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Didn't expect that one welsh kingdom in vinland saga to be historically acurate

This might explain why in the late 12th century, Owain Gwynedd, declared himself Princeps Cambriae after defeating England's Henry II in battle. The title princeps was first used by Augustus, and subsequent Roman emperors also used that title.

You should also do videos on the similar rump states of the Eastern Roman Empire, like the Principality of Theodoro and the Despotate of the Morea

Having gone on plenty of day trips to North Wales when I was a child, all I can say is that you would be looking at Rhyl for a very long time before you were reminded of the splendour that was Rome!

This Roman dynamic was represented in the manga Vinland Saga, set during the Viking invasions of Britain. Interesting stuff!

The story of Macsen Wledig (Magnus Maximus) is undergoing a resurgence in Cymru(Wales) via the Dafydd Iwan song, Yma o Hyd (still here). It's often sang at Cymru international football matches,. It mentions him and the year 383. Thanks for focusing on my country. You've made my day!

The Roman way of life required a large trade network. The building materials found in archaeological sites, for example, had often travelled a long way before reaching their final destination. With the chaos leading to the demise of the western Roman empire many trade routes were disrupted and people returned to a simpler lifestyle. All that remained was memory, a claim to fame for local chieftains, who could trace their lineage back to Roman or romanised nobility.

I have been a genealogist since 1976. I have been studying my own genealogy that long and I traced my ancestry back in my male line to around 1500 A.D. in Wiltshire. So a couple of years ago I had my DNA tested by three different companies. It showed as expected that I am part English, part Scottish and part Irish with trace amounts of Danish, Norwegian and Spanish and all that lines up perfectly with my research over the years. But here is the surprising part. While I had run into a dead end with my male line at 1500 A.D. in Wiltshire, I was able to be tested to see what my male line haplogroup is. There was no indication in my documented research that I would find it to be anything other than English or Anglo Saxon though I would not have been shocked to discover it to be French via the Normans. But imagine my surprise to learn my haplogroup puts me smack dab in the middle of ancient Rome. According to the data supplied in my haplogroup report, my male line was in Britain starting somewhere between 200 AD and 400 AD and it was in Rome Sometime between 100 AD and 300 AD giving me a pretty good overlap indicating that I had a male line ancestor who left Rome and Came to Britain sometime between 200 AD and 300 AD. Moreover it shows that prior to this period the male line had been in or around the city of Rome starting somewhere between 700 BC until it left for Britain as above stated. An earlier dna test showed my haplogroup as only speculative suspected as having originated in Norway around 600 AD so I had previously believed the origin to be Norman preceded by Vikings. But the Roman result was a more recent and more definite report and actually makes pretty good sense. So my first American ancestor in that line who came to Massachusetts around 1630 was friends with and related by marriage to a large number of other people from Wiltshire and guess what? After contacting a number of their living descendants I discovered that 9 of those Wiltshire friends and family who also came to that town in Massachusetts all have their male line haplogroup report showing Roman origin for the male line dating variously between 100 AD and 300 AD as the approximate times of when they left Rome and arrived in Britain. This is from DNA analysis and this all matches up perfectly with historic records of the Roman occupation. Probably explains why I make a pasta sauce to die for.

Also just as Britannia, Dacia Traiana was also abandoned. But what some people don't know is that it was partial reconquered by the time of Constantine the Great in the IVth Century A.D

Reminds me of the Welsh Legatus from Vinland Saga. The author did clarify that they were Welsh emulating Roman institutions instead of a Roman remnant per se, but still interesting.

As far as I'm aware, roman settlements in Cymru were mainly concentrated in the southeast (in the lands of the silures). The west and north were occupied by forts and roads, but left largely autonomous. The occupation of hillforts was banned in the southeast, but tolerated in the north and west, where the elites partially adopted imported roman technology and goods. There was heavy irish settlement of the southwest (Dyfed and Ceredigion) and the northwest (Gwynedd), which Magnus Maximus may have legitimated while stripping the garrisons of Britannia Prima (Cymru) and Britannia Secunda (now northern England) for his imperial bid. Cunedda is reputed to have overthrown the local irish rulers of what becomes Gwynedd when founding his dynasty at Aberffraw. One legend recalls Romano-British soldiers carrying the red dragon (Draco) to Rome under Constantine or Magnus Maximus. Welsh kings were citing Macsen Wledig (their name for Magnus Maximus) as the basis of their inherited political legitimacy in the early 5th century. Around the 7th century the draco became known as the Red Dragon of Cadwaladr, king of Gwynedd from 655 to 682. Although Owain Glyndwr raised the dragon standard in 1400 as a symbol of revolt against the English Crown, the dragon was later adopted by the House of Tudor. The green and white stripes of the current welsh flag were additions of Pembroke-born Henry VII, the first Tudor king, representing the colours of his standard. During Henry VIII’s reign, the red dragon on a green and white background became a favourite emblem on Royal Navy ships, along with the Tudor Rose. It was replaced as a naval flag by the original Union Jack in 1606, after the Scottish monarch James Stuart became king of England, but the Union Jack didn't become a national flag until the 1707 Acts Of Union.

ToldInStone actually gives another perspective which having Odoacer as the king of Italy meant nothing very different for the average roman citizen in Italy and to them, empire still existed. Not to mention how Odoacer was a "vassal" of eastern empire. Not to mention roman traditions and stuff continued after that. Morale of the story: history is a very fluid thing. You can't really say a big empire like Rome ended in a certain date.

We could say there is one tiny remnant left today in the Republic of San Marino. Which was reputed to have been founded by Saint Marinus in 301. There is also the Republic of Venice, founded by refugees seeking refuge from the Huns in the Venetian Lagoons, which lasted until Napoleon in 1899. So the story is complicated.....

If only Magister Syagrius and King Cadwallon I of Gwynedd collaborated with each other, at least the Roman institutions may still continued to be practice in Gwynedd and the unification of Wales and the expansion into England under the new Western Roman banner might become a reality.

My great grandfather was from Wales, born in a town called Aberystwyth, quite a bit south of Gwynedd. The curious thing is, he was a Latin nut, spoke it, taught it to his children, and even gave my grandmother a Latin name that partially got passed on to my mother. My grandmother subsequently taught Latin in a Colorado HS for many years, and I remember her trying to teach me before she passed at a far too early age. My point her is to suggest that if a poor Protestant Welsh family in the 19th century was teaching their (over a dozen) children Latin, far more of the Roman culture in Wales may have survived over a wider area for far longer than you surmise.

I would consider venice a remnant of Rome. It was founded by Roman refugees including patricians, it goverment was a republic and was never invaded. My question, however, is what language did the inhabitants of Venice speak in the first centuries? Did they speak Latin or another language derived from Vulgar Latin?

Ave, Frater Sebastianus! Since you brought up post-Roman Britain, would you say that the legend of King Arthur would've emanated from this period? If so, I would appreciate it if you could cover this particular topic. Gratias tibianus, mi amici et Frater!

I really love your videos no one really talks about the late Roman Empire so thank you and keep up the good work!

Rome never fully fell. It changed over time, states were overthrown but memory, cultural traditions, Latin language, roman ideas of law etc. continued. Charlemagne was a huge Rome fan, like pretty much all Germanic conquerors (I mean those who actually stayed in the territory, not those who just looted) .

Excellent video. I live for these kind of Romantic takes on history, even if they aren't really accurate. I think it has to do with Fantasy Role-playing I did in the 1970s and 1980s. One of the originators of Dungeons and Dragons, Dave Arneson, as well as Dr. Philip Barker, who created Empire of the Petal Throne, were both from the Minneapolis-Saint Paul Area. I met them both several times. Since I loved both history and science fiction growing up, these kinds of videos are very enjoyable for me. Thanks for the excellent videos.

I guess Magnus Maximus truly was "Great, The Greatest".

A video on Ambrosius Aurelianus would work really well with this video. Great work as always

Could Aeternus be Arthur? Maybe king Arthur? Or maybe his descendant who took the same name?

Excellent material. The Post-Roman history of Britain, especially until the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, is as obscure as it is fascinating, or perhaps it is fascinating because it is so obscure! Subscribed.

Julius Nepos' Dalmatia ( *Roman emperor of the West from 24 June 474 to 28 August 475. After losing power in Italy, Nepos retreated to his home province of Dalmatia, from which he continued to claim the western imperial title, with recognition from the Eastern Roman Empire, until he was murdered. In 480, Nepos was murdered by two of his generals, Ovida and Viator, perhaps in Diocletian's Palace, possibly while planning an expedition of his own to recover Italy.* *Though Nepos' successor in Italy, Romulus Augustulus (r. 475-476), is traditionally deemed the last western Roman emperor, Nepos is regarded by some historians as the true last emperor of the west, being the last widely recognised claimant to the position. He was the last emperor to be crowned in the city until Charlemagne in the ninth century.* ) : *_“AM I A CHOPPED LIVER HERE ?!??”_*

You are probably making a very good point here in presenting to fall of the Roman Empire not like a sudden and even - geographically - event ,but more like a crumbling one having different speed - also applied geographically. And yes You are very right in saying that was ,still is a fascinated event - at least for those who are into History ,so to speak.💯❤️

As someone who can trace his routes in Gwynedd back at least a few hundred years (and then longer because of the property), interesting, I knew about Magnus, but not of the use of latin. From which historical record was this taken? The use of latin after the roman soldiers pulled out isn't widely commented upon, but when it is it's usually south Wales that is mentioned whereby in the 700's the quality of latin used in grave markings etc. in Wales is often found to exceed that of Rome.

the welsh look back on the pax romana fondley at leased they used to so they whould have lived in old roman settlements

I have spoken to knowledgeable people from the UK especially people from Wales and they have a sense that they have a connection to the Latin language and to Rome and Roman customs so I’m not surprised

Excellent write-up and video, Sebastian ! Thanks. You''re talking of my direct family line, which goes back through Magnus Maximus one side, Paternus further along. Incidentally, Redicus, a scribe at the Council of Nicaea (325AD, codification of the bible) was from Gwynedd.

There once was a dream, a dream called Gwynedd…

jesus christ! late antiquity is so terrifyingly complicated, i am shocked that world history is this complicated even we only know SOME parts of history of human specie..

What about San Marino a nation that exists to this day, broke away from the Roman Empire in the 300s and continued the values of the Ancient Roman Republic and still does to this day with its own consulships, Republic and a fascinating history avoiding conquest and avoiding major wars thru shrewd diplomacy. I'd consider them a Roman successor state.

Great vid. High information density combined with strong narrative. Why isn't public school history done this way?

Surprisingly, I'm not surprised with Wales. One thing Vinland saga taught me, Wales was remnants of Rome.

You forgot about San Marino, a nation surrounded by Italy, which became independent of the Roman Empire in 301AD, it's government per wikipedia is based on the old Roman republic. Wikipedia says "The practice of having two heads of state, like Roman consuls, chosen in frequent elections, is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic. The council is equivalent to the Roman Senate; the captains regent, to the consuls of ancient Rome. It is thought the inhabitants of the area came together as Roman rule collapsed to form a rudimentary government for their own protection from foreign rule." The nation has two languages Italian and Romagnol a Latin like language. So San Marino perhaps should have the title of the last remnant of Rome Empire.

it is interesting actually because the Tudur family which would give England the Tudor dynasty were nobles from gwynedd and Henry VIII considered himself and emperor despite bearin the title king (Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532) so you could consider him a Roman Emperor (I think he would fit in). Also since every king and queen since has been descent from the Tudur family (apart from Philip and possibly Willian III who were kings through their wives) you could consider Britain its self a successor state itself. Which would mean that India despite never being part of Either the Roman or Mongol empires was conquered by a successor to both of them.

A closer look at the Frankish kingdom might also be interesting, as Roman institutions and language seems to have been preserved to some extent. What I find interesting is that the frankish title Hausmeier was referred to as major-domo, some of them seem to be issued from the "older" aristocracy. One of them was Waldelenus a gallo-roman aristocrat, married to Aelia Flavia...

I wonder if you might do a video on another remnant - Dumnonia in South-West England. This resisted barbarian (Saxon) rule until well into the ninth century - even spreading into Brittany. There may even have been a king in Cornwall called Alef in the 11th century.

This video was absolutely fascinating thank you for making it! There is always that problem of ‘how does succession really work?’. Is it based simply on what a people ‘feel’ they descend from? (Like the Victorian myth that all Brits descend from Anglo-Saxons after they wiped out the locals) or is it based on some semblance of prior tradition/knowledge passed down?

Maintaining a Roman-style regular army required a sizeable and at least moderately efficient taxation system. In a fragmented political environment where money was now more scarce (though several Romano-British petty kingdoms did set up their own mints), that didn't exist any more. Neither did the spare manpower of a large empire. Thus a tribal-based militia loyal to the local ruler was the most effective military force which could be maintained.

I would consider the Italian cities throughout the Middle Ages, perhaps longer, successors of the Roman Empire. Italy never became feudalized to the degree the other territories of the western half of the Empire did. The cities remained self-administrating republics, Latin slowly developed into Italien, social structures didn't change much as far as I know.

This is a wonderful question! The Golden Age of China was the TANG DYNASTY. What was the language spoken then? Did it survive? Where did it go? Subsequent dynasties had their own variants pronunciations of the Ancient Ideogram Characters. Each dynasty claimed to be the “ real” Middle Kingdom (Zhong Gua) under heaven. Ming, Mongols, Manchus, and the Republic of China Nationalists which evacuated to Taiwan after the well-financed Communist onslaughts. Upon arrival in Taiwan Mainland Chinese Scholars found that the language spoken by the locals was HO-LO-HUAY. An ancient Southern Min Fujian “ Dialect”. That was once the Court Language of the Glorious Tang Dynasty!

I would also argue for rethinking how we think about Justinian's reconquest of certain Western Roman territories. We typically think of it as the Eastern Empire expanding westward, but I would argue it can be thought of as a War of Liberation restoring the Western Empire. The administration distinction between East and West became permanent with Diocletian reforms, even though a handful of 4th Centuries would rule both it was really more like two Empires under the Personal Union of a single Emperor. The Senate continued to meet till at least 602 AD, meanwhile the Popes and other Bishoprics of the Western Church were basically the surviving Clerical Infostructure of the Western Empire's State Religion. And the Latin Language never went out of use. No in time the Empire would lose much of that again to the Lombards and Arabs. However there were Medevial Italian states that did simply begin as the Imperial administrations simply becoming independent and naturally evolving as the Emperors in Constantinople Just gave up on militarily enforcing their control of Ital same as they did Briton in the early 5th Century. So I would say that Venice, San Marino, the Papal States, the Duchy of Naples and Sardinia were each Western Roman Rump States that changed with the time to become Modern Italy.

Great video as usual. It would be great if you could do a video about the province of dacia which was technically the first to be abandoned by Rome. How come the latin was kept alive there and gave the Romanian language. Great content as usual.

Archaeological evidence is kind of left out, but if we look at sites as Tintagle Castle and the wider area around Cornwall, we see many (east)-Mediterranean imports in the fifth century, such as Late Roman Amphora 1 and African Red Slipwares. These were likely shipped from Spain northwards, passing along Brittany in France. In the east of England we see some gold solidi and tremmesis circulating in (mostly) the sixth century, reflecting a similar situation in continental Frisia where coin weights and possibly scales are also found. This then ties in with Procopius secret history where he complains about Emperor Justinian sending large sums of money to barbarians, some of which in Britain. Possibly these coins either came over the Rhine or through trade with Scandinavia. Apparently the mutual interest between the (east) Roman Empire and the West had not died.

I would guess that the Welsh returning to their pre-Roman ways and even language suggests that the mountains were never Romanized and the modern Welsh are largely descendants of those tribes. You do not forget to use the pottery wheel. Things like that suggest almost complete exchange of population in the coastal areas. PS. It is similar to how the Basque language survived and probably also Albanian (it may come from an ancient highland Thracian dialect according to some scholars).

You keep saying that they kept the Roman language, but it's worth noting that most probably, the common tongue of the people was always Brittonic / Welsh. I suppose Latin may have been used by the ruling class, and of course by the church.

It has been said that Padarn was sent to Wales by Vortigern to counter Irish incursions in North Wales. They were referred to by some as Strathclyde Welsh.

You could say the Roman Empire exists today as the Pope took the title of Pontus Maximus with his ring...

One of dangers of late night time scrolling is you find rabbit holes like this. Great stuff!

It will be very interesting if a video about the battle on the Catalaunian fields is made on this channel. After all, Flavius Aetius defeated Attila in it, many historians such as Mary Beard and Ian Hughes (the latter even wrote a book called "Aetius Attila's Retribution") think so. According to all historians, the Romans defeated the Huns, and such facts indicate their success as: 1) The failed siege of the city of Orleans by the Huns. 2) Attila's losses in the battle were greater, because of which he retreated from Gaul with the remnants of his army, thanks to which Aetius got booty from the battlefield. It was she who became the symbol of his victory over Attila. 3) Merovei, a faithful vassal of the Romans, became the king of the Franks, and not his older brother, who was a vassal of the Huns!

Similar to the South of Belgium in Wales an unit of about 500 Sarmatian riders incl. families and support teams was left over from the Roman government. They have not been so very sucessful like in Belgium (later Merowings / Franks), but still made a good progress in setting up a long standing culture togther, leading / ruling the local people.

The name Gwynedd does not seem too far off from an exonym form of Cunedda to a layman.

Well done, a very interesting video on the Romano-Brightens.

The reason for looking to northern wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 is that it is of one of 2 major gold producing areas with plenty of ports to export from…

Also after the Fall of Constantinople in 1454, the Ottoman Sultans took the tile "Great Caesar" (among numerous others like "Possessor of Men's Necks" to emphasis he could dish out capital punishment without giving any justification). And the last Ottoman Sultan only went into exile in 1924. And then we have the Russian Tzar....

Your map of the Cymric kingdoms at the time is wrong. Cumbria, the west coast of England running to the Wall, was in the Welsh possession pretty much until the Norman Conquest.

I legit thought this was a Cumbrian Chonacles video.

If I remember correctly, there is some archaeology that suggests people were living in Roman houses in Gwent (Venta) for quite some time after the withdrawal of Roman troops. Gerald Cambrenesis wrote of ruined houses where the internal heating systems were still visible in the 12th/13th century.

Not scientific, but always found it interesting that the many modern Welsh look more Roman than a lot of Italians. What would Roman history be without Richard Burton and Sian Phillips? Also interesting (future video?), Romania, even though Rome left Dacia in 275 AD, many modern Romanians proudly refer to their Roman heritage (like the name of the nation implies). Great video!

This presentation is so excellent that I forgive the atrocious pronunciation. Venedotia and Gwynedd are etymologically the same word. Kenneth Jackson has set forth the sound shifts between Latin and Welsh. Northwalia is just medieval English North Wales with a Latinesque IA tacked on the end

It's funny because in Vinland Saga, Askellad always wore a Roman Lorica Musculata to battle even tho he was a nord and you would think this is completely historically inaccurate since the story takes place in the 11th century, but later on he reveals himself as half welsh and a descendant of the romans, so it starts making a bit more sense, and after watching this video it makes just all the more sense.. indeed the creator of the manga did his research before writing it..

Magnus Maximus is known here in Wales as Macsen Wledig, Maximus the good, literally though Wledig would mean a ruler, someone who ruled. He is featured in a song pretty much everyone Welsh knows-"Yma O hyd". The name Macsen is still used today, as is the name Tegid. I have met various Tegids and Macsens and they all seem as steeped in Welsh culture as the name suggests. Gwynedd dont forget, is home to Anglesey as it is currently known in English which was the spiritual home of the Druids and the island to which they retreated to. A very sacred place indeed. The Romans knew this very well. In fact it was the Romans who gave it the name Mona, the name we use in Welsh- Ynys Mon. It was the sacred heart of Welsh conciousness and if you were to mount a campaign to rule a land, its sacred heart would be the place to start. There is an absolute TON of stuff left over from our Roman visitors if you know where to look, for instance Dolaucothi gold mines was founded by them as they chased the Druids north .From the Romans to the Ring of Iron most attempts at subduing the Welsh began in the north as a smart leader or king would recognise the meaning the place has to its people. On another note and hugely off topic I suppose, here is my two pence on all the hoopla surrounding placenames in Wales reverting back to their original versions. Whilst I appreciate the difficulty in pronunciation we do not laugh at anyone for giving it a go, we love it and love to help anyone who wants to know how to say stuff. We are immensely proud of our little country, and there is a lot to be proud of. Personally I am all for it- reverting the names to the original ones. They have history attached to them that is hundreds of years old. This includes towns, landmarks, individual houses and mountains. There is real history here, and it is not just Welsh history, it is part of the oldest histories of the United Kingdom. For me though there is one name that absolutely should be changed forever, and never used again. Wales. We are not foreigners as the word suggests and the name was not chosen by Welsh people. We are Cymru- meaning the people of this land, and after all these years, all the fighting and arguing and attempts at wiping out one of the oldest languages in Europe we have endured enough. We dont want the entirety of England, we dont want to make you feel unwelcome by speaking our own language, we just want our little corner to retain its culture, language and placenames as these are the essence of our very souls and are a vital link in the history of the entire United Kingdom. Education is where it should start and end for everyone. It is here for you all and pretty much free. Cofiwch, pawb, cofiwch.

Gwynedd in Wales wasn’t the last surviving remnant of Rome at all! They had a hand in the destruction of the last remnant. The last King who was descended from Constantine the Great was Iestyn Ap Gwrgan of Glamorgan and Gwent, in the southern region of Wales. Gwynedds foundation came from Cunedda, who were rivals to the royals in the south. The northern Welsh originally came from the Hen Ogledd (Old North). Most of the Scottish cities are named using the Old Brythonic language, which would become known as Welsh.

I think you might be interested in the origin of Wessex. They were originally called Gewisse, their first few Kings all had Britannic names and they were already earls who conquered west Saxon people later. There’re also many Saxons who came to Britain as mercenaries for Rome centuries before Anglo-Saxon invasion happened. But the locals called everyone Saxons. Anyway, after Gewisse lost their homeland to Mercia, they moved their capital to Wessex and adopted Anglo-Saxon names. Still, they could very well originated as a foederati for Rome and their descendants last until this very day.

Maybe a month ago, I though about this very subject. What was the last? Were there any Roman holdouts after the final fall? And how did they look like? And what was the final fall actually? I suspected the Nepos' Dalmatia. Thank you for answering this question and sating my curiosity.

Good video. Diolch. I do think that the common folk of Cymru would have been living in round houses during the Roman occupation. Of course some would have migrated to the towns, but basically little changed for most people when the Romans left. 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿

I love that. I have always said, that Edward the 1st was a barbarian.

11:10 It was like that before the viking raids that turned the kingdom to that state to the situation mention at 11:45.

The Welsh, Cornish and Breton languages could be considered as being almost Romance languages, that is indictive of the amount of influence that the Roman empire had over areas which were on its margins.

Roman Britain was under a sustained assault from the North and West in the decades after the legions left. Legend has it that the Anglo-Saxons were initially invited as mercenaries to combat the Pictish and Gaelic incursions of the time.

The Irish settled in Wales from the late 4th century mate. Ogham stones have their inscriptions

1:38 Took the better part of a decade and a half, but YT has finally recommended a video on the fall of the Roman Empire that doesn't read Latin 'c' as /s/ in the name "Odoacer"

Interesting connection is that the name Wales comes from germanic "wahl " which referred to roman and gallic speakers alike

A more likely case with the "invasion" of Britannia by the Anglo Saxons is it was a migration, the Romano Britons were suffering raids by the Scotti which had invaded Scotland (hence the name) from Ireland, the Anglo Saxon tribes on the continent were suffering attacks by the surrounding larger Germanic kingdoms so migrated to safer lands, the Romano Britons would've been happy for the extra Anglo Saxon man power to defend their infrastructure from the Scotti tribes. This probably explains why there is no examples of Romano Briton mass graves or anything which indicates ethnic replacement, instead there was quite a lot of genetic mixing between the two, and some Celtic populations within England kept their cultures and even languages, such as Cornish

Rome never fell, it lives in our hearts

many think that maximus's only son was victor who was executed by theodosius. but he had many and Emperor petronius maximus is a great grandson of magnus maximus.

As Tegid was a bishop, his son's scarlet robe might be one of a priest or bishop as well, and not necessarily one of a military leader. That, or a bishop back that could be a military leader, too.

Some might say it was the Duchy of Cantabria en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria Althou so few informations about it survived. I know it was short, but hey, who even knew its existence?

Is this why the Essyllwyg of Morganwg/Gwent were not always entirely friendly with the Princes of Gwynedd? There is also records indicating the 'Irish' who invaded Pembroke and Brecheiniog may have been only 'half-Irish' Britons from old south Wales who had earlier invaded Cork, pushing the Tuatha De Danaan further north and across the seas to 'Scotland'.

If only there was an isolated island left untouched for 2,000 years which still has the old Roman culture still intact to this day...

The last Roman bastion was the Despotate of Epirus in 1479.

The tin trade was in place when the Phoenicians paid a visit to the Irish Sea, and remained in place throughout history while the east was given up by the Romans and invaded by the Germans. Also, the earliest voyages of discovery sailed from Bristol and the English Channel not London.

Roman troops in Britain were drawn own slowly from 387 but some remained until the administration collapsed in 410 and attempts may have been made by the locals to strive on for a few decades until they called in mercenaries who decided that becoming rulers rather than empolyees was the better option just like the others: Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Lombards.

Impressive video. According to at least two sources and archeological data , comes Arbogast the younger could have retained the control of Treveri for few years after the fall of Syagrius.

The Welsh rulers of course looked over the canal and followed, what the Merowings did, to gain "sanctity". So they also needed a good sounding history ;-)

“Cunedda” - the double ‘d’ is a soft ‘th’ sound and the ‘i’ in Briton is a short sound, not as in Brighton.

the end of the western empire was the closing of the ravenna imperial office by justinian.

You neglected to mention Riothamus/Ambrosius Aurelianus, (whom some scholars, like Leon Fluriot, believe were one and the same) the' last of the Romans' in Britannia, who beat back the saxons, and may have been the basis for the legend of king arthur. He should be considered as one of the late roman heroes, as well.

The history of Wales and the Romano-Britons in general is pretty interesting, but apart from Gwynedd, there are also the Kingdoms of Strathclyde and England itself which potentially might derive their root from various roman institutions. In the case of Strathclyde for example, which emerged after the sack of Alt Clut by vikings in the 9th century, the origin of said kingdom probably rests with a certain Coroticus who may or may not have been a former roman general who, after the withdrawal of the main roman legions, remained behind with a group of former soldiers at dumbarton rock, turning towards piracy. This is mostly speculative and based on welsh genealogies, but also the accounts of St. Patrick which explicitedly calls Coroticus and his troops fellow citizens and former soldiers, "milites", which would certainly make for a convincing argument that Alt Clut/ Strathclyde emerged from a Roman military root, especially in light of the fact that we also know that even at the Birdoswald garrison, roman soldiers were left behind and manned the fort well into the 6th century. Apart from those two examples in northern Britain, there is also a case to be made that the saxon shore wasn't necessarily just a defense against germanics, but was also manned by saxons who, in the aftermath of the Roman withdrawal, were also left behind and remained in service of local romano-britons. We have archeological evidence for continuity of scholastic centers around places like Circencester, and the existence of educated monks like Gildas who were able to write in Latin and who mention kings with Roman names such as Constantine of Dumnonia, makes for a strong case that well into the 6th century, much of Britain in the west maintained a Romano-British society to some degree. It is somewhat accepted that Wessex wasn't founded by a "germanic" Cerdic, who is curiously enough holding a celtic name similar to Coroticus of Alt Clut, who took over the land coming from the mainland as the Anglo-Saxon chronicle claims, and that much of Bedes' works and later Wessexian courtly commissioned chronicles, dilute the truth to put a saxon or anglian root for a lot of kingdoms, where they didn't historically exist. A theory that I think makes for a convincing argument as well is that, since even ancient chronicles like the Gallic Chronicle mention that Britain only fell sometime in the 440's to the Saxons, that after the Romans stopped paying their foederati in Britain, that the soldiers on the Saxon shore, potentially under the leadership of local Romano-Britons like Cerdic, revolted and established their own de facto kingdoms, reinforced by additional germanics coming in from the mainland that eventually resulted in the cultural and linguistic shift of much of England.

The Syragrius family legacy survived well into Charlemagne’s restoration of Rome.

Correct if I'm wrong, but I heard from a scholar once that the very word "Welsh" was the word used by britonics to refer to Romans

More than likely, many things they needed for Roman buildings needed to be imported.

Rome as an cultural phenomenon lasted long after 476. Thank you for your efforts to show that ancient empires may fall but the truly impactful ones have put their stamp on life even to this day. N

Under this assumptions, we could comfortably say hat the last remnant of the Western Roman Empire fell in 1797when the Republic of Venice was conquered by Napoleon and Given to Austria.

I have ancestors descended from the Gwynedd and Powys, or at least according to histories I do. I am related to them from my mom, to my grandfather, and all the way back down the male line to one of his ancestors, William Fitz Odo de Barry, to Angharad, to Nest ferch Rhys. I believe she is connected to both the Gwynedds and Powys somehow through marriages. But it has been a while since I researched all this and who knows the accuracy of the sources.

A brilliant video. While I knew about Cynedda, I always thought he'd been invited to North Wales by its residents to get rid of the Irish pirates and was given kingship as a reward. To realise that the Welsh Kings are therefore an extention of the roman empire, is going to upset so many nationalists!

Could you imagine this being your voice your entire life?~