Glad someone explained this to me.

CPI Data Sheet for the 4CX20,000C shows 13kV as Absolute Maximum for a Class C Amp, grid driven. So, Harris (Gates Air) is just under the Max with 12.7kV on the Factory Test Data sheet but doesn't leave any wiggle room for when the tube starts getting a little weak & needs a little more Plate & Screen Voltage. I have switched to all Nautel transmitters at the sites I maintain.

Watch a 5 minute video on history ❌ Watch a 12 minute video about the history of an alert system ✅

_”Jesus Stick”?_ Is that because if you don’t use it, you might *MEET* Him? Personally? At His place? Or just because you might scream His name when you get zapped? Also, what is in those gas cylinders I saw earlier? Nitrogen or argon, perhaps? And for what purpose? *73 de AF6AS*

So on those little Bluetooth fm transmitters you put in your car, why aren’t they able to take your stereo Bluetooth signal and create that combined signal with left and right, then your stereo fm receiver in your car can separate them? I’ve looked for stereo Bluetooth transmitters but it’s like they don’t exist

Hi, seems back in the 70’s night time AM radio was full of distant stations I could receive clearly. Now I can hardly hear the same stations, did solid state transmitters make that much difference? Did stations reduce their power? Just wondering.

This is a field I'm actively trying to learn the ins and outs of for my job; this video provided such a great reinforcement of the tiny bit of basics I know. I'm very excited to continue to explore your channel.

Hey, cool insight, thx. I found your video looking for a history of tv broadcast play out. I’m in non-broadcast media production, but have always been intrigued by broadcast playout and knowing that once upon a time it was essentially a human being cueing physical media for live playback. Still looking for a history of that here on the KZfaqs.

GSM900 sound is the same

I understand AM and FM a little better because I worked with analog music synthesizers in college. I also remember FM's ascendance in the 1970s, and how crisp and clear it was compared to AM stations.

Worked at a few am 1 kilowatt stations years ago…one at 1350 kcs. And the other 1590. This explains the 300 ft tower for 1350 and the shorter one at 1590. Great explanations. Thanks! Bob

Good stuff. I am into ham radio and especially enjoy antenna theory. 73 de WA4CIF

Used to work on commercial AM,FM, and analog TV transmitters. What I see here is very familiar to me. For the past 35 yrs and ongoing work on 250kw and 500 kw SW transmitters for VOA and Radio Marti( they broadcast to Cuba) The site is the only remaining Greenville,NC.plants A site and C site are closed C plant building is used by ECU and is their property(state,county) B plant where I am now is Radio Marti. The hv for the tubes is actually similar to what this commercial transmitter has-but VOA tubes run at much higher current.25A 12kv 250kw 16kv 55A for 500kw. As I typed this “don’t bypass interlocks on transmitters” years ago an engineer was KILLED from the bypass. The tubes used at our plant are water and vapor cooled. In older 250kw GE SW transmitters the RF driver feeding the PA is 50kw. Newer transmitters here have 2 power stages-not 3 as the older GE uses. Also SW transmitters are variable frequency. At the SW plant you tune transmitters several times a shift-each frequency change. This does cause mechanical wear on components. And of course the ground hook is your friend! USE THEM! Filament voltage on one of the VOA tubes is 14v-but over2000A-rectified filament supply! Rectifier diodes mounted on water cooled heatsinks.

I missed part of the video and dont have time to go back and check what you said about the Diamond NR770 antenna. I just want to make sure that everyone knows that this particular antenna is ground independent and needs no ground plane to operate correctly.

Yeah. Interlocks. Disabled would permit 2 transmitters on same antenna against each other... Kkk...

That's an enterprise VPN that computer catches it's IP I presume...

I presuma that computer is a part of an intranet network because if it accessible for all may be a little problematic... Kkk...

I’ve been trying to get over the broad-strokes understanding of FM stereo radio hump for like 5 years and this video finally did it. I was just looking for something to watch while I made coffee. You’re making the internet a better place, thanks!

i have always wanted to experiment with a cp antenna stack on a 440 repeater just to see what it would really do.

Awesome information!

Explain HD AM and FM. Most broadcasters have given up on HD AM

Thank you for helping me resurrect my interest in broadcasting technology. Fun stuff.

I am hooked. Thanks for the matchless overview. Seriously, you are good teacher. 73s.

I was looking at how close the back of that transmitter was to the wall. They're usually installed so there's just enough space to swing the back door open. That causes a major problem; you will have one injury turn into three. If you're in back of the transmitter and touch something that's still slightly energized, you'll burn the tips of your fingers. When you do that, you'll jerk your arm back and slam your elbow into the wall behind you. Immediately after that, you'll pull your arm forward again sharply and slam your nuckles into something inside the transmitter. Thus, one injury turns quickly into three! Our station engineer told me this story one night when I was in my late teens and working my first job (weekends) in radio. He and I were at the transmitter one night while he was repairing something. We both had a good laugh at it, but in my experiences, it's turned out to be nearly true! That engineer is in his late 80's now and we still laugh about it.

Trust me that antenna is nothing like a "turnstile" antenna. Turnstile antennas are horizontally polarized "slot" antennas usually with broad-banding wings. The slots are between the mounting pole and the bar of the wing that is closest to the pole, this at the feedpoint. Ron W4BIN (retired broadcast engineer)

So kool man

Hello. I just found your channel and subscribed. I have a question please. There is a FM station a few miles from me that the local university operates. I looked up the specs, and it says its running at 250 watts. The antenna it is broadcasting from is a few hundred feet and I noticed the radiators are placed halfway up the antenna. Why not mount them at the top for better coverage? Thank you

Jerky camera mode?

Most of this is way over my head, but I absolutely love your videos! Please don't stop sharing this kind of thing!

I knew a few people with 2 of these tubes in a mono banded amplifer.

Uhf stations use mega watts, please explain

W about TV stations

so much country lmao

i use nokia 6310 (really)

I have always wondered how this worked. Great video, thank you!

I wonder how this is going to change with the shift to streaming.

Wow you are me of the past cool engineers. I miss those guys. I am a radio personality retired. I'm in a community and started a cheap LpFM community radio station. 15 watts with a ground plain antenna. I'm no engineer but did help over the years when they did work. I had no idea what was going on they usually used me to do DJing... like a day timer AM at night after midnight old army surplus tx and almost 700' antenna with transmission line going across the field like 5 copper wires on small telephone poles. I've seen ready kilowatt several times back then especially when it iced over. It was awesome so much respect fur you guys. My room mate was chief engineer back in the 70's at two radio stations he got me my job at several different stations across the country back in my day. Big stations 50,000 watt AM and 100,000 FM and one in Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua licensed to operate with a power of 150,000 watts on a carrier frequency of 800 kHz at night in 1979. I lived in El Paso was 18 years old. Man I was in heaven. 50,000 day 150,000 at night. Clear channel. I think it was CKLW in Canada that fought back and forth in between. Lol:) But ended up on FM after that AM was over for us rocking jocks. I have stories. My roommates were Mr. Leonard, Bg Brad Edwards (KISs Fm LA. Lee master ls WNBC well yes I was big time at one time. Lee just retired as CEO at NPR. Great guy. Back then anyway. We cooked. Anyway enough about me. I am listening to as an engineer. I know there are SWRs and lengths of coaxial cable and going through my limiter and compressor... lol:) nit much. But it sounds good not much noise n the carrier FM 102.7. Can you give sone pointers? I only have the antenna on side of house clearing the top of roof. I get out about a mile and a half but I go further and it comes back at 3 miles then gone. Antenna about 20' high. Hardly any wind load on it. So light. I should get out a little further with 15 watts. I know something is wrong. There are like 3 communities I want you to serve just announcements another HOA the Pool the club house the lake the skiing trail, list dogs, cats, yard sales the whole community takes part in. A lot of fun. And I play a lot of music you don't hear on the radio anymore. I rock it, I country it, I worked every format so knowledgeable music, songs to play fur our age group demographics. I'm 64 now. Old. lol:) so can you give me some pointers? I mean I just gave the small transmitter and it a few electronic equipment. I do have a radio station a board all that but won't fit where so am. I divorced after 30 years moved from Connecticut back to Alabama. All my engineers I worked with are dead or long retired and gone. I been gone from Birmingham 30 years. Anyway no more 1st class licensed engineers... if I understand it's a general class license now. I have my 3rd class elements 1,2 & 9 and can read plate current, plate voltage and amps lol:) ship to shore. I had a provisional when I was 17. I go way back they took thus very seri auxiliary back then so did FCC. Which we got visited a little until my friend came in cleaned it up. He was like you a real engineer. Liked what he did. Like me a radio personality I liked what I did. I'm having fun with this. I want to automate it and go live when I want. 24/7 but yet to come. Thanks & subscribed....

Lost me at 00:23

"I'll keep the math to minimum" Crams more math into any two minutes I've ever experienced 😂

Has pre emphasis on fm anything to do with reducing high frequencys?

Looking for people familiar with national control point procedures and NIC. Meaning at network master controls. FCC has little of this material in National Archives.

Leave it to Harris to put screws where speedclips belong.

No Safety Officer ? It's a good practice to have a Safety Officer who is on scene of any potentially dangerous work. They observe and tell you if they notice something but also stay out of the danger zone and are there to call for help if someone becomes downed. They also take readings of RF radiation during the work and log reports for each employee and their radiation exposure. At NL Industries the Safety Officer kept the logs for each piece of equipment and the total radiation daily and over time for the equipment and each employee. If an employee was nearing their legal limit of exposure the Safety Officer would put in a request for transfer for the employee so they would not receive any more radiation for the year. In real bad cases they had people who were given desk jobs or even paid time off.

Dry nitrogen to keep moisture out of the feed lines ?

Love your vidios but i would put the onmia 9 at the studio side especially if you have more than one trasnmitter on the air and the onmia 9 as webstreaming encorders which means you can do fm and hd or online feed and the texture of the sound for fm would be like the online the difference would be fm would be pre emphasis 75

What an absolutely fantastic video. Amazing explanations!

The Oddity Archive did it first in 2012, now there are others who made videos about the EAS

The best description of AM and FM I've seen. 100 years of radio in 34 minutes: quite a feat. I had the privilege of meeting Tom Lewis when his book was released and the film was in production. Thanks for all your work. K4XBC

Excellent, thank you

Fantastic video! Pre- and De- emphasis, as well as the curves used in various noise reductions schemes, is also somewhat analogous to the RIAA curve used when cutting and then playing back vinyl. I've been involved in disc cutting in my lifetime, and like FM, it's magic and a wonder that it works as well as it does, ha!