One crucial thing to be mentioned about the Mihna is that one of it's main factor is the interreligious dialogue. As more and more territory was gained by the empire, Ahlul-Kitab (Jews and Christian, as well as other monotheists) and non-Muslim became more involved and familiar with Islam and vice-versa. This naturally led the intense debate between muslims and others. The concept of Quranic createdness which is the foundation of the Mihna was most likely an argument against Christian. Since Christian believed Jesus is the "Word of God", reincarnated into a human body, they argued that Jesus and God is co-eternal; meaning Jesus is always existed with God since the beginning. And as the Quran also alludes to the same phraseology, calling Jesus ('Isa) as "Kalimatuhu" ('[God's] Word'; Q4: 171) or "Kalimatin minhu" ('A Word from [God]'; Q3: 45), it is highly possible that Christians, who lived under the caliphate for more than century at that point, will use these instances in the Quran to support their claim of Jesus' ('Isa's) divinity. I think the higher-ups within the Abbasid caliphate, most of whom are a seeker of knowledge, must think that it is their duty as an intellectual to find a way to argue this point once and for all - resulting in the concept of Quranic createdness. Because, if the Quran - which is the Word of God - is created, finite and not eternal, then Jesus - as the "Kalimatullah" (also the 'Word of God') - is also created, finite and not eternal, therefore not divine and inferior to God. And the Mihna is kind of like an unintended consequences of this debate with the Christian. While the higher-ups of the caliphate are doing their debate to protect Islam, some imams - like Ibn Hanbal - must be unaware of this affair, but take the stance on the issue with internal argument within Islam. Meaning, while the Al-Ma'mun and his philosopher and courtier are protecting Islamic monotheism against Christian trinitarianism, Ibn Hanbal must thought that he protect the pure unadulterated Islam against the invention (bid'ah) of Islam that the caliph trying to coerce muslims to adopt. At this day and age I think we should reconsider what the Al-Ma'mun done, which is to look at Islam not as isolated or only internally, but thinking of how non-Muslim will think and will use against Islam, of course we also must denounce the oppression against those who differs from us, too. But we can no longer think in terms of muslim and non-muslim, heaven-hell, or us-them, but we should provide an intellectual argument in any discussion about Islam, whether the opponents were muslim or non-muslim.

Word spread quickly among al-Ma'mun's circles that al-Ma'mun was not sincere in his offer to make Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha the Crown Prince, and that it was simply a political move. Al-Ma'mun also became paranoid and thought that al-Ridha would see through it as well, and so would his Shias. In order to quiet the doubts of the people, al-Ma'mun first offered al-Ridha the caliphate itself. He wrote a letter to the Abbasids, who were displeased with his decision to entrust al-Ridha the seat of the caliphate, saying: Al-Ma’mun did not pledge allegiance to him (al-Ridha) but discerning of his affair, knowing that none on the face of earth is clearer than him in merit, more manifest than him in chastity, more pious than him in piety, more ascetic than him in renouncing the world, freer than him in soul, more pleasing than him to the special associates and the general populace, and firmer than him in Divine essence. The pledge of allegiance to him confirms with the good pleasure of the Lord. Al-Ridha, who knew the real reason of this offer, politely refused it and said: If this caliphate belongs to you, then it is not permissible for you to take off the garment in which Allah has clothed you and to give it to other than you. If the caliphate does not belong to you, then it is not permissible for you to give me that which does not belong to you. Al-Ma'mun kept trying to make his offer seem sincere and kept re-offering the caliphate, and finally moved on to his real plan to make his Crown Prince be Ali al-Ridha. In the document where he pledges allegiance to Ali al-Ridha, Ma'mun writes: His (al-Ma’mu’n’s) choosing ‘Ali b. Musa’ b. Ja‘far b. Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. al-Husayn b. ‘Ali b. Abu’ Ta’lib was after asking Allah for the best and exerting himself in accomplishing His right toward His servants and His Earth concerning the two houses in general (i.e., the ‘Abba’sid House and the ‘Alawide Family, may Allah increase it in honor). That is because he (al-Ma’mu’n) has seen his (the Imam’s) brilliant excellence, his plain knowledge, his manifest piety, his pure asceticism, his renouncing the world, and his being safe from the people. It has become clear for him that reports, tongues, and words have unanimously agreed upon his candidacy. Besides, he knew of his excellence as a youth and through adolescence, so he has appointed him as his successor after him. When Imam al-Ridha also declined this position, al-Ma'mun threatened him saying "Your ancestor Ali was chosen by the second caliph to be in a six member council to elect the third caliph, and ordered to kill any one of the six who didn't comply. If you do not accept the position of Crown Prince in my government, I will follow through on the same threat". Al-Ridha said he would accept, under the condition that none of the affairs of government would be his. He would neither appoint anyone, nor dismiss. He would not rule, or pass laws. He would only be Crown Prince in name. Al-Ma'mun became happy that al-Ridha had accepted and would stay out of his way in governing, and agreed to the condition. Mamun was not a shia but a greedy power hungry fool

1:50 this must be the origin of the expression "once you go black you never go back"

Mamoun Alabasi is not Shia, he actually killed the Shia Imam Ali bin Musa Alreza (one of the defendants of the prophet of Allah and one of the 12 imams)

Really appreciate this vid, it explains it a lot better than certain other vids I've seen about this subject.

Assalamualaikum from Bangladesh, This channel's video is so informative and I personally like it. I also like to watch an episode covering the history of Sultanate of Bengal.

MALAY SUBTITLES Part 3 of 3 09:39 Ia telah hilang dalam terjemahan. 09:41 Oleh itu, al-Mamun menugaskan sebuah pasukan untuk melakukan penyelidikan baru dan mencari keliling 09:46 Bumi. 09:47 Hasilnya sekitar 20,160 batu. 09:50 Kita tahu sekarang bahawa jaraknya sebenarnya 24.900 batu. 09:53 Walaupun begitu, kita tidak tahu berapa lama masa itu sejauh satu batu, kita mempunyai perkara yang sama 09:59 masalah bahawa al-Mamun pernah menjadi Stadia. 10:01 Pada salah satu kempennya melawan Bizantium, dia menugaskan percubaan lain untuk dikira 10:06 lilitan bumi dengan mengukur masa antara matahari terbenam di permukaan laut dan di atas 10:11 Gunung. 10:12 Malangnya, hasil percubaan itu belum sampai kepada kami. 10:15 Semasa berada di Khorasan, dia telah menanggung tiga anak lelaki astronomnya Musa 10:21 ibn Shakir mendidik, setelah dia meninggal. 10:24 Ketiga-tiga lelaki itu kemudiannya dikenali sebagai saudara Banu Musa dan mereka memberikan banyak sumbangan 10:28 ke bidang mekanik. 10:30 Buku Peranti mereka yang cerdik mengandungi beratus rajah untuk mesin yang, dalam satu bentuk 10:35 atau yang lain, kita masih menggunakan, misalnya, poros engkol. 10:38 Cerita untuk masa yang lain. 10:39 Jelas, peranan al-Mamun dalam pengembangan Aljabar melalui naungan al-Khwarizmi 10:44 telah dibincangkan dalam video lain. 10:47 Dia juga menugaskan sebuah pekerjaan lengkap mengenai geografi, sekali lagi, membangun karya-karya lama. 10:51 Geografi al-Mamun, seperti buku itu disebut, belum bertahan dalam bentuk aslinya 10:56 tetapi kami mempunyai beberapa kepingan. 10:58 Sebagai contoh, mereka mengukur koordinat Mekah dan Baghdad yang sangat dekat 11:02 kepada pengiraan moden. 11:03 Pada akhirnya, dia dikenang kerana sumbangannya kepada sains daripada yang lain. 11:08 Dia mempunyai kawah yang dinamakan sempena bulan itu. 11:11 Pada tahun 833CE, al-Mamun bertekad untuk memperoleh keuntungan tetap di Anatolia. 11:16 Dia memutuskan untuk menduduki kota Tyana yang disebut Kemerhisar hari ini. 11:20 Anehnya, dia merekrut pasukan dari Syria untuk kempen ini. 11:23 Namun, kemajuan tetap yang ingin dilakukannya tidak pernah datang. 11:27 Pada 9 Ogos 833CE, Khalifah al-Mamun meninggal dunia. 11:31 Dia mengalami demam secara tiba-tiba dan meninggal dalam satu atau dua hari ketika berkempen menjelang zaman moden 11:36 bandar Pozanti di Turki. 11:39 Dia berumur empat puluh enam tahun. 11:54 Masalahnya adalah penggantiannya agak rumit, sedikitnya. 11:59 Anaknya, Abbas (عباس) adalah komandan yang dihiasi dan merupakan pemimpin kempen ini 12:03 juga. 12:04 Namun, saudara al-Mamun Abu Ishaq, pemimpin Turki, bersama al-Mamun ketika itu 12:08 dia meninggal dan dia menyatakan bahawa al-Mamun telah menjadikannya pewarisnya. 12:12 Abbas tidak mahu menjatuhkan kerajaan ke perang saudara yang lain, jadi dia memutuskan untuk bersumpah 12:17 kesetiaan kepada bapa saudaranya. 12:18 Abu Ishaq mengambil gelaran regu atau Laqab, sebagaimana disebut, al-Mutasim (المعتصم). 12:28 Jumpa lagi lain kali.

A very interesting individual, thank you for teaching us about this 🙏

Al-Ma'mun was a Mu'tazilite, which I can understand the confusion given how many Mu'tazilites would become later Shia. But the Mu'tazilite, unlike the Shia, are philosophers. Who believed that the only way for philosophy to thrive in Islam is through interpreting the Quran and Hadith.

Thanks for the videos, I have been enjoying them for a while.

Nice video 👍. Is it possible to make a video about the madhabs (Hanafi, Shafi, Hanbeli, Maliki)? If you dedicate one video to each madhab and explain what it is in detail and after you have done them all, make a video comparing the differences?

Excellent video. I learned a lot. Thanks!

cool video bro

This video is very good keep up your good work

Hey brother I appreciate your work, keep it up

Great informative video, I find the the various denominations of Islam interesting. Thank you

I LOVE your videos

Zabrdast information

The Arab mile is 5/4ths of a British mile, which brings their estimate to 25.2k miles. That's pretty close to the modern figure of 24.9k miles!

The tunnel was actually dug outward. He wanted to steal something in there that was too big to take out. Sadly, he never shared this knowledge.

Retreating from Anatolia to Baghdad in the winter; how cold did it actually get there?

Great Video

Funny thing is that Columbus argued the world was way smaller than it actually was, and that a route from Europe directly to Asia was possible, using the Arab measurements like the one at 9:46 to affirm his beliefs without realizing or ignoring that the Arabic mile is different to the Latin mile.

Nice video. Surely the comment section will be a totally respectful and friendly place to be and not filled with debates about Islamic jurispundence at all.

great video

MALAY SUBTITLES Part 2 of 3 04:23 Dia terkenal memerintahkan sebuah terowong yang digali ke dalam piramid besar untuk melihat apa yang ada di dalamnya. 04:27 Sekarang, di sini, mari kita bincangkan tentang al-Mamun dan jenis penguasa yang menurutnya seharusnya. 04:32 Pada masa ini, ada perselisihan yang mulai muncul di dunia Muslim. 04:36 Siapa, jika ada, yang berhak menyatakan penghakiman atas nama Tuhan? 04:41 Ada yang percaya bahawa Imam, yang secara harfiah bermaksud pemimpin atau pembimbing, memiliki bimbingan ilahi 04:45 dalam bidang perundangan. 04:46 Dengan kata lain, Tuhan berbicara melalui mereka dan apa sahaja yang mereka katakan adalah kehendak Tuhan. 04:51 Sebilangan besar orang ini percaya bahawa Imam tergolong dalam barisan lelaki di zaman Nabi 04:56 keluarga. 04:57 Ali al-Rida, pewaris yang ditunjuk al-Mamun adalah salah seorang. 05:00 Kumpulan ini kemudian menjadi yang kita kenal sebagai Syiah. 05:03 Kumpulan yang lain tidak mempercayai petunjuk ilahi Imam. 05:06 Sebaliknya, sesiapa sahaja boleh menjadi imam dengan cukup belajar mengenai Al-Quran dan Hadis, nabi 05:11 ucapan dan tindakan. 05:12 Anda juga tidak semestinya berasal dari keturunan nabi. 05:15 Hari ini, terdapat empat mazhab fikrah Islam utama di kalangan Sunni, Hanafi, 05:20 orang Maliki, Syafi'i dan Hanbali. 05:23 Keempat-empatnya akan didirikan sebelum pemerintahan al-Mamun berakhir. 05:27 Kumpulan ini kemudian menjadi yang kita kenali sebagai Sunni. 05:30 Al-Mamun telah didedahkan kepada idea bahawa Imam mempunyai bimbingan ilahi sebagai seorang anak dan 05:35 dia telah mengambilnya. 05:36 Khalifah Abbasiyah menganggap diri mereka sebagai imam juga tetapi mereka tidak pernah benar-benar 05:40 cuba menjatuhkan penilaian atas nama Tuhan. 05:43 Mereka mempunyai hakim dalam hal itu yang menafsirkan Al-Quran dan Hadis. 05:47 Al-Mamun mahu mengubahnya. 05:49 Dia ingin mempengaruhi fekah Islam secara aktif. 05:52 Dia ingin menjadi seperti Imam Syiah sejak dia berasal dari keluarga nabi. 05:56 Walaupun, proto-Syiah percaya bahawa anda harus keturunan nabi tetapi 05:59 baik, al-Mamun hanya mengabaikan bahagian itu. 06:02 Dia sangat pro-Alid. 06:03 Antara lain, dia mengembalikan sebahagian harta mereka di Arabia dan dia menghalalkannya kepada orang ramai 06:07 mengutuk Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (معاویہ ابن ابو سفیان), pengasas 06:10 dinasti Umayyah. 06:12 Dia bahkan membenarkan praktik Nikah al-Mut’ah (نكاح المتعة) yang merupakan jangka masa tetap 06:15 perkahwinan berdasarkan kontrak (kadang-kadang lisan) yang masih diamalkan di kalangan Syiah. 06:20 Seperti yang ditulis oleh Michael Cooperson… 07:26 Proto-Sunni, yang majoritinya, sangat harfiah ketika membaca Al-Quran dan 07:31 hadis. 07:32 Mereka tidak memberikan banyak ruang untuk tafsiran. 07:34 Al-Mamun menentang itu. 07:35 Walaupun dia berpendapat bahawa hadis itu boleh dipercayai, dia juga mengatakan bahawa beberapa hadis lebih dipercayai 07:40 daripada yang lain. 07:41 Seluruh isu menjadi satu perbahasan. 07:42 Adakah Al-Quran itu diciptakan oleh Allah atau pernah ada? 07:47 Soalan ini adalah penyederhanaan yang berlebihan dari perbahasan oleh al-Mamun. 07:51 Al-Mamun percaya bahawa Al-Quran diciptakan dan diturunkan kepada nabi dan demikian juga 07:55 ruang untuk tafsiran kerana masa berubah. 07:57 Namun, jika itu selalu ada, waktu tidak memperhitungkannya, tidak ada ruang untuk penafsiran. 08:04 Sasterawan tidak betul-betul percaya bahawa Al-Quran selalu ada seperti yang ditegaskan oleh al-Mamun 08:09 bahawa mereka percaya tetapi perbahasan itu tidak dapat dilaksanakan ketika Mihna menjadi kenyataan. 08:13 Mihna bermaksud ujian atau percubaan. 08:15 Pada tahun 833CE, tahun al-Mamun mati, dia menulis sepucuk surat dari Raqqa kepada gabenornya 08:21 di Baghdad untuk menyoal pegawai mahkamah, badan kehakiman dan para sarjana mengenai kepercayaan mereka 08:25 mengenai ciptaan Al-Quran. 08:28 Kami tidak tahu dengan tepat berapa banyak orang yang disoal siasat. 08:30 Majoriti penduduk tidak setuju dengan kepercayaan al-Mamun tetapi mereka tidak mempunyai pilihan. 08:35 Mereka yang awalnya menentang kemudian menyerah ketika khalifah memerintahkan pelaksanaannya. 08:40 Semua kecuali dua orang menukar kedudukan mereka sebagai khalifah. 08:43 Salah satunya adalah Ahmad ibn Hanbal. 08:45 Mereka dimasukkan ke dalam rantai dan dihantar ke khalifah walaupun, di tengah perjalanan mereka, 08:49 berita sampai kepada mereka bahawa khalifah telah meninggal. 08:51 Kedua ulama dibebaskan oleh pengganti al-Mamun 08:54 Hari ini, al-Mamun dianggap sebagai khalifah Sunni dan Mihna-nya dianggap sebagai penyesatan sesat 09:00 daripada percubaan sistemik untuk mengubah inti Islam atau paling tidak, Khilafah Abbasiyah. 09:06 Tidak ada khalifah Abbasiyah yang kini dikenali sebagai Imam. 09:09 Sebaliknya keempat-empat orang yang membentuk Sekolah Pemikiran itu disebut Imam oleh kaum Sunni 09:13 dan mereka yang berada dalam barisan keturunan nabi dipanggil Imam oleh Syiah. 09:17 Pada akhirnya, Mihna akan gagal dan proto-Sunni akan menang. 09:22 Al-Mamun juga sangat berminat dalam bidang sains dan secara peribadi mengetahui dan mempelajari pelbagai mata pelajaran. 09:27 Salah satu kisah kegemaran saya ialah dia membaca karya Ptolemy di mana keliling Bumi 09:31 dicatat sebagai 180,000 stadia. 09:35 Dia bertanya kepada penterjemahnya berapa lama Stadion. 09:38 Malangnya, tidak ada yang tahu.

one other point to mention, at the time of Al-Mamun the idea of the philosopher-king started to be widely accepted by Islamic philosophers, and give Al-Mamun interest in greek philosophy it's not hard to see him adopting it as his philosophy too, also the Quran issue has nothing to do with Quran changing over time, it was based on a metaphysical issue

Good video. You can delve more deeply in the matter of religious authority in islam. It has interesting ramifications. For example, ismaieeli shias had radicalized the "nas" based authority which relies on the belief that Allah has appointed imam to the degree that during the reign of al hakim, some of them slipped towards diefication of imam/caliph al hakim. All and all, the matter of religious authority is the base for all the fitnas in dar al islam and it deserves more videos. I love your vids brother. From tehran, with love.

Asking questions and advising are some of the seemingly easiest occupations to have

1:20 Al Mamun & the Alids 3:00 Change in the Abbasid army (Abna prominence replaced by Turkic slave soldiers) 4:26 The beliefs of Al-Mamun (including the famous story involving Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal) 9:22 Al-Mamun's patronage of science 10:15 Banu Musa brothers (contributed in development of mechanics) 11:56 Succession after Al-Mamun's death

I like this dude. Regardless of his controversial policies and believe, he advanced sciences in the middle age which I believe without him, our world would completely different today.

Can you cover the Sokoto Caliphate?

Sometimes I wonder why there are not any Arab/Muslim youtubers building the things in these books of ingenious devices from the Islamic Golden Age... They are basically instruction on how to build stuff right? I feel like there would be a audience for that...

I thought one day I Will make documentaries on islamic history I don't see any channel I am glad to see your work keep it Make more content for your channel

thanks alot

Beautifull !!!

From what I read, Al Mamun was mu'tazilite not shi'ite, the mu'tazila didn't have anything to do with shi'a at first, on the contrary their doctrine that everything must be submited to reason first clashed with the shi'a core concept of the divine right to rule of Ahl al Bayt. Only after losing power after the mihna they became disenfranchized and had to seek refuge with the shi'a who were basically taking in all the underdogs if it meant more power to contend with the caliphal establishment. Al Mamun tried to appease the shi'a with political gestures and even to merge the Imamate with the caliphate to be rid of the schism but it didn't work, the conflict after all being political and not theologic, but he never intended to concede power or even a part of it.

Will you be making a video on the Banu Musa brothers in detail? It seems pretty interesting.

The only other ruler i know that was as pro science as him is Khusrow the first who went to war with the byzenrines at one point so they would agree that the scholars who had migrated to persia from rome (rome had just recently banned pagan teachings at this point)should be protected to visit their homes when they're feeling homesick I dont know if this story inspired Al-Mamun or not but im guessing it did. Also intrestingly most shias belive that all the imams were assassinated which became the reason the last imam disappeared and thats the reason why they hate al-mamun becouse they see him as the only candidate for killing imam reza.

These videos are full of great history. Thanks

one day Ahmad ibn Hanbal came to al Mamun's court weeping and crying, people asked, "what happened"? "The Qur'an died", he replied. Confused and equally raged Al Mamun exclaimed, "how is that possible, what do you mean". Ibn Hanbal aksed, " Don't you believe Qur'an to be created"? "yes", the caliph replied without hesitation, then ibn Hanbal recited, " Every Soul Shall Taste Death". [Qur'an 29:57]

Really liked the discussion of the Sunni-Shia disagreements. Was there any real chance that the Sunni and Shia could ever be reconciled back then or had the ship already set sail?

Wait why is Harun Al-Rashid translation is in Urdu text?

Next one could be about the seljuk or ottoman empire

Nice, there are so few good English videos about the Minha, but I think it really explains a whole lot of why Islam is like it is today. Any progressive idea for hundreds of years were strangled in their grave due to the backlash to this. Islam is still wounded.

What's your mic specifications

No one expects the Abbasid Minah!

I wonder what on earth a naked guy doing in the prayer hall? I doubt the sanity of the painter

Can I use your content?

This is great, you are like kings and generals but better and possibly Muslim.

hello Jazib!

Again, such great info but but too fast to digest

We want Turkish subtitles, please

I was thought that al-Ma'mun was Mu'tazilite rather than Shi'ite. You guys should know that Umayyad clashes with Rashiduun Caliphate. All the Jahm, Murji'ah, Jabariyyah came from that follower of the Government. While Ahlu Bayt and Sahaba always on Sunnah to brings the right of the Ummah upon Caliphates, not the Monarchs.

Thank you for this video, very informative. However, it is incorrect that Ali Al-Rida magically died. Ma’moon poisoned the Imam. And he was not Shia, as a Shia would not poison the Imam.

No UsefulCharts video yet today so I guess I'll have to settle for watching this.......

Its a very valuable piece of work but please correct the dictation on arabic writings including haruns name which is wrongly written barun.also the sacred building in mecca is called kaaba not ghaaba

Why were the madhabs mentioned when they werent even present in thw time of mamun

Do you want me to translate your videos into Arabic?

Please Make Video.on Omar The second caliph

Could the divide in the court between blacks and greens inspired George R.R. Martin to create the black and green Targaryens in the dance of the dragons? 🤔

Great video but please note Haroon in Arabic is هارون Not بارون (Baroon)

Please there's subtitle language Indonesia, because I can little speak English

4RST

I wish he had lived longer. Islam would have been much less controversial.

**B**arun El-Rashid? Am I the only one who noticed that's what's spelled in arabic at 0:23?

Assassin's creed Mirage brought me here

I get the weirdest ads on these vids.

هارن not بارون please correct the text

12er Shia Muslims would not say Al-Mamun was a Shia, but we are only a minority. :)

and I thought I have family problems.

Al Mamun..... Such a great name 😂

Ma’moon pretended to get close to Rida only for political purposes

🔥🔥from india

The first Shia caliph? Man that was Imam Ali lol.

did imam hambali belong to this era?

Caliph al-Mamun tried to pacification of unrest in Abbasid realms.

Why do so many of these videos on Islam related topics have competing, spurious and distracting noise/music? in the background?

You should make video about islamic denominations and schools.

Al-Ma'mun Is great

Tahid emirate was replaced by Saffarid emirate.

You should mention Fazl ibn sahl the vizir of al mamun was Iranian from sarakhs!! And also his brother Hussein ibn sahl the govener of baghdad.they mostly controlled al mamun !! And al mamun commanded to kill fazl ibn sahl when he was in way to back from khorasan area to baghdad. Also the killer of al_amin was also Iranian Persian sunni muslim from Herat city (modern day Afghanistan) Taher who become the founder of Tahyrid dynasty from 821 CE to 873 CE Al mamun probably beacuse her mother was Iranian ,he cared about them more than other caliphs and from his reign we seeing the revival of Iranian Empires Tahyrid _Safarid_Samanid _Buyid and ziarid dynasty.....and from his REIGN abbasid caliphate started to lose the khorasan region

I always thought Mutezilah had too much influence from Shiates, well there can't be better proof than this video. شكرا جزيلا

Great video; but the matter of recognizing imams was not that simple in the 9th century. Before and during the Early Abassid times there were already a wide number of groups that recognized various imamic lines; most of them projecting imamhood and even al-Mahdi status on al-Saffah or his general Abu Muslim. That is, after all, how the abassids came to power, with the strong support of early shi'a persianate revolutionaries; who al-Saffah and especially al-Mahdi persecuted after they revolted again due to their immamite pretentions not being validated.

You're using a lot of images/drawings with andalusi architecture instead of abbasid architecture.

Almamun was never shia he was sunni

Theoretically the perfect religion would never split. Guess there is no perfect religion, yet.

In fact, he was a Mu’tazilite, not a Shiite, and the Mu’tazila are a sect influenced by the Greek philosophers, and they are among the people of theology, but they are worse than the Maturidis and Ash’aris because they put reason and rational interpretation at the expense of the Qur’an and the Prophet’s hadith

Al mamun was not shia neither did he influence shias. If making mutah legal or prefering Ali over other sahaba makes you shia then many sahaba were Shia by that standard since many Sahaba accepted Mutah and prefered Ali above Abu bakr and Umar. Some sahaba even prefered Ali for the leadership like zubayr, banu hashim etc.

The debate about Quran’s creation is very similar to the debates in Christianity about the nature of Christ. They all seem so trivial to our modern mind.

People in 8th century found the diameter of earth with no modern tools and today we have stupid flat earth hrs

Its incorrect to assume that the earlier Sunnis were literalist and had no room for interpretation - this was mainly a shafiite and hanbalite view, and contradicts the practices of Imam Malik and Imam Abu Hanifa

probably mutajila

Those who think that our abbasid ancestors were tyrant are deluded and bigot of highest order forgetting the fact that we all have become worst kind of tyrants in our current lives ......

Al-Mamun was a Persian-Arab Muatazilah with Pro-Alid tendencies since Muatazilah are not a fixed-sect like Sunnis & Shias, there are Pro-Ali Muatazilahs & Pro-Abu-Bakr Muatazilah! Al-Mamun started as a Pro-Ali Muatazilah. Muatazilah use Aql & Naql when it comes to Hadiths & Quranic interpretation based on the times they are living in, hence it was a Golden Age of Islam during that period. Muatazilah as a rational school of thought that were inspired by Greek & Indian Philosophy, and were of the secular softer offshoot of the violent Khawarij.

Black...what a strange color to make people wear in the desert. Wouldnt they be very hot?

Why Jerusalem was never an important city in a Muslim caliphate ? Is Jerusalem really important for Muslims ?

Mamun was influenced Murazili...not shia

Hell awaits Al-Mamun.

I thought he is a mu'tazila