What is multiple myeloma? Symptoms , Causes , treatment and Prognosis
Overview
Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Healthy plasma cells help fight infections by making proteins called antibodies. Antibodies find and attack germs.
In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells build up in bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. In the bone marrow, the cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than make helpful antibodies, the cancer cells make proteins that don't work right. This leads to complications of multiple myeloma.
Symptoms
Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include:
Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips.
Nausea.
Constipation.
Loss of appetite.
Mental fogginess or confusion.
Tiredness.
Infections.
Weight loss.
Weakness.
Thirst.
Needing to urinate often
Causes
It's not clear what causes myeloma.
Multiple myeloma begins with one plasma cell in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. Something happens that turns the plasma cell into a cancerous myeloma cell. The myeloma cell begins making a lot more myeloma cells quickly.
Risk factors
Factors that may increase the risk of multiple myeloma include:
Getting older. Most people are diagnosed in their late 60s.
Being male. Men are more likely to develop the disease than are women.
Being Black. Black people are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than are people of other races.
Having a family history of multiple myeloma. Having a sibling or parent with multiple myeloma increases the risk of the disease.
Having monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, also called MGUS. Multiple myeloma starts as MGUS, so having this condition increases the risk.
There's no way to prevent multiple myeloma. If you get multiple myeloma, you didn't do anything to cause it.
Complications
Complications of multiple myeloma include:
Infections. Having multiple myeloma lowers the body's ability to fight infections.
Bone problems. Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones.
Kidney problems. Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure.
Low red blood cell count, called anemia. As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.
Treatment; depends on many factors
Description
Dr Rekha Arya
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