My Nana is an old European and she’s doing fine thanks.

Years past a DNA test was done on a 3,000 year old body from a English bog. The local villagers were tested. The far, far, far removed son was found and lived in a British pub. We have jets, ships, cars, and spacecraft. But the descendants of the bog man never made it past the local pub. That's how the aliens kept us on earth. We were given beer.

It’s so interesting to know how much human history there is that we just don’t know. Imagine being able to peek into the past and see what humanity was like long ago

As a spanish, I made the same little jump than sardinians when you talked about *euskera* (basque-protoaquitanian)🤩 They count based on 20 (how is 80 in french?😉) and, one of the countless amazing things is that the moon ilargia is "dead light" or "dead' s light" February is Otsaila, "the month of the wolves"... It' s literally like a travel machine. 🧛🏻‍♀️🖤 Edit: mistaken fixed by an actual person from Euskal Herria.

I'm Sardinian. I thought you weren't going to talk about our history and at 10:37 I made a little jump from happiness. Our island is hardly ever considered when talking about history and historical research hasn't been funded

The Ötzi mummy, which was discovered in the Alps in 1991 and is more than 5000 years old, was found to have the closest genetic resemblance to people from Corsica and Sardinia. It shows how far these non-Indo-European people ranged at that time.

in 1976 i spent about a week in Cagliari, Sardinia and was impressed with the city and what i saw of the island. i met an airbrush artist named Mario Massa whose work was fantastic fantasy from his mind and soul. enjoyed supper in his apartment with his wife and young son and communicated pretty well with an Italian/English translating book. while there i had the feeling that i was in a very remote part of the world,but of course i wasn't ,geographically. Cagliari will always be a special memory.

You should look into to the Vincan culture from the western Balkans, which was the oldest culture in Europe since the Bronze Age. They had their own writing system and civilization...

"Europe is a very divided continent." Europe is objectively a peninsula of peninsulas.

I still don't know what happened to the Old Europeans

It’s been forever since I’ve been looking for such thorough and concise information. Thank you!!

After watching a few other ancient history channels I'm relieved to watch another one of your videos again. You'd be surprised, or maybe you know, how much false history narratives are shilled out with zero evidence. Thanks for having a well researched unbiased style for making these videos. I also love the incorporation of genetics and language in filling in the gaps. It's refreshing compared to channels who do things like use the accounts of Herodotus as their only source and then proceed to butcher the interpretation.

A minor correction. Latins did not took their alphabet from the Carthaginians, they took it from the Etruscan directly, who themsleves took it from the Greeks (not the Phoenicians). It was the Greeks that took theirs from the Phoenicians.

imagine when we do out first "true" (moving people), deep space exploation and some dude called columbus 2.0 finds a new planet we could not percieve with our technology here on earth, and 100 years later we figure out that the vikings had already been there.

Excellent video! Wish you covered the Minoans too though, they are extremely interesting and no doubt influental to Greeks that assimilated them.

A lot of historical artifacts in Serbia from pre indo-european era, we call them Vinča culture and all little figurines and structures found do not resemble anything found anywhere. They are placed sometime around 5400-4500 BC era and predate a lot of more known ancient civilizations.

The Etruscans have always been under-rated imho.

This was an absolutely amazing video. The use of maps to explain migrations of populations AND languages was perfect

The Hittites are interesting as they both dominated Anatolia at one time but have links to the English language.

I agree with 90 % , well done .The Celtiberian culture’s existence is under scrutiny as of late by a number of scholars . The theory of Basque as belonging to the Iberian linguistic group has been gaining ground . It is pretty clear that Basque - Iberian toponymy is present all over the Iberian peninsula . There are a couple of books linking Etruscan to Basque , as well as to other long gone languages like Ligurian .

You should have talked about the Minoans... Probably the best documented pre-Europeans

How about "What on Earth Happened to the Minoans ?"

By far, the Estruscans are the most fascinating to me. I love how the surviving works of art show the joy in the faces of the people depicted.

It's okay to pause and breathe and change your tone and tempo every once in a while.

I find the Basques to be the most interesting. Linguistically unique and ruggedly culturally independent.

I think you mean Indo-Europeans have been around since 3500 BC, not "3500 years ago".

Although I was too overwhelming for me to hear about existence of pre endo-civilization, I enjoyed it throughly. Thanks for the information!

Language, ethnicity and culture (from religion to the style of ceramics) are three different things. If archeologists in 3000 years dig up a Coca-Cola bottle in China they will think Americans settled in China and they speak English. If they find a Buddha shaped toilet brush in Norway they interpret that in Norway people did some religious rituals brought to them by immigrants from Japan. The first thing I learned in my first semester of Archeology: Never ever try to construct history by mixing up these three aspects. Objects travel and languages spread without the people leaving their places. People migrate and change language or culture.

“Everyone’s favorite separatists” 😂😂

They became assimilated with the indo-aryans. Modern Europeans are just a mix of the these groups

One thing that is missing is the discussion about ties between Basques and Georgians, who are said to share some grammatical features and are suspected by some to have derived from the same proto-language existing thousands of years ago.

Sardinians are the most ancient of Europe. Also because it's a island. We're mostly descents of Neolithic and mesolitic peoples.

What's the favorite sport of the Basque people? Basquet ball

I'd argue Basque is a language of the Stone age, while Etruscan is Pre-IE Anatolian. Though Basque appears also to be neolithic.

Although we don't know much about the pre-IE (Indo-European ) languages one of the clues we have are the regional accents. For example although French, Spanish and Italian all evolved from Latin, the difference in accents I believe are partly due to the ancient pre-IE languages.

Georgians. The only people who are not Indo-European but Europoid who lived where they live way before Indo-Europeans appeared. Part of Georgia in ancient times was called Iberia. Iberians were called people who lived on the Iberian peninsula as well, before Indo-Europeans, there are similarities to Georgian and Corsican culture as well and some connections with Sardinia, If I am not mistaken mostly genetical. Also, Basque and Georgian language, the main example I saw in the documentary, mount Artxanda near Bilbao, I am not sure if it is correct, but this name comes from this mountain that gets covered with fog and can't be seen, in Georgian can't be seen is Archanda. We had a documentary and scientists as guests which aired on Ukrainian television, to explain why we can't explain names of rivers in Ukraine in Ukrainian, Slavic, or any other language, but they can be explained in Georgia, isn't it weird? I dived deeper, found that one of the main theories in Georgia is that most of Anatolia was inhabited by proto-Georgians, including for example people of Troy which was way later in antique times, but way before Turks came to the region. The theory states that pre-Indo-European people were Iberians and closely related to Georgians and other proto-Georgian/proto-Anatolian people. To spicy it up a bit, for hundred years it was rejected as an idea, but as nothing else worked scientists usually return to the idea that the Georgian language and people are related to Sumerians. It is shame that people don't consider Georgia as part of Europe, because some people in the 16th century decided so while Georgia was divided and conquered at that time, while those who were first Europeans and came up with the word Europe, considered Georgia to be part of Europe. This is why many scientists overlook all these ideas, even tho there are some connections that exist but can't be explained because there hasn't been any type of research. There is so small amount of information, I almost had to study the Georgian language to understand everything and make my inner curiosity to get fullfilled.

Some important corrections and notes of interest -Indo-Europeans arrived in central Europe from eastern europe over 4000 years ago, not just 3500 ya -Finno-Ugrians are not a people, they are a language group and they do not predate Indo-Europeans in Europe. Genetically the non IE language speakers of Finland, Estonia and Hungary have more Indo-European DNA than Indo-European speaking Spaniards or Sardinians. Language and race are different. - saami are not an untouched or pure people, they have a little bit more european hunter gatherer dna than other Nordic people, but they also have IE and east Asian DNA - the claim they are indigenous is debunked by recent studies. - Genetically, southern Europeans have more in common with the Pre IE people such as etruscans, than with the IE invaders. The further South you go, the less IE people are. - the haplogroup map is inaccurate. not just r1a but also r1b was carried by IE people as was I2

I was married for 15 years to a Fenno-Ugrian. His mother was from Karelia, and his father was born near Tuurku. He was a very interesting and intelligent man with intense blue-grey eyes and the sort of bone structure that most North Americans associate with our own Native people, and he literally had a "hot" body because his base body temperature was several degrees higher than normal, and he would sometimes freak people out by walking around barefoot and bare chested in subzero weather, and he claimed that he could talk to the spirits of the dead....unfortunately, he also had a fondness for spirits of the alcoholic variety, and he died of liver disease in his mid 50's. Our son has his Daddy's looks, but I hope he hasn't got his taste for alcohol as well.

Such an informative video in such little time, brilliant

I've been fascinated by the Etruscans, or Raśna , for a long time. They strike me as the last vision of hedonistic man before the age of Empire ran them over. Although, like many people we remember, it was probably just the upper crust enjoying it. So much of what we think of as ancient culture is actually just the elite culture. Was that a tangent? Time to get off here.

The old Europeans are still there. They merely mixed with the indo-europeans, especially in southern Europe. In other areas we know the IE's pretty much replaced them. The area in modern Europe with the most pre-IE heritage is Sardinia (over 80% of their genes are EEF). Also, I'm not sure why Rome, Greece and Carthage are even mentioned. They developed long after the IE's had spread through Europe. Besides, the Greeks and Romans WERE Indo-europeans (only part IE genetically, but almost wholly IE in culture, language and religion). Remember, the IE invasions happened in the copper and bronze ages, so if you want to talk about "old" Europe, you really are looking at about 4,000 BC and prior. Indeed, the IEs are responsible for ushering in the bronze age (as well as horse and chariot).

More on Sardinia please. I believe I had once read that similar to Basques, their Halpo group is a bit of an enigma compared to other European groups, and what we know about human migration. Sardinians also have one of the highest life expectancies on the planet.

What an informative packed talk well worth listening to and referring back on. TY

Wow! PLEASE break this down into 1 hour lectures!!! So much info...so little time. Looks like you do some serious research! Thanks for sharing.

I've watched this video like so many of your other vids over and over and I always find something fascinating. I look forward to the full deciphering of the Minoan glyphs. The Greeks would later perfect the depiction of the human body in sculpture but the Minoan frescos depict a vibrant paradise like no other

This is already outdated in just two short years. The pace of discovery right now in genetic archaeology is amazing. Looking forward to Masaman releasing an update.

Really enjoyed this. Thank you.

Paternal Haplogroup I was not mentioned in the video. It is the only Haplogroup to develop in Europe (Native) from IJ. It broke into two main subgroups, I1 and I2. I1 is found in the highest percentages in the Scandinavian and North Germanic male. I2 is found in the highest percentages in Dinaric Alps (Balkans) today, but in the upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic era they were the overwhelming dominant majority haplogroup from Britain (Cheddar Man), Spain (Cro-Magnon) to the Balkans and everything in between. I2 is also the most frequent paternal haplogroup of Sardinia as well. They were the Western Hunter Gatherers of Europe. Natives. Much later, the Indo-Europeans R1a and R1b came in with greater technology and displaced/dispatched many of them and instituted a farming culture replacing the hunter gatherer lifestyle. Haplogroup I preceeds E and N in Europe, but they arrived prior to the Es during the Mesolithic.

Interesting! I wonder if the Finno-Ugric people are distant relatives of archaic Asian populations, such as the Ainu of Hokkaido, Japan.

Does this guy even take a breath? He talks like a run-on sentence.

You overlooked the pre-IE populations of Britain and Ireland: the megalith builders. Their male lines are now rare but still with us. For example, the bodies in Newgrange have living descendants. Moreover, their tribe is reputedly ancestral to Malcolm of ‘Macbeth’ and, through his daughter and grand-daughter, the Plantagenets.

I need to tell you, the collection of artwork and maps that you have used in your videos, are terrific! It would be fun to look through the folders you have them saved in...I'm not asking to, lololol, just saying 😄

I am basque and we are fricking awesome

A linguistic group can be replaced without there being a large replacement of people. UK is a good example of this with the Norman conquest.

Very interesting video. Though I knew almost it all, it was great to see it explained with the maps and graphics. Top quality video.

I've been looking for this for centuries. Thank you for finally giving me the history lessons covering times before 1900!

i feel like you could have done so much more! the minoans, the georgian language, the peeps who began the stone henge

Thank you masaman. Indeed i and many other people have benefited from your channel. Thank you!

You have forgotten one of the oldest (if not the oldest) and most important culture: The Danubian culture, which according to some historians is even older than that of the Sumerians.

You say that we know very little about the Pelasgian culture in Ancient Greece, that was destroyed by the migration of Indo-European tribes that contributed to Classic Greece. Pelasgian culture got imprinted in Greek Mythology: the fight between different groups and believes became the core of their mythological pantheon. Robert Graves studied the evidence of this extremely interesting period and its influence in culture, art and even poetry in his book "the White Goddess". He defended that the Pelasgian/Mediterranean matriarcal culture, crushed and blended with the incoming pastoral and patriarcal one, giving birth to classic Greek culture, that is the foundation of Western culture.

All of these ancient peoples are fascinating. Keep posting this content, it is very informative and interesting.

Talk about the demographics of the Moon, please.

Definitely would like to know more about the Pre-Celtic inhabitants of Europe. Did the arrival of the IE push the indigenous people into remote corners of the continent to seek shelter? Were they related to the Basque? I heard some theories that the ancient druids of Britain who erected Stonehenge may have been related to the Basque when I was in England, but having done little research on the subject myself apart from visiting the henge once, I don't know how to take that information.

Pretty good and needed video!

In italy we had 10 s of local pre roman civilizations...marsi,peligni,aprutini,aurunci,frentani,etc etc....we have always had great civilizations

we europeans are still here and i as a greek i walk in athens and i see writings of 3000bc and i can still read it and understand it.

Hey man, great video! We often forget how dynamic the old continent has been. I'm wondering, could you do a video about Albania/Albanians? We have been taught we are the successors of Illyrians and Pellasgians before them, but everything seems to be disputable. What's curious is the fact that our language is a lonely branch in the indo-european language tree. (I hope this fact gets your curiosity 🙂)

R1B existed in non-IE groups as well like Basques, Iberians, Etruscans, Siberians, Chadics etc.

What on Earth Happened to the Old Europeans? They died.

Sardinia: unique gene pool, circa 7000 Nuraghi (towers/castles/megalithic building) all around the island, great skills with broze artifacts and weapons, assocciated by many to the sea people. Tyrrenum = referred to towers, ergo Sea of the peopleof tbe towers (Nuraghi).

Thank you so much for your informative videos.

The Old Europeans aren't gone. During the last Ice Age, many, but not all, migrated out of the coldest areas that were no longer livable. When the ice retreated, they migrated back. So they're related to the same people who lived in Europe tens of thousands of years ago. Many Europeans still have a tiny amount of DNA from Neanderthals, who last lived in Europe around 40,000 years ago. That gives you some idea how long ago Europeans lived in Europe.

When two peoples crash into each other, 2 things typically happen: they make war against each other, and they intermarry. (Whenever you dump a bunch of young, unmarried warriors into the middle of another people, nature takes its course.)

Some cultures that speak Indo European languages are pre Indo European - for example the people of Sardinia. The Sardinians have been in Sardinia as far back as the stone age.

Man, I thought this was about Youjo Senki lmao. Idk, your mapping gone way better, loving that videos.

Concise and brilliant Thankyou .

Hi i'm Sardinian (fron the central part one, the most isolated) thanks to have talked about our Island. That has a very unique people in Mediterranean sea. Also we are part of Italy but quite different from the rest of penisula.

You forgot the Thracians and Dacians who were there before Greeks and Latins

There were many contacts, trade, cultural exchanges and assimilation among the ancients... when I worked at the Jewish Museum in Florence, Italy, I met a Sardinian linguistics professor, who told me there are many villages in Sardinia with semitic names, modified by the passage of time. There's a place called Magomadas, and in Hebrew (possibly also in Phoenician) Makom Hadas means "a new dwelling/place", he also explained the Nuragi and Domu de Janas (houses of the fairies) are among the most ancient megalithic structures in the world, and were possibly an inspiration for others... There is so much we don't know about our past!

Sardenia origin of world

When talking about Basque people, you seemed to focus only on Spain, and forget that there is also a french Basque country, where the basque language is still practiced by some thousands of people. Before the romanisation of the country, when cesar conquiered Gaul, most of the south west of France (up to Bordeaux) was speaking vasconic languages and dialects (basque language family). In the rest of the country, the celtic civilisation (indo european) arrived from central Europe only about 500 years before Romans. It is possible that vasconic languages where spread in most of the country before the celtization of the culture and mixing of the people. Genetics have proven that what you called ancient Europeans were a mix of the former gather-hunters who arrived 45 000 years ago with the first European farmers from the near east in various proportions. Southern Europeans tend to share more first european farmers DNA.

You said Europe is very “divided” when you could have said Europe is very diverse!

Gee, I LOVE this channel. I also love the combining of anthropology, alternative (honest) history-archeology & mythology, & everything conected to these. I have a really good logistical mind, like Masaman (except that he's smart & knowledgeable). I'm only a babe in these fields, but, heck, we've got guys like Mr. M to get us going? I want to share some related points, important, methinks. 1.What Mr. M. is saying does NOT entail that there were no "high" civilisations tens, & hundreds of thousands of years ago (& more), which fell into "oblivion", something which is totally obvious to anyone with even a LITTLE learning about ancient buildings/infrastructure. What "sub-species", & other sub-groupings of humans, these were, is another matter. (The cover-up of this fact, & related matters, has been a conspiracy of enormous proportions, & which has been perpetrated for millennia). 2.The more that I look into these fields, the more I am convinced that, yes, humans can come in many "shapes & sizes"- giants & pygamies, normal & "freaks", etc. "Vivre la difference!" But there is something which can be defined as (definitely) "human"; Thus, there is no such as a thing as "part-human"; Therefore we didn't evolve from apes; How did we "come"? I don't know; That's another matter. 3.Humanity has a very special "dignity", different from all other living beings in this ("visible") world. I can't even describe what this means- potential, value, beauty etc. ?? Others, probably have a far better vision of what the term (as applied to humanity) means. 4.Those who have now taken the "reins" of humanity ("cobee's, late teens") are profoundly & insanely against this "dignity". Therefore a profound psychological/spiritual event for humanity has begun.. Enough said, for now.. PS Yo! Animals are as valuable as us, I'm sure, but are (I think) cut off from this "dignity". At least during this incarnation! I don't know all this, but yet am convinced..

They disappeared because of the Younger Dryas event, in which a comet hit Greenland in 10,000 BC, leading to a great flood and general catastrophe around the world. They're digging up the core samples right now and its going to re-define how we view history. Really fascinating stuff. With all the new ruins being found by underwater and space archeology, its apparent that some pretty advanced civilizations (like Greek to Roman tech level) were around before being wiped out.

You should do a video on pre- Islamic middle eastern civilisations and history like the Babylon ancient Egyptians the sabeans phonecians cannanites

Excellent lecture ! Thank you, I would like to see more.

Sardinia I have always found fascinating. All the layers upon layers. And still earlier versions survived here and there. All over the world!

0:42 i love how we are just a grey spot in the middle. Hungary is that weird kid at the back of the class. 😂

This is such an American approach. Nothing happened to the "Old Europeans", they "became" us, fluently and naturally through natural selection, war, travel, commerce and so forth. It's like asking what happened to the Neanderthals. They're still here. In us.

Rome was the Borg of the Classical Era.

Came back for a repeat listen Great work

The Phoenicians were semites not Indo-Europeans my guy

I knew the Basques were going to get mentioned. Good job!

As ever. Great choice of photos.

The Basques! Incredible history, they survive and are still going strong! ( The Only surviving pre-Indo-Eurpeans and language! The Tartessians were an extremely fascinating people, the Ancient Greeks and they were good friends and are written about by them quite a bit. Tartessian King was Agantonius" "The Generous"

I, as a eskuahalduna (who can use the hands), find interesting that some very fonetic roots of language are found in a lot of places. For instance the root UR is found in places near the tigris and eufrates to denomitane places with water such as in basque we use the same root for water nowadays. It is also found in roots like AR (in basque door or pass or space between to places).

haplogroup I1 (norse) and I2 balkan is pre indoeuropean .

So much data in a short video, congratulations!

Thank you that was very interesting

I'm one of the " everyone's favorite separatists", and so proud of it. Aitaren etxea defendatuko dut " I will defend our ancestors land untill the end of my live". Before God was God, before boulders were boulders, Basques were already Basques.