have long side chains but the central complex is almost the same in all types. Another example, compare auxin and melatonin, auxin in plants and melatonin in animals.

@akritino7437 10 жыл бұрын

I love your presentation ! It's amazing !

@SONofaGoddess 3 жыл бұрын

Take a breath.. you nailed it! 👌🏽

@peterwhyte317 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I heard every word, and understood everything.

@LuciFeric137 3 жыл бұрын

Beautiful, lyric. I can listen to her pronunciation all night..

@Anza_34832 3 жыл бұрын

Not being an expert in the field of biology, this lecture was a real eye opener!

@heinpereboom5521 2 жыл бұрын

Maybe that's why?

@brahmburgers 8 жыл бұрын

What a lovely woman! ....her person, her insight, and the way she shares it with others.

@YNVNEone 2 жыл бұрын

Happy to be evolved enough to understand this great presentation.

@iandennislester6254 4 жыл бұрын

Einfach - Klasse (Simply the Best). the young lady should be teaching this to GAMSAT students

@RalphDratman 10 жыл бұрын

This is great. Thank you Aoife McLysaght.

@aoifemclysaght3586 10 жыл бұрын

Thank you :-)

@RalphDratman 10 жыл бұрын

Aoife McLysaght You explain things clearly, you look good and you sound great. I would like to watch any other lectures you might have online. If you don't have any other videos online yet, perhaps you would consider making some? You don't need anything more than an iPhone, iPad or Android device to accomplish that. Having a helper to hold the camera makes things easier, but that is optional. You can do an entire video by yourself.

@tantiwahopak101 6 жыл бұрын

@The Truth of the Matter yes. She is real. Check it out.

@tantiwahopak101 6 жыл бұрын

@The Truth of the Matter wow so this is ur reason for her to not being real? Not all people are famous u know that right?

@EricDittmarrice 5 жыл бұрын

@@aoifemclysaght3586 Thank you. Stay gold!

@jamesconner8275 6 жыл бұрын

Excellent, even I understand it and I've been accused if missing a chunk of my DNA. When she pronounces "think" does she actually say "tink?" Must be in the Irish DNA.

@donaldcook2484 2 жыл бұрын

Incredible knowledge and takes evolution to another level.

@mihaliprefti2507 2 жыл бұрын

How educational! Thank you, Professor!

@synhegola 4 жыл бұрын

Extraordinary. This shows how useful Evolution as a theory really is!

@robertstephens4185 2 жыл бұрын

I am a biology teacher. This was truly enjoyable!

@heinpereboom5521 2 жыл бұрын

So what did she really say about the beginning of life? I only heard what happened after that beginning.

@jamesdolan4042 2 жыл бұрын

@@heinpereboom5521 She said that the simple DNA molecule is already present in the fertilized egg, and that the DNA does not change throughout the life of the organism. Her presentation is not about the biology of reproduction or the origon of life that occurred eons ago.

@heinpereboom5521 2 жыл бұрын

@@jamesdolan4042 In this way all evolutionists speak, they never talk about the beginning, because they can never explain that, because it is fantasy and belief. Her whole presentation suggests that evolution is correct and that is very unbelievable to me if you always skip the beginning of it. That's what I meant.

@jamesdolan4042 2 жыл бұрын

@@heinpereboom5521 Since you put it that way can you provide me with undeniable, verifiable, singular, proof how life as we know began?

@heinpereboom5521 2 жыл бұрын

@@jamesdolan4042Of course not, so nobody can, I thought you understood that. So if you believe in a creator, that is a belief and that also proves nothing. At least believers say they have a belief and evolutionists say they have a science and that is just nonsense, they too have a belief in their own idea no more than that. So very unscientific. When scientists deal with this sort of thing, it's pseudo science. Moreover, science may not exclude anything, that is a prejudice, so not scientific. Even a scientist cannot rule out the possibility that there is a creator, even if this can never be proven.

@gnagyusa 5 жыл бұрын

Brilliant presentation. I learned a lot.

@Necromycin 6 жыл бұрын

Beautifully explained

@akashdasgupta6692 10 жыл бұрын

Very informative. What do you think of Dawkins's definition of a gene, where it is defined as the smallest section of a chromosome that can potentially last over deep time? The definition you give, which is a gene is a section of a chromosome that codes for a certain chain of amino acids, is what is taught in school. However in 'the selfish gene', Dawkins tells us something different. Is there a 'conventional' definition, or is the issue still subject to debate?

@quill444 5 жыл бұрын

What a powerful, pleasant, presentation: Aoife has the presence of an actress, one who could easily carry a starring role in a movie or television series! - j q t -

@peterdriscoll4070 6 жыл бұрын

Fascinating talk. Just awesome.

@peters972 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you! A beautiful presentation.

@lennymartin4693 4 жыл бұрын

I love super smart women

@rowdeo8968 5 жыл бұрын

what a nice dress and great presentation lol

@kamrupexpress 3 жыл бұрын

Very interesting lecture. Even as a math person I enjoyed it

@heinpereboom5521 2 жыл бұрын

Perhaps you can calculate the probability that DNA will arise spontaneously or that the 20 proteins are in the right combination? That DNA, the most complicated molecule, still has to be lucky that it is in a very life-friendly environment, the chance then becomes slightly less.

@charlesdrury9712 Жыл бұрын

I have been obsessed with science since I was a little boy I do not have many friends because nobody likes science in my family and my friends think that I am showing off and I try to tell them I have no degrees I’m very humble I don’t consider myself smart but I can learn and I have been learning for a long time and she’s just another step on my letter of science I appreciate all her knowledge I have learned something today I just hope I remember I’m getting older sorry letter should be Latter

@schmetterling4477 Жыл бұрын

You need to get help, too. ;-)

@sighthoundman 4 жыл бұрын

In programming language: a gene is a variable length field within the DNA database.

@maxdoubt5219 8 жыл бұрын

I love ice cream and cheeseburgers so I am quite happy to carry the mutation that let's me stay lactose tolerant all my life. But I don't like fruit and veg, so I want my Ligo gene back! Heh. This presentation is just as engaging as any by the cosmologists or physicists.

@cirusrome4086 2 жыл бұрын

Learned great information- thanks 🙏

@richardbradley1532 2 жыл бұрын

Going to have to watch this again to understand better.

@erichodge567 3 жыл бұрын

Instantly in the running for "Best RI Lecture". Who could resist learning genetics from a beautiful elf straight out of Tolkien?

@mokobaby6181 3 жыл бұрын

27:25 she gets a little flustered at her drawing of a plane.

@SS-gc8je 5 жыл бұрын

Kate Mckinnon is a geneticist now?

@MrBlue-km8qv 4 жыл бұрын

Are there any semi-multiple cellular lives or animals? Do you know what i have to do in order to to change some of my Gs to As at set point 3243 of my mitochondrial DNA? Could it be something i need to eat? i wonder.

@robotaholic 5 жыл бұрын

I loved this lecture

@MarcoMeerman 6 жыл бұрын

No supernatural deity was needed in this presentation about life.

@brucemulvey9948 5 жыл бұрын

Marco Meerman That’s right. That’s the point after all isn’t it?

@williamgoode9114 4 жыл бұрын

No, but science will, via AI+Net, encouraging better behavior for a varied and sustainable PLANET.

@tantiwahopak101 6 жыл бұрын

16:00 "we no longer sniff each other's bum" nice one 😂

@epajarjestys9981 4 жыл бұрын

I do.

@mesenburg 20 күн бұрын

Aoiffe is doing a great service to the education of the public concerning biological evolution

@nandkishorenandu8667 2 жыл бұрын

The Beauty of explanation 😍

@raffertyrocket7341 10 жыл бұрын

GREEN

@lwmaynard5180 2 жыл бұрын

She's is green with with an Irish sheen, she tinks and tinkers with the evolution revolution. ? ? I'm confused , from Genesis to genes is spell bound ? ?

@774Rob 10 жыл бұрын

I am terrible at speaking in front of a group and would not wish to criticise but if she slowed it down a bit she would be magic.

@RalphDratman 10 жыл бұрын

She has a lot to communicate in a relatively short time.

@RalphDratman 10 жыл бұрын

FRANCIS FALUDI I agree! In fact, I sent her a message suggesting she make more youtube videos!

@bickleigh3283 10 жыл бұрын

For a lecturer I though her pacing was spot on!

@RalphDratman 10 жыл бұрын

Bick Leigh It was for me, too, but I think people really differ in the rate they prefer. I like to hear a lot in a short period of time -- as long as I can follow what's being said. Others might want more time to digest what's been said.

@timlandscheidt 10 жыл бұрын

FRANCIS FALUDI I'm pretty sure I heard a sigh at the end of the video :-).