Why is the carbon content in steel so important?

Рет қаралды 118,405

Күн бұрын

Interested in learning more?
📚I highly recommend the textbook "Material Science and Engineering" by Callister and Rethwisch which you can get here amzn.to/4cn2v8v
Steels, which are alloys of iron and carbon, are one of the most commonly used industrial materials. The amount of carbon that is added to the steel dramatically affects the materials microstructure and mechanical properties. In this video we cover the iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram and explore how changing the composition of low alloy steels impacts the microstructure by analysing the phases that form.
00:00 Introduction
00:23 Why is this important?
01:54 Equilibrium phase diagrams
03:23 Different ferrous alloys
06:26 Different phases of iron - Ferrite and austenite
07:46 Iron-carbon alloys - Ferrite and cementite
08:55 Iron-carbon phase diagrams
10:58 The eutectoid composition - Pearlite
11:57 Hypo/hyper-eutectoid composition
14:42 Summary
This is a follow up video to a previous one on "How to use phase diagrams and the lever rule to understand metal alloys".
• How to use phase diagr...
#Steel #PhaseDiagrams #Pearlite
Twitter: / icbillywu
Personal website: www.imperial.ac.uk/people/bil...
Personal website: www.billywu.xyz/
About us: www.imperial.ac.uk/design-eng...

Пікірлер: 174

@JohnGreen-tw9sv Жыл бұрын

Wow. Can't believe how clearly this video explains this topic! such fluency and teaching skill. Thanks so much, definitely made today's work easier!

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@stephenokocha8364 2 жыл бұрын

You are the best. I've always been confused about the different terminologies used in the microstructure of steels. Journals didn't help that much as they focus on higher concerns. This is coupled with my poor background in metallography. Now this gives me the best foundation to do more research on high carbon steel. Thank you Dr. Billy Wu, you are an outstanding teacher.

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad to hear it was helpful!

@jacksonminnear5928 Жыл бұрын

This is literally the most clear explanation of the differences between pearlite when different carbon %wt is used. Even my apprenticeship papers didn't explain this concept enough for me to understand. Thanks for putting in the effort to produce this video! Now I understand the importance of the Eutectoid point!

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Glad you found it useful

@NetZeroTech 2 жыл бұрын

Very well explained for beginners! Great to start with Why and focus on the most important. Graphics are great, too! Well done. My PhD was in TRIP-assisted thin sheet steel, when KZfaq wasn't widely spread, yet. Exciting to see this medium support people in having access to knowledge and learning. Thank you!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot!

@tjvanderloop1686 2 жыл бұрын

The best "Metallurgy" lecture on the Internet. Thanks for the great job! Keep up the quality KZfaq experience as you are an outstanding instructor. T J (Tom) Vanderloop, CMfgE; 😀Author, Educator & Consultant

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the positive comments :)

@61sivasoumitripudipeddi64 2 жыл бұрын

Extraordinary! Thank you. Please keep making more videos of this kind. Thank you again.

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad it was helpful

@JZ1917 3 жыл бұрын

You explained this better than I have seen anywhere, including university. Wow. Thank you

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks! Appreciate it

@RomanoPRODUCTION 3 жыл бұрын

You have summarized very nicely my undergrad course I have learnt 25 years ago.

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the comments. Appreciate it

@shashiyadav837 9 ай бұрын

Never in my life I have properly understood about FE-C diagram, Your Materials Playlist help me to develop the imagination and Thought Process and clear some of my basics Thank You very much May God bless you

@BillyWu 9 ай бұрын

Glad to hear it helped

@pdt.himanshutiwari3679 3 жыл бұрын

you deserve more likes my friend. thanks for this INFORMATION.

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

I appreciate that!

@_neophyte 3 ай бұрын

good job to whoever named "cast iron"

@BillyWu 3 ай бұрын

🙂

@VIDEOVISTAVIEW2020 5 ай бұрын

wow! this is very simple but impressive explanations of a complex subject about the consequential effect of carbon when added to iron.

@BillyWu 5 ай бұрын

Thanks. Appreciate the comment and glad to hear it was useful

@CapsCtrl 2 ай бұрын

Great video, straight to the point and explains all the relevant information, thanks! 🛡✨️

@BillyWu 2 ай бұрын

Thanks. Glad to hear it was useful

@tksnail6837 9 ай бұрын

excellent explanation of why hypo and hyper eutectoid steels have either ferrite or cementite forming as 'networks'! was having a lot of trouble with that

@BillyWu 9 ай бұрын

Glad to hear it helped

@thejaebeing 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for explaining so clearly... You won my subscription.

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

@miyakashi05 10 ай бұрын

TYTY I FINALLY UNDERSTAND THIS - MY TEACHER NEVER TAUGHT IT BUT YOU SUMMARISED THE PHASE DIAGRAM SO WELL THANKYOUUU

@BillyWu 10 ай бұрын

Glad to hear it was useful!

@MatheusBalenMe 2 жыл бұрын

Awesome video. Great work!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot!

@bjrn-oskarrnning2740 2 жыл бұрын

Very useful, thank you!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@dhruvupadhaya5853 2 жыл бұрын

Very well explained. Thanks.

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@av5186 Жыл бұрын

Brilliant lecture, thank you very much!

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad to hear it was useful

@maowtis 2 жыл бұрын

Thank u! This video will help a lot in my studying for my incoming quiz

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Glad to hear it was helpful

@sinafadakhah9180 2 жыл бұрын

Great explanation. thank you.

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@happying 8 ай бұрын

Prof, may you please give more lessons on Materials related topics 😢, your explanations are so much easier to understand and clear. This really helps me to learn more and better 😊

@BillyWu 8 ай бұрын

Thanks and glad to hear it was useful. I have other content in the pipeline, but am a bit slow producing this at the moment. Watch this space :)

@Chuxgold 3 жыл бұрын

Good video. Very compleat and well explained.

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Glad you liked it

@mohammedaghazy6161 2 жыл бұрын

so awesome. Thanks.

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Glad you liked it!

@Rose-nn9wb 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much

@ramamanikanta2223 3 жыл бұрын

Very nice explanation

@sunmichoi6888 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you so so much! your videos are awesome!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad to hear they're helpful

@adityabaghel1270 7 ай бұрын

This was AMAZING!!!

@BillyWu 7 ай бұрын

Thanks. Glad to hear it was useful

@abdullahhesham404 3 жыл бұрын

please make more videos explaining metallurgy, you are great!

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks Abdullah. Appreciate the comment and hope to add a few more videos in the near future

@batobalani4787 2 жыл бұрын

very nice very clear!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

@user-mx5we1li2l 5 ай бұрын

Incredible lecture!

@BillyWu 5 ай бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@user-yu5no1ns2m 8 ай бұрын

This helped a lot. Thank you very much!!

@BillyWu 8 ай бұрын

Glad it helped!

@user-yu5no1ns2m 8 ай бұрын

@@BillyWu I managed to pass the test aswell. Thanks again!!

@BillyWu 8 ай бұрын

@@user-yu5no1ns2m Great! Congratulations

@mohammadarifullah1108 3 жыл бұрын

Great explanation.

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Glad it was helpful!

@foodtips8515 2 жыл бұрын

Loved the explanation

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Glad you liked it

@dizietz Жыл бұрын

Really great video. Amazing work! It would be even better with some references to specific steel alloys etc.

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Thanks and great suggestion. I've got a few more videos in the pipeline and suggestions always helpful

@dizietz Жыл бұрын

@@BillyWu I think making this kind of metallurgy adjacent knowledge as applicable and practical is great. There are a lot of people not in the field who can benefit from the distribution of this knowledge via KZfaq etc. Not everyone has access to simpler tools like a Rockwell test, much less OES or LIBS etc techniques. Knowing the physics behind these things and applying them to common alloys etc is useful. I do wonder if there is data on alloy production volume worldwide that can supplement theoretical foundations to outline most common materials. Additional thought: ie, in the video of the type like on heat treating etc, adding some more b-roll of industrial applications of some of these techniques makes for more accessible content. Thank you again!

@fansana8641 Жыл бұрын

Thanks God, i dont speak english but still understand your video. Thanks so much. Best job

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Thanks

@moralesfabricio Жыл бұрын

beautifully explained. Thanks a lot Dr. Wu, It will help me a lot for my tomorrow's exam

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Glad to hear it was useful

@andresaraya3853 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks!!!

@VasantKhisty 3 жыл бұрын

beautifully explained

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

@mohammad6002 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Glad you found it useful

@sleepygrumpy Жыл бұрын

Great video!

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Thanks

@antiquarian1773 2 жыл бұрын

Really good video!!!!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

@sid0850 7 ай бұрын

Perfectly explained 💯❤️

@BillyWu 7 ай бұрын

Glad to hear it was helpful

@lonewolfgaming5245 6 ай бұрын

Very well made.

@BillyWu 6 ай бұрын

Thanks

@vrn42 2 жыл бұрын

Very effective brief!!

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks

@ahmetcankirmizi Жыл бұрын

this video was very helpful, thank you for uploading it. also, if i may ask, would you have any info as to how we can learn this stuff without overcomplicating it for ourselves like you have done?

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Thanks. There's some excellent online learning material in places like Coursea. Alternatively, one our new area is to use of chatbots like chatGPT which are quite dynamic in their responses, allowing you to probe areas which weren't clear around core concepts. The approach is still quite new and users should be careful about accuracy of information but for generally well known concepts with lots of material supporting this, it can be a useful learning assistant though I'm still reflecting on the best way to use tools like this.

@nananone2118 Жыл бұрын

Very useful thank you 😊

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Glad you found it useful

@Onkar14 3 жыл бұрын

Very informative video..Pls also make 1 video on Cast Iron.

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the suggestion. Will add it to the list :)

@user-pu9qe1nn2r 3 жыл бұрын

Plz make videos on slippage of carbon atoms in stress strain curve from Civil Engineering perspective🙏

@plankmax8748 2 жыл бұрын

thank you so much

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

You're welcome!

@germona 5 ай бұрын

Very well done Sir. I found this video by searching for grain structures. For me it is importend to know the relationship between alloys and grains structures versus magnetism. I would like to magnetise a steel alloy to the highest possible magnetic field, and i do not understand which element or phase, or grain structure is responsible for that. Some 100 years ago they used a lot of Tungsten(W) to increase magnetic properties of steel. I don't know if that is the only way. Thanks.

@snramit 2 жыл бұрын

Nice vedio make vedio on ADI material

@fearmyshadow4685 Ай бұрын

3:30 the minecraft iron ore clock killed me 💀💀💀💀

@Techyhelpandiostips 3 жыл бұрын

finally understand thanks

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Glad to hear this video helped

@lachlantate2379 2 жыл бұрын

Fantastic

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks

@Trohawkk 2 жыл бұрын

Good thanks

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks

@AJ-sb8qk 2 жыл бұрын

Do you have a video explaining Martensite?

@anushaislam6049 4 ай бұрын

this really helped...

@BillyWu 3 ай бұрын

Glad to hear it was helpful

@fiona.e1026 3 жыл бұрын

Waw that's awesome

@krystalvang9659 Жыл бұрын

amazing

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Thanks

@pambudibaguswidodo9768 3 жыл бұрын

Hi. Thanks for the detail explanation. Can I request a video about stainless steel?

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks. Good idea. I'll add it to the list and hopefully get round to something on the topic soon

@UCLu80m2ixrOHYgI6ioFZFhA 3 жыл бұрын

Hello can you make vid about direct reduced iron?(hydrogen reduced iron making process) ? I am very curious about its future and potential

@user-tr6yr6dc5v 7 ай бұрын

at 1:07 there is a tram which i take to work every single day in Budapest, Hungary lol. Jó öreg kettes villamos

@BillyWu 7 ай бұрын

Ah great to know! Budapest is an amazing city

@lukecipo 11 ай бұрын

THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU

@BillyWu 11 ай бұрын

Glad to hear it helped

@dargue2021 7 ай бұрын

thank youuuu

@BillyWu 7 ай бұрын

Glad it was helpful

@dolinadanazara3282 2 жыл бұрын

watching this video like reading a whole of book.. good job..

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad you found it useful

@momokara1188 Жыл бұрын

When I saw the Minecraft Iron and Coal, I knew it was going to be a great video!😁😂😅

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Thanks :)

@Nick-qs7lw Жыл бұрын

@ Billy Wu I’m currently doing my CSWIP 3.1 and all the literature i’ve read states the austentic region starts at around 723 deg ?

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Hi Nick. The reference text book I normally like to recommend is Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction by William Callister. The adapted iron-carbon phase diagram in this video was based on this which shows a Eutectoid temperature of 727 °C which is broadly aligned with your value.

@met0578 9 ай бұрын

When the temperature reaches to 910 degrees Celsius another phase change occurs from FCC non magnetic (Gamma iron) to bcc non magnetic ( beta iron ). Finally at 767 degrees Celsius ferrite(alpha iron) becomes magnetic without change in lattice structure.

@met0578 9 ай бұрын

Reply please

@The.Wonderful.Inspiration.Of. 6 ай бұрын

Hello :) Thanks a lot ! However I have two questions, - At the eutectoid point when the steel is cooled, does austenite remain, I don't understand (at 11:39 the photo on the left shows austenite but the one on the right doesn't). - I was wondering if pearlite appeared at any carbon content or if it was only near the eutectoid point?

@BillyWu 6 ай бұрын

Great question. The key with phase diagrams is that they represent the thermodynamic state of a system (i.e. if you had infinite time for the atoms to vibrate around and find their ideal spots, what would the structure look like). From a thermodynamic perspective, once the steel is cooled below the eutectoid temperature all the austenite gets transformed into pearlite like the inset image on the phase diagram. The left image there was meant to show what a structure might look like as the pearlite is growing from the austenite, so it more of a non-equilibrium structure. When cooling more rapidly sometimes you get other phases like martensite. Also, pearlite can appear at different carbon contents, not just the eutectoid composition. If you have less or more carbon, you get pearlite but held together by either soft ferrite or hard cementite, respectively for a hypo- and hyper-eutectoid composition.

@The.Wonderful.Inspiration.Of. 6 ай бұрын

Very clear and informative thank you very much !

@qtrnndya Жыл бұрын

Thank you very much. I would wish you are my lecturer in real life 💕

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Glad to hear it was helpful

@yingerxu7109 3 ай бұрын

Can you help me understand the time-temperature-transformation diagram and the terms related to it? Please please please

@BillyWu 3 ай бұрын

Sure. Here's another video where I discuss different ways of strengthening metals, including heat treatment and TTT diagrams kzfaq.info/get/bejne/bdJ9YLxlvdTIo3k.html

@marekkaspar811 Жыл бұрын

Medium carbon steel is used only for woodworking cutting tools, railway tracks is not always high carbon steel but medium carbon steel. You mentioned cast iron pans and machinery so gray cast iron is not extremely hard but rather soft because graphite in soft ferite matrix and machinability is good. White cast irons is extremely hard but not used far kitchen pans...

@zdvxgf Жыл бұрын

Bruh here I am paying high tuition for college while just learning every material on youtube!!

@BillyWu Жыл бұрын

Glad to hear you're finding material like this useful. Online videos are a great teaching assistant. In-person teaching at college/university, though, I still think has a lot of value with peer-learning, problem-based learning and feedback which is still something with online learning that we haven't fully cracked yet

@garethtopliss350 8 ай бұрын

lovely info but you forget that an alloy means that it consists of 2 or more metals as a base before carbon is added

@abhishekpariyar884 Жыл бұрын

Why does Iron have BCC phase at high temperatures, then it transforms to FCC ehrn it is cooled, and then again to BCC as it is cooled further?

@Bennethp 3 жыл бұрын

The minecraft blocks were a nice addition xD

@BillyWu 3 жыл бұрын

haha thanks

@shab2499 11 ай бұрын

3:22 when i saw Minecraft iron icon i knew its going to be serious video😂

@BillyWu 11 ай бұрын

@yigitcanbaysal824 7 ай бұрын

Professor I have question.If you were asked why Fe-C phase diagram is so important ,what would you say?Could you give me a short explanation.

@BillyWu 7 ай бұрын

Good question. The iron-carbon phase diagram is important mostly because steel is one of the most commonly used engineering materials and as such we need a good understanding of how composition affects properties towards making the right material selection/design.

@yigitcanbaysal824 7 ай бұрын

@@BillyWuOh thank you professor.Plus ,I have one more uestion if it's possible Maximum solubility of carbon in FCC iron is 2% but steel is produced below 1.4% carbon and cast iron is produced between 3-4.5% carbon. Why?

@narendrakumarpatel4392 2 жыл бұрын

Hi sir Proetectiod ferrite How it looks like in 3D Please make it visualise

@alessandrocastelnuovo4436 5 ай бұрын

Wow

@BillyWu 4 ай бұрын

Thanks

@taxfree4603 4 ай бұрын

This is a tough subject, how long did it take you to understand it completely

@uduehdjztyfjrdjciv2160 2 жыл бұрын

Its important because purifing iron from carbon is very expensive

@thornhillplumbing Ай бұрын

How did people find out about this? Or is it just a theory?

@BillyWu 27 күн бұрын

Great question! Iron has been one of the most critical materials, defining an entire age, due to its good mechanical properties. Iron smelting itself has been around for a long time, but pure iron is perhaps too ductile to be useful for most industrial applications. Early smelters learnt, likely through trial and error, that the addition of carbon enhanced the mechanical properties to make steel. Later developments in material science, then allowed us to more systematically understand what was going on, with phase diagrams a useful way of mapping the composition-phase relationship towards engineering materials with the properties we are aiming for. It's quite a powerful approach which hopefully will inspire people to learn more about material science.

@satishgowda9480 2 жыл бұрын

What is Martensite micro structure

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Due to the rapid cooling of the steel, martensite generally has a very fine grain structure, with needle-like grains. The Wikipedia page has some nice additional information and an image of this. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensite

@tedarcher9120 2 жыл бұрын

What makes spring steel what it is?

@BillyWu 2 жыл бұрын

Good questions. There are various types of spring steel as shown in the Wiki link (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_steel) most are low-alloy manganese, medium-carbon steel or high-carbon steels, with this composition giving high yield strength which leads to its use in a range of products.

@tedarcher9120 2 жыл бұрын

@@BillyWu i mean, why does spring steel have almost no plastic deformation compared to mild steel?