Genetic studies of Bronze Age (3100-1300 BC) remains from Central Asia show significant temporal changes in the genetic composition of populations, indicating extensive migration and west-to-east expansion of sedentary pastoralists from the western steppes, who formed a homogeneous gene pool to the end of the second millennium BC. During the Iron Age (1300-900 BC), nomadic pastoralists spread across the Eurasian steppe, dispersing the Scythian culture. Analysis of ancient DNA from Saka and Sarmat burials belonging to the Scythian culture demonstrates an increase in Iranian and East Eurasian genetic influx in southern and eastern samples, respectively. During the first millennium of our era, numerous confederations and empires were formed in the territory of modern Kazakhstan, which were associated with a significant flow of genes. For example, the male-oriented expansion of the Xiongnu nomads westward from the eastern steppe led to a significant admixture of East Eurasian lines to the central Saks and the displacement of the Indo-European peoples known as the Kangyui and Usuns.
Subsequently, diverse Turkic nomadic states formed and intermingled with each other, resulting in gene flows between the heterogeneous populations of the former Hun Empire. After the Mongol invasion of the territory in 1211, the Golden Horde was created, which in the following centuries underwent a series of fragmentations, which led to the creation of the Kazakh Khanate (1465-1847). During this time, nomadic tribes of various origins lived throughout the territory of modern Kazakhstan, and eventually they were organized into three zhuzes or socio-territorial associations based mainly on a geographical basis: the Senior Zhuz, the Middle Zhuz and the Younger Zhuz. The nomadic society of the Kazakh steppe was organized on the basis of a hierarchical patrilineal clan system of genealogical lines. People of the same genealogical line claim to have a common ancestor, and several genealogical lines are combined into clans, which together form tribes.
The 12 tribes of the Senior Zhuz mainly occupied Southern and South-Eastern Kazakhstan, seven tribes of the Middle Zhuz live in Eastern, Northern and Central Kazakhstan, while three tribes of the Younger Zhuz traditionally lived in Western Kazakhstan. Some steppe clans were not part of the zhuzes, especially the clergy (kozha and sunak) and the aristocracy (tore). Representatives of the Kozha and Sunak clans associate their ancestry with Islamic missionaries descended from paternal relatives of the Prophet Muhammad. The Tore people claim to be direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Unlike the settled agricultural population of Central Asia, the Kazakhs practiced exogamous marriages within seven generations, and the partner was chosen from a different clan, while women integrated into the clan of their husband.
#science #genetics #Kazakhstan #history #zhuz
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---
💲Support the channel:
Become a channel sponsor and you will get access to exclusive bonuses. More:
/ @history_paleogenetics
Additionally:
yoomoney 4100116224367350
www.donationalerts.com/r/babo...
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---
A source:
Khussainova E, Kisselev I, Iksan O, Bekmanov B, Skvortsova L, Garshin A, Kuzovleva E, Zhaniyazov Z, Zhunussova G, Musralina L, Kahbatkyzy N, Amirgaliyeva A, Begmanova M, Seisenbayeva A, Bespalova K, Perfilyeva A, Abylkassymova G , Farkhatuly A, Good SV and Djansugurova L (2022) Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz. front. Genet. 12:801295. doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.80...
Content:
00:00 Entry
04:59 Results
10:15 Haplotype diversity
12:12 Population structure
13:17 Structural analysis
13:57 Multidimensional scaling
15:58 Conclusions
auxiliary illustrations:
Ninara flickr.com/photos/ninara/37219177830/
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=(list number)
Ken and Nyetta - Wedding Season in Astana, 17146835
Bernard Gagnon - 5640852
flickr33361310
Altaihunters - 25994679
Dmitry A Mottl - 6186875
From 0999, 56496884, 56496646, 56496590