How similar is Galician to Portuguese? Find out in my new video: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jtmieLeGm5OxgZc.html

One small thing to keep in mind is that Old Norse as shown in this video is really Old West Norse, the direct ancestor of Icelandic, Faroese and Norwegian, while Swedish and Danish descend from Old East Norse. The differences were small, but this is why Icelandic often looks identical rather than just really similar, and there are some differences which would have already existed in the 1200s between Swedish and what you see here. The reason he's using Old West Norse is because all Old Norse literature (so not counting inscriptions) is in OWN, mostly written in Iceland. Swedes and Danes at the time were writing in Latin.

I wish i had something more valuable to add but “Snjorbert” is so fucking hilarious and precious. I hope the name becomes common in future.

What I got from this video is that whenever someone tells me they are studying Old Norse it is just a fancy way of saying they are learning Icelandic.

As an American who moved to Sweden when I was 30 (40 years ago), but has also studied a bit of German, I did better that the Dane and Norwegian and about as well as the Swede, but the Icelander was probably bored with this as being way too easy.

The Swedish name for the bird is Blåmes

I think we should learn Icelandic in Swedish schools.

As a Norwegian Speaker, I could more or less understand the sentences in the same way as you. I don't really understand how the Norwegian guy performed so badly compared to the Danish guy.

Interesting to see a Swede try this one. It would be interesting to watch a video by a Faroese person on this topic.

As a German all I understand is that Scandinavian languages sound kinda hot 😂

Modern Icelandic is virtually indistinguishable to Old Norse. I have been learning Icelandic for 3 years and I understood almost all sentences in spoken and written way.

This was fun, thanks for giving it a go. It's a shame there wasn't a Swede to get involved with that video.

I watched the original vid a few months ago and its cool to get a Swedish take on this.

Nice that a Swede finally showed up. Jk. I have only studied Old English. I was able to get most of it right. The last sentence 'vinr með vængi hefir þann óvin er flýgr'. I thought it was friends with wings. I have a habit of thinking Old Norse -r are secret -iz, so I make them -s in my head. English still has win in names like Godwin. I guess in OE words, it might be like 'Wine mid feðra hafian þone unwine (x) flyge'. I know we borrowed wing from old Norse. It works better than just saying feathers.

Interesting, in east-swedish, or more archaic swedish dialects in finland the transcripton of swedish for these sentences would be: 1 snöjin fåll in da i skojin 2 mang fåoglar bodd i hanje skojin 3 i he högsta trie i skojin, så byggd två "birds" boe sett 4 furi he att stormin komm, så stjield kråkon eggjen därasas / kråkon tärasas egg 5 in kamrat (vän) me "som har" vingan har (se) in fiend (ovännin) som "kann flyg" flygär

As a dane from the most northern Jutland (skagen), i understand most Swedish and Norwegian dialects, Icelandic is hard also the faroe island. But in writing i can actually understand a big part of it.

I wonder if Jackson Crawford could please do a video where he speaks Proto-Indo-European and sees if he can be understood by a Lithuanian, a Sanskrit scholar, and a Zoroastrian who knows the language of the Avesta.

This was amazingly fun and educational

I wonder if hreidhr, nest, is related to cradle or crater (Moore's law - germanic languages turned initial k into initial h)

Fascinating video! (And I really like your voice!)

Ohh, I hardly speak Swedish or Danish but I absolutely recognized way more than I expected!

This was very interesting to me. I love exploring language and word origins. I've been a prolific reader ever since childhood. That was both a blessing and a curse: as a result, I had a much larger vocabulary than my peers, (and I was always more comfortable conversing with adults), which made me a "card-carrying member" of the "out" crowd. That said, it allowed me to become very good at expressing myself on paper. I was a shy child, and writing came much more easily to me than speaking. The downside of that, however, was that I learned grammar, syntax, flow, and spelling from all the reading I did: by osmosis. By the time we got to school lessons on parts of speech, subjectives, clauses, (relative and otherwise), I was totally lost, and none of it made a bit of sense to me. I could write well, get good grades on essays, and help others correct their papers, but I just never got a handle of the technical terminology; I just did it. Now that I'm 75, It's a bit late to start again. LOL I did study some French in junior high and high school, and again as a mid life student in community college, but I never became fluent. Why? I got tripped up in exactly the same technicalities. If I can't do it in my native English, I sure couldn't master it in French! I did get vindicated to some extent in a college essay and composition class, when we were all asked our pet peeves about English studies. Mine, (and a few others) mentioned diagramming sentences. I never could get it right. There was a round of applause when the professor exclaimed, "Diagramming sentences is bullshit!" During that same college period, I took a voice class, and the instructor had us singing Italian arias. She said it is the easiest language in which to learn to sing, because of the preponderance of vowels. We also learned that Spanish, French, and Italian all began as Latin, and today, Italian remains the closest to the original Latin, with Spanish next, and French being furthest away. I must say, though, that I am impressed with other countries in which people routinely learn multiple languages. Everyone in this video certainly has a much better grasp of English than I do of French! (And there is French in my ancestry, which was my main reason for studying that language. In 20/20 hindsight though, as a California native, Spanish would have been far more useful!)

Hi! Norse historical linguist here. Swedish/Classical West Old Norse (as in this video) Snö föll en dag i skogen. Snjór fell einn dag í skóginum. Marge/Många fåglar boddo i denna skog. Margir fuglar bjuggu í þessum skógi. I det högsta trä(det) byggdo(/gjordo) två mesar rede sitt. Í því hæsta tré byggðu(/gørðu) tveir meisingar(/meisar) hreiður(/hreið(r)i) sitt. Men/Än ”ijåns än”/före stormen kom, stal (en) kråka dera(s) ägg. En áðr en stormrinn kom, stal kráka þeira egg. Vän med vingar haver den ovän/fiende som flyger. Vinr með vængi hefir þann óvin er flýgr.

Love your shirt mate!

I have seen the episode reacted to before and getting a Swedes take was interesting. The Swede did better than the Norwegian but I don't think that is typical, Torleif was probably quite handicapped by his local Norwegian dialect. As an Icelander I could only do like Óskar did: Nod with a knowing grin on my face! Jackson, the 'Murican Cowboy, perfectly explains the the technicalities - how words have changed over a millennia, sometimes subtly, sometimes quite a lot but always with some common root.

You have a delightful accent, thank you.

Interesting that the word "hefir" and the Swedish word "haver" which were with the old spelling spelled "hafer" but the "f" was pronounced as a "v" was not mentioned in the last sentence. "Vän med vingar haver den ovän som flyger" is kind of archaic in form and a bit poetic in style but makes perfect sense in Swedish :-)

As a Austrian whose motherlanguage is the stirian dialect it was not that bad I understood some

I know an odd mix of languages. I know English, Spanish... normal. But, I also know American Sign Language, Pidgeon Signed English, and Sigh Exact English. The relationship an original language has with it's "offspring languages" is uncanny and the most spectacular mixes occur. I could research this all day. I grew up bi-lingual with English and American Sign Language, which is not English on the hands, it is it's own unique language including syntax, grammatical structure and all. Fascinating, thanks.

Interesting! Why didn't they invite any Swedes and Faroese in this video?

We learned runes in school, still it's been a long time since

Since it wasn't linked, here is the original video without Chirpy's chirping: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/a7OCmbl5up_KomQ.html

So "adr en" is like "early more than storm" meaning "more early than storm"; so "before storm". That is absolutely fascinating to me. When I study Biblical Greek, I sometimes come across areas where the King James Bible translators misinterpreted the words because the literal words just sound too awkward to them, but really we just need to accept that what sounds awkward for Greek students did not necessarily sound awkward for ancient Greek-speakers. A more literal translation always comes to better doctrine, so I've learned to just accept whatever is written without getting clever about it. That experience makes it very easy for me to accept "adr en", once I know something about what the words mean.

My husband is Icelandic and this sounds very similar to when I listen to him talk to his family.

I am a (bad) Swedish speaker who took it for 3 years in Uni and can speak it somewhat conversationally.... long story short, I can understand some Old Norse, and there are some patterns you can watch for to make it easier especially once you know what to listen for I imagine for a native speaker it's even easier lol

Margir fuglar bjuggu i pessum skogi? sounds like: Magic bird brings pressure (in/to the) nest. Which is a total legitim old saying for bringing dept into the marriage.

This is really interesting. Another interesting video is Dr Crawford with Simon Roper having a conversation, one in O.d Norse, the other in Old English.

I heard him say: bargir fjuklar jokull i festin skogin not: margir figlar bjuggu í þessum skogin 🤣

I don't know how the norwegian guy managed to not get the "snow"-one. It sounds pretty much the same in Norwegian... Maybe he doesn't hear other dialects that much

Scotland we have the "Gaelic" pronounced Garlic, but I don't speak it so I'm no help for an opinion but it so interesting to hear an old language..

Nice! yeah completely true for me as well .... I once tried to say to some woman from island she should just talk and I want to see what I can understand. Yeps that was basically nothing except numbers, although written those sentences here made much more sense than nothing. Danish Norwegian Swedish all fine more or less even in most of the dialects if they speak slowly enough and you can listen on to get some idea. But Icelandic is really that far that it's completely different in a way But German english and differences between swedish and norwegian really help somehow. Not so much into danish as not really experience but short time exposure. I know numbers and that is pretty interesting and kind of origin of french 80. And for islandic its really about special words also, that you need to know it seems to use other languages for understanding. A really difficult thing I can imagine because from old German I would understand quite much where dutch people are quite lost I imagine. And funnily I also have the feeling that English native speakers might do surprisingly well if they have some idea about any of Danish Norwegian or swedish. Also, I noticed that many times that you get quite easily stuck on some kind of interpretation of foreign words in general and that's why your imagination is just zero kind of. But to overcome the barrier you need much more than one sentence and thrn everyone will find something similar with their own language and figure out the rest, unless you switch off. Given that you know some stuff which is not very much though.

Hah! As a fluent Greek and Spanish speaker, I'm reminded of when I read the Koine Greek from the Bible and compare it to the modern Greek (but the differences are nowhere this drastic). Koine Greek vs modern Greek is more like the difference in Spanish and Portuguese, where you can, with some time and patience, understand the meaning of at least 70% of what the other person is saying or writing. This comparison in the video was probably more like Spanish vs French, where both parties might be able to understand 20%-30% of each other?

5 sentence "Vänner med vingar har fiender som flyger" that´s what I got out of it.

In my Yorkshire dialect I understood a fair bit, we've got 1.5K old norse words #1 skog - forest En - one Snoo fell en day i skog #2 Mardi - angry Fuglen - bird Brigg Bridge - like a brigg of sticks so nest I in Pessem skogi - thissen ( this one) skog probs an individual tree #3 In this hasty tree in the forest a (type of bird) sits, theres a word with R that's ab weaving strings together cunt remember it) bridged their nest together. #4 An olden strom came the krow got their eggs stollen Written it looks like Another storm ran through the krow stalls their egg (stall as in outweighs stores too) Another ringin storm kom kraka stalled their eggs. I Yorkshire #5 With vanity,,,, he flew Written Winter with envy hafs Odin flying So an analogy po crazy weather Or than Odin flying.

Jag skulle kunna sitta och leka sånt här i några timmar varje vecka, det är rätt kul. 😁

I'll play along a bit. I'm Californian, which doesn't help, but I study alot of ancient Greek, so maybe the first two will help me guess number 3 (I'm at 14:28). Looks like: "In the rising/spring tree in the forest, living there a messenger (some type of bird) sits". I'll reply after it's explained.

Now I'm at 34:54, #5. So if "med" is "with" it must be from Greek, because Greek "met/meta" is "with". Could "thann" be another form of comparative "than"? So "more above than", meaning "over"; similar to "before" from #4? "Hefir" is probably not "higher" because we had "highest" earlier and it was not very similar. Oh! Maybe "vinr" is related to "wind". "Hefir" may likely be the bird this time, so I'll just use a "hawk". "Er" could mean "air" maybe (just a shot in the dark). Perhaps we have a first-person plural passive verb in there, or some other grammar to the same result, so the bird is flying over "us". Well, maybe the three word "thann ovin er" is a phrase which refers to the air above, so then refers to the sky. Maybe something like "Winded with wings, hawk more than above air flies." So, in plain English: "On winded wings a hawk flies the air above." Let's find out now [pressing play]. [Pause] Ok, no "hawk", but instead proverbial. That actually makes more sense to me; using a proverbial structure makes it a bit of a trick question. I suppose if it's proverbial, the word "thann" may be "then", giving a cause-effect structure for a proverb. "Wind with wing higher, then above air fly" That is proverbial, and has no bird mentioned. I'll have to do an Old English one of these; I don't know why KZfaq recommended Old Norse before Old English. [pressing play again] [Pause] Not "air" but instead it's just part of the clause. I was thinking "when" before "wind" and I should have gone back to that as soon as I knew it was proverbial. "When with wing heaving---" really, it could be "wind" or "when", what do I know? "When/wind with wing heaving (lifting), then over flies." I'm at 37:55 now, and I'm satisfied with my final guess. [play] Ooohh. "Friend" and "unfriend". "Hefir" is like "have". Interesting that I came up with "heaving" before "having", and I didn't know "heaving" means "lifting", but I looked up "heaving", and "lifting" seemed like an excellent fit. Apparently "wind" was rather reasonable, especially considering I started watching with literally zero concept of what Norse languages are like. I was surprised to discover they're similar to English, because they've always sounded extremely foreign to my ear. "Thann" being "that" makes sense, but there are too many things that, from my perspective, would make sense there. This was fun. I've gone from all Norse languages sounding like mere sounds to me, to now having a bit of a vague awareness of how Norse languages relate to Greek and English. I like having some vague awareness of things, so this has been incredibly informative for me. I think it's very cool that Icelandic is almost the same as Old Norse. Really, it's still the same language, just a specific dialect. That's cool how Iceland has preserved that aspect of yall's shared heritage. I'm going to go watch something like this about Old English now; I should fare much better. Cheers.

A cow (heifer) got wings then it flew into the oven. Easy!

I just been told about Google translator so i played with this whilst watching the vid back and forth. Google translates the written word perfectly (nearly perfectly) first go from Norse to Icelandic. But it struggles with the written word. But again better in norse to icelandic

Stackars norrman. XD They said it's "live" in the second sentence and he just missed that somehow. Then talks about missing hair hahaha, and says "byggur" when he can read that it's not that. 22:15 Yeah difficult one but knowing what it is it still makes so much sense. (22:35 Surely you also got "sitt".) You did really well, and better than the Dane even overall.

Having just spent a week in Norway and also seeing this, I find it funny how we have some things in German that may not be the normal way to say or pronounce sth by the books but we might still use them in colloquial speech and even jokingly. Jau instead of ja for yes is something we definitely use. Fuglar reminds me of Fugel (which is just a funny way of saying Vogel (v=f in this case)). And snakker sounds almost like schnacken, which they say in the North of the country. Also found it interesting how (when I was there) I always knew what people were talking about, just not what exactly they were saying. And there was one sentence I even understood in its entirety (felt so proud of myself lol). I mean that all makes sense (and is besides the point of the video bc German isn't North Germanic) but still, fascinating. Shame that the West Germanic languages are mostly either rather dominant like German or English or going extinct like Frisian or Low Saxon (both of which I understand perfectly well if it's the right dialect).

I know no Scandinavian languages at all, though I am fluent in Russian and very familiar with French and Spanish. So I am going purely by instinct. And I haven't listened to the translation of the fourth sentence yet, and at first something told me there was something there about boiling an egg in a pot, which I'm sure is ridiculously wrong, but the context suggests something about the birds protecting their eggs through a storm.

The first sentence I hear is "Señor (Snjor) fell one day while chewing on Skoal Tobacco."

Since this is Old West Norse as someone pointed out in the comments, Is there someone who can speak Old East Norse so that we can see if it's easier for the Danish and Swedes to understand ?

On number 4, you were too quick for me to try to hear "storm come" before you said it, but it sounds like that even in English. Sounded like "olden storm come"; could it be related to "Odin"? The next to last word sounded like the same word as before, "two". The last word sounds like "egg" or "ek". "Ek" would be "out" from Greek. "Egg" would fit the bird theme. Oh. you said "crash" or "crush", but it sounds like "crack". Maybe it's "an Odin storm comes and cracks out the sky in two" or something. I'm rearranging the syntax there. So "An Odin storm comes, sky crack two out". Let's see what is written. You suggest "one year a storm came". I forgot that "en" in Greek is both "in" and "one". I'll guess one last time based on that. "One year one storm came, cracking all their eggs." Final guess.

im not a language person. but as a swede i found this very interesting

Is this the equivalent of an english speaker hearing old english

The Engish word for that bird is a Blue Tit. As someone from North East England, I understood a tiny bit, but not a huge amount. I do find it interesting that for all I may not have understood much of it, it was interesting that it doesn't sound foreign to me.

The second sentence would be "Mikkler/mikkel/marger fugler byggde i isum skuojem/isu raisę." in Elfdalian, I think. I think it would be "Mikklör fuglör bodd i issöm skojem/issö raisi." in Orsamål. Elfdalian isn't that different from Orsamål or the other dialects in Ovansiljan, but nobody studies the other ones, everybody studies only Elfdalian...

So that bird was of the tit family, or mes in Swedish. Not sure of the specifics of each but blåmes (bluetit), tofsmes (crested tit), svartmes (coal tit) and also going back to the tit-root as in talltita (willow tit)

Some sentences he set of sentences that dont sound nordic setment in right order more like opposite english or am i mistaken?

This was hard, understood 35%. I bet Icelander understood 90%. Funny thing, i understand old English far better than old Norse. Btw, i live in Sweden. Oh yeah, you forgot to bring someone from the Faroe Islands and somenone from Gotland who speaks old Gute. Those guys would understand old Norse easiest. I know people who speak old Gute can communicate perfectly with Icelandic people.

It's interesting you saying as a native Swedish speaker you understand Norwegian the most. I don't know any related/clustered languages but as an English speaker Norwegian sounded the most similar

All the sentences seem to be a part of a story, so by the 3rd sentence, I'm hearing storm, come, crack, egg without the written form. The only language I know related to Old Norse is English.

This vas very good adition, really missed Sweden, and Færeyjar, i am from iceland,

With respect to the word "haesta" for "highest," in English, we have "hoist ": e.g., to hoist a flag. So maybe that has Norse roots.

32:29 I would guess that "earlier on" is pretty close.

My best attempt at converting the sentences to the Swedish dialect of the same period. Probably full of mistakes and inconsistencies. Snior fiol en dagh i skoghenum. Manger fughlar byghþu i þæssum skoghi. I þy høghsta træ i skoghenum, byghþu tve(r) mæsingar reþer sitt. Æn arla æn stormrin kom, stal kraka þera æg. Ven mæþ vinga haver þæn oven ær fliugher (flygher?). A thing of note is that this is just the written form. Some differences are pretty much just arbitrary spelling differences, like snior / snjór. I've left out vowel length markers (so kraka instead of kraaka or kráka)

So as an English speaker just like the Swedish Danish and Norwegian speaking people we couldn’t go back in time and speak with our ancestors, i heard old English maybe some from England or Scotland Ireland or Wales could understand but as an American i was thinking maybe Scandinavians could understand it more and the Icelandic dude basically understand anything from the old Norse and probably a lot of old English too

How old is it the old linguege?

Ja! Interessant, at efter den islandske lærer, den danske fattet mest af old Norse. Selvom det burde være en normand. Men han var på den sidste plads. Jeg er russisk og bor i DK i 25 år. Jeg forstår nu en hel del svensk, og det kunne jeg ikke for 15 år siden. Den 1 sætning i old nordisk forstod jeg faktisk med det samme. Jeg har ikke studeret dansk på universitetet. Men een ting undrer mig: Det er umuligt at vide hvordan en old norse lød. Inven ved hvordan de arkaiske sprog var udtalt. Det tettæste på old norse er den modern islandsk, men alligevel...Absolut ingen sikkerthed.

Interesting that Welsh for to live is byw.

Lífit es dauðafærð...

Same for me, as spanish guy, pretending understand latin.

I really like "Danaveldi" ( being Danish meself ) 😉 - we should be using that one instead of "Danmark" 😂 Today it would be "Danervælde" = Dane Rule.

Manige Fugels buden in þissem Schagen.

wonder what the Norvegian guy is doing in this company

as a norwegian, the norwegian guy is so embarrassing

Old Norse writing on the thumbnail looks similar to Ethiopian/Eritrean ge’ez alphabets. Even down to the punctuation marks. Very fascinating.

Wiktionary about Norwegian "høg": From Middle Norwegian høg, from Old Swedish hø̄gher, from an Eastern variant of Old Norse hár, Proto-Germanic *hauhaz, from the Proto-Indo-European root *kewk-. Supplanted descendants of Old Norse hár in most dialects, although forms such as håg still exist. Compare Swedish hög, Danish høj, and English high. Wiktionary about Danish "høj": From Old Danish høgh, from Old Norse (east) *haugʀ, (west) hár, hór, from Proto-Germanic *hauhaz, *haugaz (“high”), cognate with Norwegian Nynorsk høg, Norwegian Bokmål høy, Swedish hög, English high, German hoch, Dutch hoog.

You might do better than you might otherwise think if you are very familiar with old German of old English for that matter.

In a way, there are also similarities with Dutch.

If this is genuine, you're even better than Mic!

So what does the sentence ""A friend with wings has the enemy that flies" actually mean? It is not correct in Modern English and it doesn't sound like any English proverb.

Can a modern English speaker understand old Saxon lol

That looks likes old turkic. Lol.

Titmouse is tofsmes in Swedish. That sentence was easy!

"Old Norse is basically the mother of all Scandinavian languages". 100% Wrong. "Old Norse" is just a modern word for "Norrøn" which simply means "Old Icelandic" or "Northern Scandinavian". However, the language spoken by the Danish Vikings "Dansk Tunge" is referred to in the oldest Icelandic text "Fyrsta málfræðiritgerðin" as another language than Old Norse.

According to Wiktionary, Swedish "många" and Norwegian and Danish "mange" are from Old Norse "mangr", not from Low Saxon.

As a native English speaker (from Australia), I'd fare much, much worse listening to Old English...

Why did they not have a Swede?

Tre uccelli hanno costruito il nido nella foresta e si sono seduti??? Vabbè è del tutto incomprensibile. Prima che arrivasse una corrente un branco di uccelli rubarono le loro uova???😂😂😂😂😂😂 Incomprensibile onestamente

no but an icelandic speaker probably could

I'm a Norwegian speaking Italian and I did better than the Dane and the Norwegian. I feel proud. :D

My take is the 38:37 minute.

I love vikings

Have not studied any Scandinavian language or Old Norse. But being of Viking descent I'll have crack. Wine with friends is easier than wine with enemies.🤷.

4. "adr" must be related to "arla" in Swedish. "Arla" is an old word for "early".

Here´s a Comparison of modern Germanic languages with the original language spoken by the Vikings in the Danelaw. The ancient Viking language "Danske Tunge" is mentioned in the oldest Icelandic text "Fyrsta málfræðiritgerðin". Here´s a recipe for nut oil written in Danske Tunge by the Danish doctor Hænrik Harpestræng who died in 1244. This text is older than most Icelandic Sagas. Please note that Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian has preserved the original common and neutral articles "en" and "et", as opposed to Icelandic which has no such articles: 1100-1200s Dansk Tunge: "Man skal takæ en dysk mæth nutæ kyærnæ oc en æggy skalæ full mæth salt oc en æggy skalæ full mæth het wat oc latæ them samæn i en heet mortel oc stampæ thæt wæl oc writhæ gømæn et klæthæ". Modern Danish: Man skal tage en tallerken med nøddekerner og en æggeskalfuld med salt og en æggeskalfuld med hedt vand og hælde dem sammen i en hed morter og stampe det godt og vride det gennem et klæde. Standard Norwegian: Du må ta en tallerken med nøttekjerner og et eggeskall fullt av salt og et eggeskall fullt av varmt vann og helle dem sammen i en varm morter og banke godt og vri det gjennom et klede. Modern Swedish: Man ska ta en tallrik med nötkärnor och ett äggskal fullt med salt och ett äggskal fullt med varmt vatten och hälla ihop dem i en het mortel och stampa det väl och vrida igenom en trasa. Modern English: Take a plate of nut kernels and an eggshell full of salt and an eggshell full of hot water and pour them together in a hot mortar and pound it well and wring it through a cloth. Modern Icelandic: Taka þarf disk af hnetukjörnum og eggjaskurn fulla af salti og eggjaskurn af heitu vatni og hella saman í heitt mortéli og þeyta vel og þrýsta í gegnum klút. Modern German: Man nimmt einen Teller Nusskerne, eine Eierschale voll Salz und eine Eierschale voll heißes Wasser, gießt beides in einen heißen Mörser, zerstampft es gut und wringt es durch ein Tuch. Modern Dutch: Je moet een bord met notenpitten en een eierschaal vol zout en een eierschaal vol heet water nemen en deze samen in een hete vijzel gieten en goed stampen en door een doek uitwringen. Modern Frisian: Do moatst in plaat mei nutepitten en in aaiskûl fol sâlt en in aaiskop fol waarm wetter nimme en dy byinoar yn in hite moarmer skine en goed klopje en troch in doek wringje.

Icelandic is the most similar to old norse so I'm wondering maybe it's more reliable than a recostructed old norse from the 1200?