The Extreme Engineering of ASML’s EUV Light Source

Рет қаралды 573,575

Күн бұрын

After 20+ years of development, extreme ultraviolet lithography has become a commercial reality. As I write these words, multi-million dollar machines from ASML use EUV light to create impossibly small patterns in wafers.
This technological magic requires a powerful heart inside of it. And indeed, there is an amazing system driving ASML's $150 million lithography machine: The EUV Light Source.
In this video, we are going to look at the lasers firing pulses at tin droplets to create the powerful, 13.5 nanometer wavelength light for our latest, greatest microprocessors.
Links:
- The Asianometry Newsletter: asianometry.com
- Patreon: / asianometry
- The Podcast: anchor.fm/asianometry
- Twitter: / asianometry

Пікірлер: 596

@Asianometry 2 жыл бұрын

Subscribe! And remember to sign up to the newsletter: asianometry.substack.com/

@daviasdf 2 жыл бұрын

Great content as always. One comment: Cymer is like symer, not kymer.

@Bhatakti_Hawas 2 жыл бұрын

Now do Gigaphoton

@NPJGlobal 2 жыл бұрын

Oh my god ,such quality niche content! what's your background and what do you work as , if I may ask? :) I might have found my new role model!

@elishmuel1976 Жыл бұрын

SUbscribed. That was a great video expalanation!

@mohamedaboelenein7727 Жыл бұрын

The video is absolutely amazing! 17 mins of this video is much more informative of what we learn in the obsolete uni system in years! Great job and thanks a lot!

@TheFulcrum2000 2 жыл бұрын

As someone working at ASML, I can say this video is surprisingly accurate.

@dannylo5875 2 жыл бұрын

Ok. I got a question. Will future tech still require chips?

@brodriguez11000 2 жыл бұрын

@@dannylo5875 : Maybe we'll go bio, or optical.

@TheFulcrum2000 2 жыл бұрын

@@dannylo5875 For the foreseeable future, yes.

@dodgedemonsrtx 2 жыл бұрын

@@TheFulcrum2000 no u don't work there

@toomaspruuden3940 2 жыл бұрын

@@brodriguez11000 This is not maybe anymore.

@Maadhawk 2 жыл бұрын

This is truly an astounding machine. Kudos to all the scientists, engineers, mathematicians, chemists, and precision fabricators for pulling it off.

@Jumpingjackflash123 4 ай бұрын

Dont forget quantum physicists

@jwbowen 2 жыл бұрын

Wow. I'd heard the phrase 'tin droplets" associated with EUV, but I had no idea they were using one laser pulse to create a convex target for the main pulse. That's absolutely ridiculous.

@Jacmac1 2 жыл бұрын

As an ASML employee, I can say that Cymer deserves all the credit for the light source, that's pronounced Sy-Mir. Cymer began development of EUV from a design perspective back in the mid 2000s. The reason ASML bought Cymer is that the two companies required close cooperation to develop an EUV light source/scanner system and this was technically difficult because of responsibilities to keep technology secrets.

@stuffstoconsider3516 8 ай бұрын

The German Trumpf has some serious contributions as well. They are among the leaders in their field.

@donniefeldick2428 5 ай бұрын

Dude, why say you work there when nobody believes that about anyone just online? Just sound smart and credit real sources like physical in person training session 3302? Like I know that also sounds silly, but bro, you just sound like a random douche know it all but just saying, I was there, totally accurate and real

@kendallevans4079 4 ай бұрын

When Cymer was in it's infancy I interviewed with them. I'm a medical laser engineer (BSEE). End story was I decided I wanted to stay on the medical end of this technology and am glad I did, but who knows where I'd be if I took them up on their offer?

@BRUXXUS 2 жыл бұрын

I has *NO* idea this is what it took to make EUV light for this manufacturing process. It's hard to believe, that out of all the people working on this, that this was the solution they landed on. Truly spectacular engineering and science. (if not straight up bonkers)

@eduwino151 2 жыл бұрын

there are Chinese fanbois who believe that china can copy and build a similar machine in 2 to 4 years, this thing took 40 years from concept to prototype to working samples

@kristofferjohnsen4002 2 жыл бұрын

@@eduwino151 Yeah but that was from scratch. You realize that with the fact that it's already been done and industrial spionage the whole equation changes, right?

@eduwino151 2 жыл бұрын

@@kristofferjohnsen4002 doesnt work like that for lithography machines , minus the research and tech transfer you cant do it , China is still struggling with reliable jet engines and those are simple tech compared to semiconductors

@theicedragon100 2 жыл бұрын

@@kristofferjohnsen4002 yes because they have the basic concept down it will only take half the time 20 years.

@metatron5199 2 жыл бұрын

@@eduwino151 just matters if the can steal the actual relevant information required to make the EUV, if they can it will allow them to cut the time down for their R&D…. I agree with you though about china and their problems with something relatively simple like jet engines….

@htlhausi 2 жыл бұрын

I heard the quote from an involved engineer that this machine is probably the most advanced piece of hardware ever contructed by a long shot. The science and engineering involved in this is almost magic and the fact that it sattisfies serial productions demands is mindblowing. ZEISS posted several videos explaining some of the science in detail if you're interested.

@manowartank8784 Жыл бұрын

i think only some one-off marvels like space telescopes, supercoliders and fusion reactors can be described as more complex... it is indeed a feat of engineering and human ingenuity and definitelly one of - if not the most advanced industrially used machine

@CRneu Жыл бұрын

This is definitely up there in terms of complications, collaborations, total human-hours, etc. These machines, each one of them, are absolute mind bonkers accomplishments of engineering. I've stood beside these new EUV tools and observed them work. Knowing what's going on inside of them blows my mind. It's just incredible.

@htomerif 2 жыл бұрын

Your channel is one of the very few channels that bridges the gap between a good lay understanding of the semiconductor industry and a professional understanding of the semiconductor industry. Its a very rare thing to find in any field. I find it interesting that the "secret" part of "trade secrets" is becoming less and less important as a smaller and smaller number of people or corporations or nations are actually capable of making use of those secrets. I appreciate the explanations that companies like ZEISS give for the construction and function of their optical systems, but on its own it doesn't really increase your understanding of how the whole process works. I get a lot of people in the maker space asking questions like "why can't we 3d print our own microchips". This is why. There's no half-assing an EUV light source. Similarly, there's no half-assing ultra-pure water or the purity and precision of reagents and gasses used in semiconductor manufacture. One microscopic droplet of process oil in a gas stream is enough to ruin a processor, or, worse, ruin a photo-mask. If you're lacking for ideas for videos, one of the things I don't really understand well is how wafers are cut and polished. I'm assuming this has had to keep up with the process nodes as well.

@TheOnlyDamien 2 жыл бұрын

I love that as well it's like "Yeah here's our secrets and research, the fuck you gonna do with this info?". Not that there aren't things to keep secure but still it's insane the degree of advancement you need to be to even begin dreaming of technology such as this even with all of the information on how to do it at your feet, what an astounding technological and international effort it was to get here. (Also amazingly explained as always by Asianometry)

@Asianometry 2 жыл бұрын

The wafer video is done. It’ll be out in a few weeks.

@htomerif 2 жыл бұрын

@@Asianometry Cool! The last I remember about how wafers were cut it involved reels of wire with diamond powder bonded to it. I'd guess there were some kind of acid washing and polishing stages after that. I could probably look it up but I won't. You seem to have a good understanding of the supply dynamics and political interactions that influence the semiconductor industry and thats an important part that wikipedia and research papers aren't even going to touch.

@eone199 2 жыл бұрын

makers are just makers, probably half of them do not study deeply about EE, do not hold a degree of anything related to it, or even something related with physics of semiconductor.. no wonder that question comes up 😂

@htomerif 2 жыл бұрын

@@eone199 I think people get the impression that Moore's law somehow applies to 3d printing. We've been stuck at (optimistically) 100 microns for 20 years for 3d printing and 10 microns for 2d printing for about the same amount of time. For me I guess its interesting to think of how you could pull off making functional electronics "at home" but you're talking about combining molecular beam epitaxy and electron beam lithography and nanometer scale additive manufacturing (which doesn't exist yet, we're still at the micron scale even in research) and now you need tubomolecular pumps and far beyond reagent grade materials and high end CNC machine tools. So I think you could make your own processor as long as you were willing to invest your life savings in a machine that could produce 1 questionable quality processor per week at a running cost of a thousand dollars a piece. For the record, though, we're sitting at the 5nm node right now (which doesn't mean 5nm at all, but that's another story) and electron beam lithography has been able to produce sub 10nm features in semiconductors since the mid 1990's. A lot of progress has been made in industry and mass production but in terms of the academic research leading it, far less progress has been made than people assume.

@rda4140 2 жыл бұрын

This makes landing rockets sound like child's play! Mind blowing science and engineering!

@rda4140 2 жыл бұрын

Looking forward to the Komatsu/Gigaphoton approach video.

@ParameterGrenze Жыл бұрын

I think it’s in the same ballpark. I wonder how one would quantify that though. And I wonder what other projects play in these league. CERN probably ?

@eightmilesupwind9030 2 жыл бұрын

The quality of videos from Asianometry has always been ASTOUNDING! The research thorough. The presentation clean and engaging. THANK YOU!

@PPIMAGEFACTORYDOTCOM Жыл бұрын

I work in the world of cinematography lighting, while I do have a knowledge of « light » and a very basic understanding of laser chemistry I am far far from being an optics engineer or physics expert…. YET the way in which you present and explain the industry needs, challenges, mitigations and solutions were EXTREMELY clear and easy to process….and in the end, HIGHLY ENJOYABLE and EDUCATIONAL. Thank you for the video and for teaching a 58year old man about something so intricate and intriguing. MORE PLEASE !

@kuantumdot 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for putting this content together! This clearly shows the insane amount of engineering and science laying the behind the piece of electronics on our hands today.

@PartTimeLaowai 2 жыл бұрын

Well now I don't feel so bad that my DIY EUV machine was a total failure.

@MoritzvonSchweinitz 2 жыл бұрын

It boggles the mind how many billions of dollars the information conatined in this video would have been worth even 10 years ago!

@eduwino151 2 жыл бұрын

nope the basic info of EUV has been freely available for years how to build the stuff that makes it work that is where the money is and nobody knows how those companies that supply those parts do it exactly

@metatron5199 2 жыл бұрын

@@eduwino151 exactly, that’s why the specialized physicist get paid the big bucks to do this work, no way around it…

@itisinfactpaul2868 2 жыл бұрын

@@eduwino151 Sure, but the point of the video isn't that the important technologies (prepulse tin) are theoretically possible, but that they ended up being the best way to go. If you could have told tsmc 10 years ago that those two technologies were the solution and to just drop everything else there, I'm sure the value could be measured in the billions.

@faithnfire4769 2 жыл бұрын

@@itisinfactpaul2868 Insert head Engineer/manager. "And that's why I get paid what I do" The clip of the CEO in that wall street movie from a few years back.

@steeletait1254 2 жыл бұрын

Hello! What a very well put together video I’m very impressed. I currently work for trumpf on the co2 drive laser. Ive sent this video to the recruitment agency who hired me they always send applicants videos like this to prep before hand

@riprod720 Жыл бұрын

Please, develop more robust RF generators. Reverse power shouldn't kill them that quickly 😆

@jon649 2 жыл бұрын

Incredible video! I would say it's your best one until now. It's nice how you went super deep in the subject (for a youtube video) keeping everything clear. Props. Keep up the good work.

@No0dz 2 жыл бұрын

What an amazing explanation of an incredibly complex process. For all the advances in computational modeling, there are still many applications where empirical experiments are still necessary, and it’s in this intersection of empirical and theoretical research that a lot of amazing solutions come up

@tim_d_jong 2 жыл бұрын

Great job of ASML ! 🇳🇱

@villageidiot8194 2 жыл бұрын

While browsing Gigaphoton's site, its EUV is definitely different, as it's using magnetic fields to direct the tin debris/ions away from the mirror. But it lists a mirror lifespan of >3 months, how will it compare to ASML 1 year replacement life for its mirrors

@L1m3r 2 жыл бұрын

At that point in this clip that was my first thought on what the solution might/would be. I could've understood magnetic mirrors/lenses for debris/ion mitigation better than the hydrogen gas (or how Asianometry did(n't) explain it in this clip).

@asmael666 2 жыл бұрын

Totally insane. Everywhere else in physics, synchrotron radiation is appreciated for its narrow spectrum. But for this application, it has too wide of a spectrum. Incredible.

@hdot2613 Жыл бұрын

The synchrotron frequency spectrum IS narrow. The video claims that it has too broad of an angular field of view.

@pakkisid 7 ай бұрын

Too divergent spatially

@Evergreen64 2 жыл бұрын

This is great. I don't think I have seen all this information covered in a single source before. Now I really understand why these machines are so expensive and take so long to make.

@Noisy_Cricket 2 жыл бұрын

The fact this works at all is mind blowing.

@artiem5262 2 жыл бұрын

When I was a physics student some decades ago, a wavelength of 13.5nm was considered "soft X-rays." But "EUV laser" is a lot more palatable than "X-ray laser" I guess...

@MarcusMedomRyding 2 жыл бұрын

If we had kept the maser/laser naming scheme alive, we could have had xasers 🥺 Edit: but after watching this video, it doesn't seem to be an actual laser? I think they just use a laser to produce the plasma, but the plasma itself doesn't lase(?)

@Jaker788 2 жыл бұрын

@@MarcusMedomRyding Correct, they laser a droplet of tin or something and that produces the EUV

@inomo 2 жыл бұрын

It is indeed soft x-rays. Extreme UV is a marketing term. So, you are right, it's a more palatable term.

@BRUXXUS 2 жыл бұрын

@@inomo Naming on the EM spectrum seems similar to the musical scale. Soft X-ray and EUV are the same, similar to how Eb and D# are the same. 😅 That’s how I look at it.

@CB-td4ck 2 жыл бұрын

Yeah it's not so much a laser as pulsed coherent light.

@wildweasel3001 Жыл бұрын

Machines like that definitely make fusion feel achievable

@michaelrenper796 2 жыл бұрын

@17:00 "This last paragraph sounded like a dialogue from a Star Trek movie." You got me here. I was depressed over quarrel with a landlord, you saved my day.

@fnw65 2 жыл бұрын

Mindblowing! Both the engineering behind EUV lithography and the quality of your videos buddy!

@covert0overt_810 2 жыл бұрын

Another home run --- every single one of your videos are gold.

@jimturpin 2 жыл бұрын

Wow! This video sort of flipped my world of understanding regarding chip manufacture upside down. We've come a long way since discovering fire and casting shadows on the cave wall.

@renardrougesombre Жыл бұрын

Awesome work, again! I was employed in some sections of semiconductor industry and I'm very glad to find such very understandable videos about highly complex themes without the common inaccuracy of modern days medias. Thanks for your work!

@WesstLmfao 2 жыл бұрын

you make the best content on KZfaq. Absolutely unrivaled in production quality and the topics

@mohamedaboelenein7727 Жыл бұрын

The video is absolutely amazing! 17 mins of this video is much more informative of what we learn in the obsolete uni system in years! Great job and thanks a lot!

@AmusicsiteCoUk 2 жыл бұрын

What an amazing system and great job at explaining it so simply.

@djnavari 2 жыл бұрын

Fantastic, another example of why I am a happy Patreon supporter. Great place to learn!

@howyoudoin2069 10 ай бұрын

After watching almost all your videos I signed up to your newsletter. Your channel is amazing and your humour is so sharp 😂 I wish I could support you more. Keep up the great work. Cheers. Glen from Sydney.

@letthetunesflow 2 жыл бұрын

Amazing video! Thank you! This was so well explained! The quality of research you put in could not have been easy to parse, let alone explain, especially in such a way a dumb dumb like me can even attempt to grasp! Bravo, and thank you! I have always been fascinated by the EUV topic, but have Found it either impenetrable, or incredibly surface level, and lacking the depth and explanation of each step of the process. Then you went even above and beyond by explaining the problems faced at each step in the design history! I don’t even wanna know how many white papers and documents you must have had to go through researching just one of these videos! P.S. On a side note: What was your research process, and how many papers did you have to read on average to write each of these scripts John?! I have become absolutely fascinated by the work involved in your script and writing&research process, almost more than the topic of the videos at this point! Care to share a little bit about that? I’m sure many others would love to know as well! Many subscribers must find the process as astonishing as I do! Thanks again!

@TheNefastor 2 жыл бұрын

Whenever I see the innards of an ASML stepper, it makes me think of those hugely complicated machines they used to keep Akira cryogenized.

@00bean00 2 жыл бұрын

Is there one here? Time, pls?

@FW190D9 2 жыл бұрын

This Video Explained it completely !! Thanks for making it !!!

@theknifedude1881 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much for the educational videos. I don’t begin to understand a lot of what you present, but I always feel that I have gained something valuable. A few weeks ago I decided to cancel my cable service and put @ least that much money into Patreon, to support the creators of the KZfaq channels I enjoy. Asianometry is one of the first channels I felt I needed to support. Thanks again.

@doniherald7745 Жыл бұрын

this is the most detailed how ASML EUV works. finally i found it, thanks.

@fugehdehyou 2 жыл бұрын

Bro I’ve been following you since you had no subs. You turned 100 to 149k subs real quick! Let’s see that writing style, in-depth analysis and entertaining commentary turned up! Let’s go 200k!

@Asianometry 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for watching!

@richteffekt Жыл бұрын

Big fan of your channel after checking out a good portion of it. I have to say thank you for enlightening me to some truly tectonic movements in science and industry both historically and currently.

@bakedbeings 2 жыл бұрын

Fantastic explanation once again, thanks John 🙏

@pdsnpsnldlqnop3330 2 жыл бұрын

Brilliant episode, thanks!

@ddegn 2 жыл бұрын

At 16:51 you said *"the modern day moon landing."* Just moments before I was thinking *'This makes the moon landing look easy.'* Thanks for another interesting video.

@truefan1367 2 жыл бұрын

Extreme is an understatement. All this to only create a specific light is INSANE!

@PlanetFrosty 2 жыл бұрын

The most interesting thing is that light hold the key to the next phase of electronics or photonics more properly, as we now are at the cusp of digital optical transistors and Qbit transistors made from light sensitive protein. This is my companies work and we’ll be coming to Taiwan soon to bring these to production reality. Our work will include super computer for development, laboratory and more.

@G4m3G3ni3 2 жыл бұрын

Please elaborate more. One question I have would be if in your opinion we could see such a product in a niche application on the market that would be better in one or multiple categories than traditional silicon and what those categories would most likely be and how this would be achieved compared to the present. Or do you have some whitepaper or Research-/Businessplan I could read to catch up on?

@apptouchtechnologies3722 2 жыл бұрын

Sign me up for an SDK…..

@TheAlgorath 2 жыл бұрын

A) Holy Shit B) Can they run Crisis?

@dannylo5875 2 жыл бұрын

please elaborate. You do have a tech company doing this?

@CBaggers 2 жыл бұрын

That is bonkers. Utterly mind-blowing machine. I love this channel.

@ngocbui3761 Жыл бұрын

Thank you for the deep coverage of the technology. I enjoyed it very much. Great work. You’ve earned a new subscriber.

@jacobmcdonald2907 2 жыл бұрын

Love your videos! You always seem to find the right topics

@avinashdas1013 2 жыл бұрын

Very awesome technology analysis. Great video. Love ❤️

@scottfranco1962 2 жыл бұрын

That was an awesome overview of the ASML system, thank you. On to 200k.

@PalCan 2 жыл бұрын

Brilliant! I absolutely love high tech like this and you've been able to put it all in simple words for a lay man like me. I knew that ASML machines are notoriously difficult to manufacture, but didn't know the details behind it. Thank you for sharing

@michaeldomansky8497 2 жыл бұрын

Outstanding presentation! Thanks!

@petebuttons210 2 жыл бұрын

As a lens technician I found this video very interesting. Great work.

@peterfranz286 2 жыл бұрын

Great conclusion paragraph- very stylish

@paulpedersen1329 2 жыл бұрын

OMG. This is far beyond what I had imagined.

@williamsellner8855 2 жыл бұрын

You do such a good job always a pleasure watching

@Candyapplebone 2 жыл бұрын

Hitting liquid tin droplets 💧 with two separate lasers simultaneously at perfectly calculated angles, 80 times a second, to create a light conversion efficiency six times greater than the YAG laser… WOW

@cbaurtx Жыл бұрын

50000 times a second, not 80!

@allenhr325 Жыл бұрын

Thank you for sharing this

@TCDooM 2 жыл бұрын

Thanks. Awesome learning about what seems to be one of the most complicated engineering by humans.

@Manhattan_69 2 жыл бұрын

Loved ur way of explaining things ❤️.

@richardbates6311 2 жыл бұрын

Good job on the video - keep-em coming!

@dukephuongnguyen2053 Жыл бұрын

Great video. Thank you for the knowledge. Will watch your other videos and I will continue to learn

@ufox77 2 жыл бұрын

Fantastic video, thank you.

@MenkoDany 2 жыл бұрын

As a programmer, few of the many university lectures on how cpus/silicon circuits work enlightened me about how it all truly works as much as your channel has!

@ParameterGrenze Жыл бұрын

I am always intimidated by real engineers on this level of proficiency. With software development, you always have comparatively more margin for errors when you design a system. Engineering like this that requires you to get things right on the first try with so much investment involved is crazy.

@bassmechanic237 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for these amazing topics you cover.

@Carstuff111 Жыл бұрын

And this is just one of many reason why I have been into physics and all the sciences since I was a kid!

@mathewschau9361 Жыл бұрын

I got the opportunity to hack apart one of the tin covered mirrors in my undergrad. Unintentional tin coating is still very much an issue today

@runthejules91 6 ай бұрын

2 years on you almost got the 20k likes :) Love your content brother!

@brad9529 2 жыл бұрын

Cool best information on this tech to date, thanks for your attention to details 😀

@Geogrn 2 жыл бұрын

The quality of videos from Asianometry has always been ASTOUNDING! The research thorough. The presentation clean and engaging

@IAmNumber4000 2 жыл бұрын

Kinda want to find one of these ultra-clean mirrors and lay a big greasy fingerprint on it

@shangtsung2450 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for posting this. I'm looking forward to see your video on Gigaphoton.

@mm-qd1ho 2 жыл бұрын

Well done video! Really good

@ChristophFretter 2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for this great video!

@stachowi 2 жыл бұрын

great video, especially at the end

@theoriginaltoadnz 2 жыл бұрын

This was very interesting. Thankyou.

@fugehdehyou 2 жыл бұрын

That’s crazy. Shoot a pre-pulse then smack it with a big pulse. That’s straight laser DP right there no cap 🤣

@simonbrown8509 2 жыл бұрын

Very good video, many thanks indeed.

@JF-xq6fr 4 ай бұрын

Even if you understand every bit of this, it still feels incomprehensibly magical.

@odaialzrigat 2 жыл бұрын

Amazing content, wish you talked more about Cymer as a company.

@sleeptyper 2 жыл бұрын

20+ kW in, 250W out. Oh well, at least the factory has no problem heating the place.

@yoshyoka Жыл бұрын

You have to hit 50k tin droplets a second, shot at 80m/s with a laser, twice. ASML: "hold my beer!"

@ThisIsANameBruh 2 жыл бұрын

This reminds me of a scene in the Expanse season 4 where the Rocinante's reactor stops producing plasma from fuel pellets. It literally shows a pellet falling and lasers hitting it but failing to create plasma.

@m2heavyindustries378 2 жыл бұрын

Inertial confinement fusion!!! I was also just reminded of that from this video

@tylerdurden3722 2 жыл бұрын

There are prototype machines that does this. (not successful enough though)

@edstud1 Жыл бұрын

Amazing how scientists and engineers can push the boundaries of technology!

@surewill8190 2 жыл бұрын

very interesting stuff , love the vids , please do the video on GIGAPHOTON approach as well

@deeacosta2734 Жыл бұрын

This might be your best video.

@honestabe1940 9 ай бұрын

Good job!

@TheFatblob25 Жыл бұрын

Almost unbelievable that these kinds of machines can be dreamed up, fabricated & assembled, fine tuned & then work.

@SiddharthMathur2k007 2 жыл бұрын

Very awesome and engaging documentary! 👌🏼 Channel subscribed!

@davidmurray3685 9 ай бұрын

Just subscribed to your channel based on this amazing video. This was brilliant. Thank you 💡💡🙏🙏

@billmichae Жыл бұрын

Superb presentation!

@saretgnasoh7351 2 жыл бұрын

OMG, truly ASTOUNDING 😱😱

@cnccarving Жыл бұрын

yes, pulsed lasers has ""more"" energy output than continous the popular laser engravers using pulsed lasers from 20khz up to 4000-8000 khz at 20 khz a 20 watt input can result several kw output in the momentum in a very tiny spot like 0,01 mm

@alexbarnett8541 2 жыл бұрын

That's an insanely complex light source. Imagine they figure out a way simpler method after all that? That would be funny and a good thing.

@rickandreae3943 2 жыл бұрын

I mean.. basically its a particle source.. tin just has the right frequency

@eduwino151 2 жыл бұрын

that thing is literally a mini particle accelerator it is the simpler method

@Sagittarius-A-Star 2 жыл бұрын

This is insane engineering!

@kezmantun 2 жыл бұрын

fantastic video!

@The16979 2 жыл бұрын

Nice explanation

@kenoliver8913 2 жыл бұрын

Your best and most insightful post so far. I particularly liked the conclusion, because it is something I have spent a career arguing in a quite unrelated field. The guys who control the money in this world (including government money) underrate the importance of getting the theoretical basic science right for industrial R&D. Engineers who say "best to just do a seat of the pants trial and error approach" really do not understand how technology actually works.