Studies of demographic changes in the vast territories of the Eurasian steppe in the Bronze and Iron Ages are continuing. The area was inhabited by various nomadic populations, which had a significant impact on cultural development in both Asia and Europe. The most famous of the Western Eurasian groups are representatives of the pit culture. Past genomic studies have revealed significant migrations of nomadic peoples associated with the pit culture of the Bronze Age, throughout Eurasia, about 5 thousand years ago. Migrations introduced Caucasian components to later European populations. Also in Central Europe, the pit culture was the ancestor of the culture of battle axes, which, according to a distinctive tradition, put stone axes into men's graves. After that, the genetic traces of the pit culture were found in many subsequent ancient and modern populations. However, the Black Sea-Caspian steppe was crucial not only for the migration of the early Bronze Age, but also for subsequent movements and demographic transformations in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, between 1800 BC. and 400 AD This period covers the development of the ethnocultural association of the log-cultural and historical community and the Alakul variant of the Andronovo culture, about 1800-1200. BC e. associated with small settlements from the Urals to Dnieper Upland.
And from about 1000 BC. er In the western part of the Black Sea-Caspian steppe, Pre-Scythian nomadic groups began to appear, including Cimmerians, known from historical sources. Despite regional differences and local features, Cimmerians were not associated with homogeneous types of archaeological material cultures. In the seventh century BC, they were replaced by the Scythians, who ousted the Cimmerians to Anatolia. Between 700 and 300 BC. er Scythians, which are cattle-breeding, nomadic groups of the new militarized type, dominated the Black Sea-Caspian and Kazakh steppes, occupying the area from Altai to the Carpathians. However, around 300 BC their positions were significantly shaken by the intensification of hostile relations with the Macedonians in the west and the invasion of the Sarmatians from the east. Sarmatians and Scythians were believed to have coexisted for several centuries, but eventually the Scythians fell under the onslaught of Sarmatians. The Sarmatians, believed to have been composed of a number of similar nomadic groups, became the most influential political force in the eastern outskirts of the Roman Empire at that time. And the fall of the Sarmatians was associated with the attack of the Goths, around 400 AD, and the subsequent invasion of the Huns. However, the population interactions of the nomads of the Black Sea-Caspian steppe among themselves remain insufficiently studied.
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Created on the basis of research:
Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads
Авторы: Maja Krzewińska, Gülşah Merve Kılınç, Anna Juras, Dilek Koptekin, Maciej Chyleński, Alexey G. Nikitin, Nikolai Shcherbakov, Iia Shuteleva, Tatiana Leonova, Liudmila Kraeva, Flarit A. Sungatov, Alfija N. Sultanova, Inna Potekhina, Sylwia Łukasik, Marta Krenz-Niedbała, Love Dalén, Vitaly Sinika, Mattias Jakobsson, Jan Storå and Anders Götherström
Science Advances 03 Oct 2018:
Vol. 4, no. 10, eaat4457
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4457
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