Thanks for bringing such a rubber-meets-the-road, plain talk, straightforward expert into our ever-expanding band of Zetnerds! Skye was terrific!!!! He was just so real and relatable!

Skye is a wonderful speaker and educator. Always excited to hear what he has to say. Thank you Nick ❤

Skye Cooley & Nick did an amazing job in class today. Next speaker for Episode U, Larry Smith is Amazing too.

As a geologist from Morocco, thank you for sharing great videos. All the best!

Great episode! So many comments I want to make but it would go on for hours. Great guest, great topics and great ending too. The whole series has just been an epic is so many ways - no exaggeration! Thanks for your energy and positive message!

Pullman native here, graduated from PHS and went on to Western Washington University. If I had it to do over again, I would have taken the invitation by my WWU geology professor to be a geology major! For a geeky person like me, your series has been utterly fascinating, and has made me realize I may have missed my calling as a geologist.

Nick, You must be the happiest man in the world. You know your gifts and you use them to the max to further science. Geologists are the most humble and curious people I know.

Oh, how I remember car travel in the summer in Eastern Washington before ac was available. We finally got ac in a car in the late 1980s. But what many are forgetting or never knew was the amount of humidity in the area. It was dry heat, 9% or lower humidity. In the 1990s, with population growth and, therefore, more irrigation use, the humidity started rising. In the Wenatchee area, what was routinely 9 % now usually is 32% humidity. I suffered heat prostration in VA as a child, which started making me sick as the % increased. What at 9% felt dry and wonderful to me now at 32% puts me flat on my back with illness if there is no ac available. So, dry heat is much easier to bear than higher levels of humidity. This is a great video. Thanks, Skye and Nick. Thanks to all the team members who are adding their own special skills to broadening the research. This is feeling like a new model of research being developed. All thanks to Nick for asking for help. I do hope this can be taught to students more formally in the future. Yes, as an educator, I strived to get students to work together. But for most of my 20-year period of training, we were being told to get our students to work in teams without training in how to enable that being given to the teachers trying to accomplish that. So many were trying to accomplish something they had no idea how to do. As for the effects of the attack on Bretz topic. I trained in the sciences in the 60s to the late 70s. One thing we were learning about was the history of scientists who dared to buck the accepted order. Or who behaved in unconventional ways. The results frequently were very cutthroat and career destroying for many individuals. So I'm am not surprised at all to Bretz's reaction. This has been a wonderful series.

Thank you Skye and Nick for the amazing lessons💯. For me Bretz was a Hero of Geology in the time...

Nick is just…outstanding!

That account of the field trip was truly amazing. It's simple incredible how you've brought a community together to do this research and share information. The best of what education can be.

Thank You Skye, that was such a Fantastic Informative performance! Learned so much, and that overlaid map was SO Interesting!

Skye was awesome, as usual. I can understand lots of the things he’s talking about. He’s so sweet and funny too. Thank you Nick, once again.

This has to be the best one so far. And the ending was splendid! Francis Hole must have been someone to know... "I remember taking a hike led by Francis Hole during a “Prairies Jubilee” festival held at Goose Pond Sanctuary in Arlington, Wisconsin. We walked down the road a bit, with Dr. Hole in the lead, playing his fiddle and singing songs extolling the glories and mysteries of Soil. Suddenly he stopped playing, halting the march. He had us take off our shoes and socks and step barefooted out onto the prairie soil. “No talking now,” he said. “Just walk quietly through the grasses and contemplate the complex and beautiful, yet unseen, world beneath your feet.” He led on, playing a soft tune on his fiddle. I had a feeling that I was in a wonderful church. -Martha C. Anderson, PhD (Astronomy), Asst. Scientist (Soil Science)

A colander is not a sieve, great presentation as always.

Thanks, this is a fascinating presentation.

I have enjoyed this from start to finish. :)

Absolutely wonderful ❤❤

Bay View WA… rainy and 60 degrees. Mom to your buddy, Skye⭐️

Such a fun informative episode. Loved Skye. He explains things so well. And loved the magazine article and personal anecdotes. Laughed out loud a number of times!

Skye was awesome. Loved the boldness calling out this cartoonish Missoula flood oversimplification/propaganda. I still appreciate that stuff as those PBS DVDs were what first got me interested in geology.

Another great one! So glad to be addressing the gravels underneath those old calcretes at Marengo.

I am very excited to see more exploration of Mondovi!!!

Watching in re-play from sunny Longmont Colorado.

A great episode in this series. I really love learning about the personal history behind the geology. The frosting on the cake today was seeing the photos of your old geology classroom in Wisconsin. Nick, you have left a mark on me and a thousand+ viewers of your Video Classroom. You are much appreciated ❤ Thank You for your time, effort and passion for sharing your field of science with the world.

Thanks again to the whole team! Great stuff!!

Always love hearing from Mr. Cooley. I remember the annual oiling of the small town roads in summer--whatta mess. Did Bretz get harpooned? Stay tuned...

Love your videos. It’s on my bucket list to visit these places after watching you, Shawn and Myron. Hoping for some Driftless Wisconsin videos if you’re home this summer. I’ll even buy you a Spotted Cow 😜

This was such a great episode, cheers from Port Chalmers NZ.

I just looked up the Ephrata weather records for July of 1928. The high temperatures for the 24th through the 27th were from 110ºf to 112ºf the longest streak of 110+ temps ever recorded.

Fascinating and informative. Excellent thank you.

I was on Okanogan Lake in the late 60's and of what I remember was a great deal of erosion on the lake sides.

Best episode this series!! Love it!

Thanks Nick and Skye you guys are fabulous the best geologic geology course in the nation

Thank you immensely good professor zentner!❄🇺🇸🌞 PS: saw latest Noraly adventure in africa on her channel. ~ from continually climate challenged 'small town' alaska

Joining on replay from Toutle Washington, always enjoy your geology insights. Thank you.

wow these are so interesting. Loved those maps wow, what work is being done.

Thanks again for your abilities to bring people together! A great way to wake up today, watching this entire episode from 5amish Jan29! I'm into my 4th year as a Zentnerd. I love how you have chosen to weave people's personal stories with the Geology. It's the most interesting way to encourage learning and sharing! Thanks to your openess to bring experts together, more is being shared, investigated and I see the excitement growing as individual geologists ( who often work in anonymity) realize that we out here, Zentnerds+, so appreciate watching, investigating, documenting, researching, assisting, along with you all! Cheers to everyone from Parksville!

This series is seriously phenomenal! Spectacular guests and content! Thanks to all involved!

Just a thought; when you do your calendar show, keep some of your exotics, and you can display them in the calendar on your shelf.

I want to see show with you and Randy out roaming the hills, and his stories.

I feel you on the topic of the sun Nick. Im on the other side of the country in East Hartford CT. I feel like i have seen the sun maybe 5 or 6 days of this month.

Smell-o-vision for sure, kinda reminds me of the Barn study hall in the old Fort High....thanks for sharing the Francis Hole story, I'll look up Patty Loew PBS/Channel 27 (family friend), Anchorman Channel 27 Roger Manns's daughter (Trendsetters client & friend), see what we can do. ❤ 😉

Simply an outstanding episode, Nick. Both the conversation with Skye and your solo section.

Beneath some erratics somewhere, where it is impossible to find, will be tiny little deposits of earlier gravel that can support the point. Needle/haystack problem.

Big Skye Cooley from big sky country. And that's not where the irony ends. Cooley. Coulee. Skye. May you discover an unnamed coulee and christen it Cooley Coulee. Riveting presentation today. Nick. Back in the game. I think the coulees were there before late Wisconsin. My question is, did the first advance of the Pleistocene follow any pre-Pleistocene tectonic features of the fractured PNW geography? This three hour show reminded me of a Ted Nugent concert I once attended back in the day. He kept playing encores and when he finally quit, I had to run for the restroom. Well worth the wait.

Trivia! At 2:15:42 one can see that Bretz closes the letter with "Very truly yours; ... J. Harlan Bretz" I am drawing attention to the fact that he included a 'period' after his initial "J". A little bit interesting, as we understand he preferred leaving that period off. :)

Skye Cooley did it again!!💗 😃Skye, you came through to us, me again, you let us know a whole a lot of blue layers are yet to be explored for various reasons, further field works are necessary to tell a more coherent proportionate story of Ice Age Floods!! So, is it fair to say that Bretz never backed off from his Spokane floods hypothesis, rather in his mind, he combined into a part of red deposit layers / story then?? I want to believe that he still had a lot of people to support his work after his so called the "ambush meeting" but, he just did not use the official channels as much as he could have if he were accepted by USGS then...😏💫💗I feel like I'm getting more of Bretz as a whole person, thank you, Nick!😘

Take that kitchen colander to the Mondovi horseshoe! :)

Hey Nick! Sure enjoyed this session with Skye, watching in replay, thank you! My ears pricked up at the mention of the granite knob striae mentioned in the letter at 2:03:12. I am no rock climber, but this is a familiar area, could it be at the Mirabeau Park rock climbing hills in the Spokane Valley? Google Maps. Maybe a young person can confirm 😉

Great talk. The blue is making me now think it almost seems like blue is a hodge pg basin for anything old. Anything old sinks in and erodes and deposits over the eons. And red is just the sprinkle on top

Keith got better lit pictures than I did. Congratulations Keith. I think I was there only a couple hours before you last Friday!

At the risk of seeming, or in fact being, overly dramatic: I feel like I'm witnessing greatness.... A whole that is more than the sum of its parts shall we say. All of this information that is coming in, being integrated, and being compiled for future reference... It's just great. peace.

Nick, I missed the live today because I drove south to find the sun! The PNW has been Vitamin D deficient for weeks now! Was starting to get buggy from the constant rain and cabin fever! There's sun down in Dunsmuir! I found it! (Northern California).

That was a great visual at the end there with the colander trick. Would love to see your reenactment of that.

‘Order larger and younger smaller’ is referring to the ice more so than the energy of the floods. Is this correct? Great episode with Skye!!!❤️❤️❤️

Is that an Emmy on the shelf?

Great episode as always If you want to see more about this subject, check out the video Scott Burns did... Ice age floods through the quarternary. Posted a few months ago.

Nick, please don't be too hard on Bretz for taking the criticism of his work at the "ambush meeting" too personally. We need some perspective before we judge too harshly. Bretz had poured every bit of his passionate search for scientific truth into his project. We know from his field notes, papers, and correspondence that he was a meticulously thorough scientist. Like any great believer in the scientific method, he rigorously questioned his own hypotheses at every turn, sometimes rejecting or modifying his earlier conclusions. We've only seen one possible instance of his egocentricity when he realized he had been grossly wrong when he erred about the extent of salt water intrusion into the Columbia River system. You cited the fact that there is no evidence that he professionally acknowledged that mistake. Nevertheless, his subsequent work on the Spokane Ice Sheet and the Scab Land flooding indicates that he may very well have learned a lesson from that, redoubling the conservatism and care that characterized his later work, and which led ultimately to his professional vindication. So, I can empathetically understand the devastation he felt as a result of the ambush, and the elation he experienced when the New York Geological Society requested the use of his map and an accompanying paper amplifying his Spokane Flood theory. Up until that moment he felt himself to be a drowning man and that the New Yorkers had just thrown him a life ring. The great scientific discoveries in history were achieved by passionate men (and women, Madame Curie), many of whom possessed great egos. I can forgive Bretz for being emotional about his work, and thin skinned about criticism of his efforts by men who had not done the required work themselves. But what do I know? I'm just a retired fighter pilot and airline captain, so there's some SERIOUS ego for you!

A Toast to you and YOUR WIFE!!

Hi Nick, I really enjoyed this session especially Mr. Cooley. He is a great narrator and a true professional. After being a building inspector for many, many years I can appreciate a non egotist professional. I have a total lack of respect for some types of professionals, architects are really irritating. One time while working on the Seattle Art museum a BMW pilled up with a lady driving. I thought "Oh No! It must be the architects wife, looking for compliments. She headed straight for me. She introduced herself and asked what I did and then asked me what I thought of the building. I answered " It reminds me of a cross between a 1950's US Post Office and a Turkish brothel". On another building they were unveiling a statue of joggers made of plate aluminum. They saw me coming and asked me what I thought of it. I responded. " If it looks like ship ballast you shouldn't have to pay more than ship ballast prices for it" So you can see what my attitude towards this type of "So called" professional is and why I appreciate a true pro like Skye. PS His name would be a great name for the hero in a western story or film

Arizona

Late as usual is just starting. Want to say you can lead us anywhere you want at this point! ( Were Hooked) You have set up a Vision and We're All In on the Incredulous Nature of the Beast. I don't know but you'd make a great fisherman the way you set the hook! Baits great...It's the Hooksett that separates...... As usual Nick 👍 Mr Sky, a pleasure and better for it. Great to see you again. OK now off to the learning part .

Nick, How much do you think the Crash of 1929 affected Bretz ability to afford to do field work? What was the development of Wallula Gap, Was it, say 1/4 it's size 60k, 40k, 20k years ago? Thus slowing glacial outwash/flood flow? Did it even exist or was it a more level terrain? Maybe it was cut the last 20k by the Columbia? In answer to my chat ? a few thousand years to retreat 100 miles, that equal tons of outwash/water flowing through the Scablands and ponding and depositing sediment for 10 thousand(?) years. With annual seasonal variation. Are there no seeds found for carbon dating?

Greetings from the BIG SKY.

I am the same age as Nick. I went to both Oregon State and Portland State Universities in the early 1980s. One of the things that drives me nuts is that, in particular Portland State University (in Portland where I live) LOCKS all their buildings, and tightly controls access. Even their "Welcome Center" is behind a locked door. This makes it impossible, or at least very difficult, to wander around old stomping grounds. Not welcoming. Moats minus minus.

The three hour tour of the channeled scablands.

Hopeful my two cents on expanding* the market of this infotainment channel was received with a warm heart and good intentions. As that is the spirit I gave them. The giving back vibes, trucks with me, on two-way streets. The knowledge presented with enthusiasm by Nick is the hook for me and probably others as well. People could make a ton of money if you collaborated with graphics minded, alternative learning minded, computer software application designer teams. With subject matter experts, colleges from other disciplines. The product. Envisioning, someone from an underserved community pauses the video and clicks on sediments layers. Up pops up the flora and fauna of that period. Showing a portrait of a famous geologists reading from his or her notes. A thumbnail image-link (if so desired) of a 1928 Model A Ford with Rumble Seat. Or a vintage 1930s -1940s Rowlett Toaster. Or 1960’s era Bell System Western Electric rotary dial desk phone. The term ‘glaciated’ is mentioned, a glossary of geology terms from A-Z, G section pops up a link for glaciers, CGI time-lapse shows glaciers moving through time. Inspires intellectual movement. Diamond in the rough for diamonds in the rough. I'm coming from the question of how do we get young people interested in learning? Musing and worried about all the talk of a “systemic racism,” “white supremacy” and all these fake boogeymen issues and merging with the works of Thomas Sowell. Who answered such questions by saying, “develop oneself to a point, one has something of value to sell to someone else”. Wondering how to move and lift people out from mass depression brought on from living in a propagandist society. The answer has always been, using the mind in the right way. By learning and producing something of value to someone else. But are woke capitol investors legit? Are the BlackRock’s and WEF of this world interested in solving a problem or milking a problem. Education is key. Thanks for reading this if its not shadow banned by KZfaq. Sustaining beyond saturation points. Among non-academic laypeople Using objects and tools people interacted in the past triggers curiosity of history. Preventing CW2. Civil War 2

By the time we get to Episode Z, these will be 5 hours long. :)

Did he say “Ned Zinger” at the beginning? 😂❤

Nice introduction today...is Ned Zinger a pen name?

In regard to the comment, "Brentz was swimming upstream." It's like they say, "the first one through the wall is always the bloodiest."

Brandon Howard .... I was raised in Washington, at the mouth of the Columbia, a peninsula across from Astoria, Oregon. People do not believe me when I tell them I was raised in Washington, in an area that rained 367 days a year. But, you now know! I was not exaggerating ... much ... LOL

Three hour tour? To Gilligan's Island?

Make sure you are taking enough Vitamin D. We have same dark weather in Puyallup. 🙀

I'm confused about the walla walla filling . There has to be a known upper limit for the amount of sediment that can be suspended in water. Therefore could a time frame not be inferred from a comparison between depth and composition?

Btw, the Busacca comment was interesting and sent me on DuckDuckGo goose chase!

👍❣💯 🤔💭🙃 My idea about the waterskiing 🐳 mega-whale eating the Spokane ice sheet seems more of a possibility after seeing the map Skye showed with the whale 🐋 mapped. Other viewers saw the whale on the map too, and commented in chat; I'm not TOTALLY looney 😉😜🤪😵‍💫 .....And the waterskiing mega-whale eating / devouring the Spokane sheet explains why there are only a few crumbs of proof of it's existence 😲 🐸 Long live the waterskiing mega-whale🐳🐋❣ 💞💖

A couple of presentations over 3 hours each per week? I don't think I'm up for that. There are other tasks and interests I need to address.

It almost seems like many Athletes they NEED and USE Billboard quotes to motivate their performance- Bretz took the "Ambush Meeting" personally and used it as motivation to invigorate his work- even if the Ambush Meeting wasn't intended as personal criticism - Bretz took it that way.

At 1:17, did Skye mean Spokane Valley and not Walla Walla Valley?

What does the call "Cochise" signify in this talk ? 54:48

Am I the only one that thinks that Skye's last name should be changed to Coulee?!

Wadhurst ENGLAND =)

Sounded like you said Ned Zinger.