It brings back some almost forgotten memories. Around 1991 I worked for 6 years in the Waferfab Automation Department of Philips Semi Conductors Industry in Nijmegen, now Nexperia-ITEC. In that time we had a lot of contacts with the Philips Research Lab and AMSL a former part of Philips both in Eindhoven. A colleague went for 1 year to TMSC Taiwan. I lived in interesting times!
@springrollwang44412 жыл бұрын
Now we have super computer in our pockets, and people still complain about it's not fast enough.
@arashsamadi77953 жыл бұрын
Gary is the best at explaining complicated stuff in an understandable way!
@1MarkKeller3 жыл бұрын
The Professor professes very well!
@franconianbike2 жыл бұрын
But he should have explained the MOSFET instead of a PNP or NPN transistor, 'cos it's commonly used in CPUs
@dejangavrilov64592 жыл бұрын
@@1MarkKeller 6
@1MarkKeller2 жыл бұрын
@@dejangavrilov6459 Classmate!
@aimanrahman57683 жыл бұрын
Man no other KZfaqr can cover the topics you do truly an unique chanel
@1MarkKeller3 жыл бұрын
The Professor is a proficient professer!
@JayHere3 жыл бұрын
Dr. Ian Cutress from Tech Tech Potato has a similar channel. There are people who can cover this subject but arent as big so you're not aware of them.
@aimanrahman57683 жыл бұрын
@@JayHere I follow him bro de doesn't do animation though
@n0nenone3 жыл бұрын
My main question here being - Even if you can control semiconductor like if it can conduct or not [9:40], it's done when current is passed through it or not. But a conductor by definition is something which conducts WHEN current is passed through it.. so isn't semiconductor just a conductor at all times except when it's not doing anything in which case, it shouldn't even matter if it's conductor or not
@LittleRadicalThinker2 жыл бұрын
Gary explained everything tech....
@aveekbh3 жыл бұрын
19:13 Semiconductor chips are one of the most precisely engineered things we see in daily life. Imagine how well-engineered and precise the machines that make the chips need to be.
@middleclasspoor3 жыл бұрын
I had no idea of the complexities involved in the manufacture of a cpu. It certainly makes you realize the things we take for granted! An amazing video! Thank you Gary!
@aadeel5643 жыл бұрын
Sir, great for explaining this complicated process in a relatively simple manners.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Thanks.
@moldytexas3 жыл бұрын
This was necessary🙌🏻
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
I am glad it was helpful.
@peppigue3 жыл бұрын
The world is a complicated place. Apple and Samsung are obviously competitors, so I was blown away when I learned that Samsung made the screen for the iPhone X. As we have learned in the last year, global supply chains are highly integrated and optimized for regular flow, meaning any disturbances propagate all over.
@nikitastritsaris2 жыл бұрын
Very, very interesting informations and explanations. I really din't know the difference of numbers of transistors in a lithography type, amongst the manufacturing companies. I thought it was a standard thing! Thanks for all the efford and research!
@EnVideoZone3 жыл бұрын
Gary, You explained!
3 жыл бұрын
A great video Gary - Excellent summary about making modern CPUs - very compact but never the less extremely extensive content. I was kind of shocked that all big CPU manufactures TSMC, Samsung and even Intel are dependent on just one company worldwide that is able to produce these extreme ultra violet lithography machines. It's the ASML Holding (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASML_Holding) in the Netherlands NOT Denmark. In other words, the hole 'silicon' world depends on just one single point of failure. This is quite scary to me.
@sleepytime6772 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much for making these videos. I find the whole idea of mobile phones and laptops so fascinating due to how much they’re able to do, but I’ve never understood how they were able to work. With Apple releasing the M1 chip I’ve become more interested in learning about it and your videos are really good at explaining the basics. I still find myself getting a bit lost with some of the more technical terms but I usually look them up if I’m not feeling too lazy haha.
@PlanetCypher_3 жыл бұрын
Ultra UV lithography, wow what a machine, would like to see @MikesElectricStuff do a tear down 😄👍
@aveekbh3 жыл бұрын
Well, it will be quite a while before one shows up on eBay. A large number of the billions of chips that are made are on the mature (older) process nodes. These machines are always in high demand.
@gordonlawrence14483 жыл бұрын
Nope we were way past UV lithography a decade ago. 10nm is the wavelength for near X-rays and we have chips these days in the lab working at 2nm.
@1MarkKeller3 жыл бұрын
*GARY!!!* Good afternoon Professor! Good afternoon fellow classmates!
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
MARK!!!
@davidmurphy5633 жыл бұрын
I do enjoy this channel, you're very good at covering these topics. You have a tendency to rudely and aggressively jump down your subscribers' throats the moment they show any misunderstanding or misconception of the highly complex topics being discussed but your screen persona is polite at least and you do know your stuff.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
How dare you... I'll show you... LOL, only kidding 😂😜 If I analyze myself, which I know can be hard, I don't have a problem with people misunderstanding things. I wouldn't make these videos, if I did. I struggle with people who make it personal, and start calling me names or make personal remarks about me. Also with people who have a little bit of knowledge and think they know everything. When I then ask them to prove or explain or expound they tend to get belligerent. There seems to be universal imbalance with KZfaq. It seems the rule is that viewers can write whatever they want and the video creator must just accept it, but if the creator replies then some how I am being rude. I don't think I am just rude for the sake of it, well I hope I am not, I think, as I said, there is an imbalance in attitude. No one ever said, go read the comments section on KZfaq it is so nice there.
@davidmurphy5633 жыл бұрын
@@GaryExplains Right, that's it, I demand satisfaction! Pistols at dawn! Jokes aside, people who are trolling / just rude / arrogant in general deserve a bit of a dressing down and you've got every right to. That's not what I was referring to. I was referring to people who simply get something wrong, haven't understood and maybe ask a bit of a dumb question - but do it politely. I mean, I've yet to see a case where they were right and you weren't but jumping down their throat and saying words to the effect of "did you watch the video or not?!" Well, clearly they did and just didn't understand it... If you're discussing highly technical details about chipsets or whatever, it might seem obvious to you and me, but some lay people might struggle / misunderstand and ask a dumb question or say something that's plainly wrong. That sort of person isn't a troll, they haven't been rude or claimed to be an expert (yet, at least) it's an opportunity for them to learn. Jumping down the throat of someone like that because they made a mistake is a bit unedifying. That's a reservation I have but, on balance, I very much like the channel and appreciate what you do.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Hmmm. I understand what you are saying, but politely I disagree. Many times when I ask people if they watched the video, I would say 8/10, if the person replies they admit that they didn't and they were just commenting based on the title or the first couple of minutes. I don't recall any situations where I have replied unkindly to a genuine question from someone who actually watched the video but didn't get something. In my defense I remember lots of people who thanked me for interacting and helping them clear up any doubts or misunderstandings. Maybe you could point me to some examples, worse case it will help me to see the error of my ways.
@davidmurphy5633 жыл бұрын
@@GaryExplains Oh goodness Gary, I'll not going to go through comments looking for unpleasant exchanges. I appreciate you taking my comments on board and responding to me. That aside, this channel is an absolute credit to you. Your enthusiasm and expertise are simply brilliant and wish you every success.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Indeed there are lots of comments, that is also one reason why some of my replies can seem terse at times, as I am literally reading thousands of comments. But here is any example of someone who liked my replies: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/fM9gdK6j1di7qJs.html&lc=UgwDNYfAQJnW3jJvKuh4AaABAg
@l2etranger2 жыл бұрын
Thanks Gary, that’s beyond academic grade education. Your way of articulating the info for your topics could land to a degree. I don’t know how up to date Intel’s finfet is, but a comparison to their processes with the ASML machine would be awesome to learn.
@roadrage91912 жыл бұрын
FinFet has been the standard for all chips, however to make chips smaller this will need to be replaced with GAA = Gate All around. This however has more to do with chip design, not so much with the ASML machine.
@muhamadshaufik21273 жыл бұрын
Thank you prof, it reminds me of my year in universities!!
@robertclarkguitar3 жыл бұрын
Photonic Chip looks to be a thriller in the making.
@robertprice732 жыл бұрын
I know there wasn't time to go into much detail about transistors, but in 9:08 the symbol on the left is for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), while the illustration on the right is of a field effect transistor (FET). These are different designs. In particular, the FET is a voltage-driven device. There's a *voltage* applied to the middle pin, but it doesn't result in any *current* flowing to or from the middle pin. A really cool elaboration on this design is to leave a disconnected gate in a FET, and then you get flash memory.
@GaryExplains2 жыл бұрын
Yes, I know I used the wrong symbol. Sorry. You aren't the first person to point it out
@lifenator9752 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the beautiful explanation Gary 👏👏
@nigelgunn322 Жыл бұрын
Great video. It amazes me that, with the costs you have described, I can buy a packaged multi-core microcontroller chip for less than a dollar. The smaller chips we're playing with at home are remarkable value.
@_Digitalguy3 жыл бұрын
Facinating video Gary! Thanks!
@gigihanmandarin3 жыл бұрын
Thank you professor for explaining!
@dsidrius2 жыл бұрын
Awesome explanation Gary! Seeing the 68000 views this video currently has reminded me of the Motorola 68k introduced in 1979, which was named as such because it had 68000 transistors, and was a chip used by things like the Sega Genesis, Amiga, Apple and NEXT systems well into the mid 90s. It was considered high end at the time, but pales heavily in comparison to today's microprocessors! Pretty incredible to think that we're now at billions of transistors some 40 years on, a 14000x increase!! And in systems that run on a small battery and fits in your pocket, no less!
@superpandabacon2 жыл бұрын
Wow! Been looking for this info for so long. Thank you! Now to find how cpu cache and instructions work and how it’s implemented in these tiny transistors
@GaryExplains2 жыл бұрын
I have some videos on how CPUs work plus a video about cache memory.
@superpandabacon2 жыл бұрын
@@GaryExplains Cool! Just came across this video out of the blue and subbed after watching it. Will check it out when I get home. Thank you!
@alex.jr20023 жыл бұрын
Love the way how Gary get excited when talk about this topics. Great mate!
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Thanks for watching!
@MrJayrot2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for explaning the works of the transistors
@dread694203 жыл бұрын
This did a pretty amazing explanation for a 25 minute video, although ISAs weren't touched upon as much.
@motherofallemails3 жыл бұрын
Great video! it's worth also checking out ASML stepper video 👀, just to get a peek at the internals of that magnificent state-of-the-art masterpiece! 💍
@JordanEves2 жыл бұрын
Gary, thank you for N-type and P-type semiconductors and logic. I had almost imagined this.
@tylershepard42692 жыл бұрын
As an RF/mmWave graduate student I design MMICs so I’m somewhat familiar with some of these processes, but it still blows my mind the way the foundries are able to etch to sub micron level resolution.
@leledumbo3 жыл бұрын
Now we know why SD888 kinda sucks with thermals. Hope Qualcomm can secure TSMC slot for its next flagship.
@J_Quinn_Creates3 жыл бұрын
Very good job, Gary!👍👍
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Thank you! Cheers!
@gelfandothea Жыл бұрын
This was very well done.
@BrucesWorldofStuff3 жыл бұрын
Thanks Gary! This is a awesome video that only you could do! Thanks for the video! LLAP BTW love the music. Feels like I'm watching a episode of 'This Old House" ... :-)
@1MarkKeller3 жыл бұрын
lol, true!
@alexandermyrthue19872 жыл бұрын
13:45 I will remember that chartch. THANKS Gary!!!!!!!!
@peanutbutter6043 жыл бұрын
Love it. Best explanation ever Thank you
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Glad you enjoyed it!
@Sinn01002 жыл бұрын
This is very interesting and I have enjoyed it quite a bit. I would love to see you discuss gaming and how some of the newer tech is built. Like for example what is a Cuda Core exactly and how are they built?
@Dimich19933 жыл бұрын
This is a great short explanation, Gary!
@RevNicholasJonsson3 жыл бұрын
A brilliant and informative video Gary. Excellent!! Well done. You explained it really well. Looking forward to seeing you in the next one. 😊
@earnistse48993 жыл бұрын
I’ve always loved deep tech dives like this , my inner geek is unleashed lol. How did you learn all this your self Gary? University or self taught
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
I have a computer science related honors degree plus I was a professional software engineer for 10+ years. But I do a lot of research for every video.
@earnistse48993 жыл бұрын
@@GaryExplains that’s awesome Gary , if possible I would love you to do videos breaking down a die shot of something like the 888. I haven’t been able to find a shot of it or the die size anywhere. I want to do so to try and get an idea of Samsung’s 5nm lpe
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
While something like that would be great, I don't have access to any special/secret information. If you can't find a shot of it then probably I can't either. It looks like Tech Insights has some die shots, but you need to pay for them: www.techinsights.com/products/ace-2101-801
@earnistse48993 жыл бұрын
@@GaryExplains thanks so much Gary , best wishes from the USA
@harrkev2 жыл бұрын
Note that masks are only over a million dollars for the leading-edge stuff. For really old processes (well over 100nm) the mask sets might only be tens of thousands of dollars. Obviously the higher resolution needed for the smaller geometries are reflected by the higher resolution needed for the mask set. Larger geometries are MUCH easier to make. Larger geometries are also more refined (years of practice making wafers) so the yields are better, and the machines have largely been paid for over the years. As you go to smaller process nodes, you also need more expensive EDA tools. Cadence sells an "advanced node" license that you need on top of the license to use the layout tool. Once you need to factor in the wavelength of light, the mask sets can start to look more like diffraction gratings (not that I have any personal experience in anything so small), so the tool makers want more money to turn on such features. But if you are making something that is pad-limited (the number of IO pads put a limit on how small the die can be), then you can either put more transistors in the core area (add features, memory, etc.), or you can just use larger transistors to save a few bucks.
@mgkole3 жыл бұрын
I enjoyed this video, Gary you are really 5nm, billions of transistors, you are the best!!!!!!!!
@AbcDef-el9jl2 жыл бұрын
Amazing explanation...! Got to know so much about manufacturing. Thank you.
@racecar_spelled_backwards8683 жыл бұрын
21:45 Do they get close to 100% yield from the wafers nowadays? I remember reading (back in the 80's) yields were around 33% so the majority of chips on the wafer were useless junk. Some could be "salvaged" by either down-clocking, or disabling functionality (AMD did this with the 29000. If the MMU or Branch Target Cache failed, they'd sell the chip as a 29005 which had neither). If they really usually get full yields out of the wafers, that really shows how far things have come along.
@QkslvrZ3 жыл бұрын
I would be surprised if they did. I did yield analysis in the 80's, and for manufacturing yield it was mostly broken into photo resist flaws, and contamination. For the new fabs they constructed, they would not hire smokers for any fab jobs, no perfumes, anything that smelled was not allowed in the clean rooms. more rarely there were missed layers, and other stupid stuff, those everything failed. And you're right about slower clocks, but there might not have even been a cpu designed without the MMU or cache, that would probably be a sales vs yield trade off.
@arturosandoval2052 жыл бұрын
Not at all, a 100% is almost impossible to get. For new technologies though, a 60% yield is seen as quite problematic, so depending on the node you want to be in the 80% range. Another thing is that yield is not only determined by the foundry processes but also by the design. There are DFM rules that have different levels of priority and if followed will increase the yield of the circuit. But these come with tradeoffs so not always do you want to follow all these recommended rules (for example you may increase the area usage or affect the bandwidth of your design if you follow them).
@mdrew446282 жыл бұрын
People were always the major causes of contamination in a cleanroom. In modern fabs, people have mostly been eliminated from the process core and the wafers move automatically from process to process. However, line width has also shrunken so now much smaller pieces of foreign material will cause problems. It would be very surprising if the yield was 100%. It could very well be 80/90% though.
@paulf53512 жыл бұрын
I decided to nitpick the nitpickers. :-) The transistors are P and N CMOS transistors. NMs are 2D measurements. Could the 7nm ??? be from a third a third dimension?
@shresthsonkar92073 жыл бұрын
How are those colourful images of dies (die shots) taken? Delided CPUs usually looks just quite opaque black slab
@voytechj3 жыл бұрын
Those dies are not finished yet. Later on they will be covered with a lot of copper and μBumps will be made if flip-chip technology will be used. You saw the wrong side of a die, but other side still has protected layer that you can remove with small grid sand paper.
@circuit102 жыл бұрын
Aren't they just diagrams or false-colour or something?
@circuit102 жыл бұрын
Actually never mind, I think voytechj is right
@minus3dbintheteens603 жыл бұрын
Great job, man that has to be the best video on the topic on all of KZfaq!
@unlokia3 жыл бұрын
You clearly haven’t watched “silicon run“ then
@andreaswagner40032 жыл бұрын
best explanations for this field I have ever come across. Cheers, Gary
@alexjohnjacob63183 жыл бұрын
There are also the EDA companies like Cadence,Synopsys,Mentor Graphics , which makes the software for the designing the chip.
@TechieXP3 жыл бұрын
So now that we know how a Processor/SoC/GPU is made per se, how does the processor actually crunch data. Because basically the processor is processing billions of 1' and 0's and how does that translate to what we see on the screen.
@QkslvrZ3 жыл бұрын
You did a good job on this, but you showed mosfets cross sections, and bipolar transistor schematics. Since the logic circuits are quite a bit different(and they are mostly mosfets in modern cpu designs), you should try to fix that if you can :) Also an interesting related topic is power use is mostly switching speed, as the state of the nodes change, it is mostly just charging and discharging gate and interconnect capacitance. Which is why power use is so related to clock speed and cooling is dependent on Watts/chip area. Cray Research estimated you could air cool 100W/sq inch, and 200 for liquid cooling.
@movingloz2 жыл бұрын
OMGAWD. Thanks 🙏 for the vid.
@elvinsworld113 жыл бұрын
Nicely explained
@sonjaeckstein35322 жыл бұрын
9:28 the picture on the right shows an n-channel mosfet
@GaryExplains2 жыл бұрын
Yes, I made a mistake. You aren't the first person to point it out.
@thaernejem73173 жыл бұрын
Very interesting info! Thanks a lot
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
My pleasure!
@nullnull51852 жыл бұрын
Props to the guys who services the ASML machines
@petermolnar60173 жыл бұрын
Fantastic video, thank you! Could you please make a footage about ARM's role in this process?
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
I think that maybe I covered that enough in videos like Arm vs x86, or Arm vs RISC-V. If you have watched those and you think there is still some gaps that I need to fill then please let me know.
@markharrisllb2 жыл бұрын
As transistors and logic gates are getting closer and closer to the size of the silicon atom, do you not think it’s making the work Xanadu and quantum computing more viable? Then we can start again making them smaller and smaller.
@abhijitg53452 жыл бұрын
Amazing stuff Garry!!!!
@garrytuohy9267 Жыл бұрын
Nicely summarized and in under 30 mimutes. It was important to comment on the RISC-V hype. Unless they have access to a huge amount of near obsolete manufacturing capacity it is not going to be cheap to manufacture. And good luck competing with the Automotive Industry for that capacity. Generally, these type of manufacturing processes have limited capacity, so there won't be much of a revolution if you cannot supply enough of the chips. And you are not going to threaten the hegemony with processors that are order of magnatude slower. They would need to use that same, very expensive, Process Nodes as the leasding processors.
@boredom22 жыл бұрын
That was extremely interesting. Thanks!
@nickharrison37483 жыл бұрын
Good info. Nicely explained.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Thank you!
@glowinthedark90823 жыл бұрын
Thanks. Very simple to learn for people who've heard basic terms before
@Esk-imo2 жыл бұрын
This was amazing thank you!
@B21_raider3 жыл бұрын
Great video very well explained
@sandeepk50892 жыл бұрын
Fantastic video Gary, thanks for this!
@Abdo70t2 жыл бұрын
woooow great explanation for a very complicated topic in such a beautiful and understandable way
@wundyboy2 жыл бұрын
great video... superbly explained! Unbelievable what we can create nowadays!
@alfonsoPina2 жыл бұрын
great explanation but I was really hoping to see a little more detail. I know we can't just get random videos inside intel and AMD but I was kinda hoping for something more visual. However, this is one of the best explanations I've seen, sending to my nephews to let them see and learn. Thanks Gary
@mdrew446282 жыл бұрын
Because most of the processing is done inside machines, you won't see much. The few clips he did show is a good representation of the entire process overall; just wafers being loaded into hundreds of different machines. You should be able to look up all the different steps and get a detailed understanding of each process, but to do that in a single video would be hours long.
@nick_g3 жыл бұрын
This is the explanation we NEED
@martin-samsoe3 жыл бұрын
Love your videos... this one was especially interresting 👍
@peternzioki45553 жыл бұрын
Great video Gary
@dipanshubiswas8903 жыл бұрын
Sir it becomes so hard to even imagine the steps that goes through churning a microscopic transistor from a CD type silicon wafer...what happens to those Dutch machines after the process node becomes outdated? Do they make new machines for different process nodes, if yes then is there any use for like 28nm machines in todays time sir?
@QkslvrZ3 жыл бұрын
They tend to keep being used for older designs if they are still in production.
@repatch433 жыл бұрын
@9:23 Nitpick alert! The symbol is for a bipolar junction transistor, the picture is of a MOSFET. MOSFET symbol is different.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Yeah, several other people have made the same nitpick. My bad. I have already beaten myself so that I don't make the same mistake again.
@ady9092 жыл бұрын
Great video, thanks!
@law-abiding-criminal3 жыл бұрын
Unfortunately there will be a delay of a few years for the delivery of high NA EUV Maschines from ASML. So they have to use multi pattering for EUV. 😢
@lafcadiothelion3 жыл бұрын
That was great, excellent explanation. Very informative.
@karehaqt3 жыл бұрын
Intel also have chips built by TSMC as well.
@autohmae3 жыл бұрын
Roughly 10:30 that was the best explanation I've ever seen on these things. Bringing all the pieces together. Same with the ASML segment. Verry good ! People say, abundant sand, but what these companies need is white sand (like you might find at beaches) which is far, far less abundant. Beach sand prices have been going up. It's also used for buildings (cement). From an article in 2018: "a cubic meter of sand selling for as much as £62 in areas of high demand and scarce supply." Supposedly their is a sand mafia and at times it can get people killed. It threatens wildlife ecological systems, etc. People are working on some solutions for buildings: "A win-win solution is the use of waste plastic in making concrete. Research suggests small particles of plastic waste - “plastic sand” - can replace 10% of the natural sand in concrete, saving at least 800m tonnes per year." Recently had an other reminder on history; mainframe -> minicomputer -> microcomputer. And it seems to me we are now moving to the next step: SOC as laptop/desktop (chromebooks already did this, Apple M1 also).
@vapourmile3 жыл бұрын
@Gary Explains: You know what I want explained? WHO makes them? We know what the companies names are but I don't know why we don't know who any of the designers are. It can't be just one genius. What are the names of the people who design the chips and why aren't they famous? I'd like that explained! Not just one or two industry figureheads but the teams. :)
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
I guess that never happens in any industry. I don't know the team behind car designs, or ship designs, or airplane designs etc.
@alexlandherr2 жыл бұрын
At 2:38, so The Beatles had IC manufacturing capabilities…?
@ArnabBasak893 жыл бұрын
Somewhere I read source of silicon is not sand but quartz crystals.
@shresthsonkar92073 жыл бұрын
It’s purer, just that. Refining is easier and cheaper for quartz as it’s having proportionally less impurity against, say, just Norma sand in desert or beaches.
@Ginko4913 жыл бұрын
Thank you, professor.
@pauleshel4273 жыл бұрын
Present from the Philippines
@johng7rwf4193 жыл бұрын
That was a nice refresher...
@krombopuloslincler48492 жыл бұрын
Please do not stop making videos about electronic hardware ever. Humanity will be sad if you do.
@singularity89432 жыл бұрын
So if a cpu has say 2 cores that have failed, does the manufacture label it as a lesser chip?
@michaelmoran2022 Жыл бұрын
A1 explanation thank you👍👍👍
@ssekisambusulaiman41922 жыл бұрын
Am glade I found this page
@axelBr13 жыл бұрын
Your description and image of/for transistors is for the original Bipolar Junction Transistor, but all CPUs use MOSFET (MOS) transistors, (generally an N-MOS and P-MOS transistor coupled together to form a Complementary gate (C-MOS) "transistor"). The symbols are different and MOS transistors switch based on voltage and not current.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Indeed. Sorry about that. You are the third or fourth person to point it out. But if that is the only error that people are finding in a 25 minute video on a complex topic then I am happy! :-)
@aveekbh3 жыл бұрын
And it doesn't help that a lot of introductory material on transistors will describe BJTs (bipolar junction transistors). The FETs (field effect transistors) work mainly based on voltage (drawing almost no current on the gate - the middle bit - when not switching). Side note - That's one of the reasons you see power consumption scaling with operating frequency. Hence, CPU frequency scaling became a big thing about 15 years ago.
@nyikoluckyhendrickz2 жыл бұрын
Gary you do explain no doubt that's why love ur contents always
@joey1994123 жыл бұрын
I wonder why there's such a steep price difference between 14nm and 7nm per chip design. Is it the mask that makes up most of the difference? Because the per-wafer costs are $5000 vs $5800 it feels very weird for the design to be $80m vs $271m
@kigasdj23 жыл бұрын
because it is more complicated to fit more transistors in the same space, you need more sophisticated mask, which as Gary said cost a lot to make it, especially you need those expensive lithography machines you can churn out those 7nm cpu's, more complications more raise in cost
@tohjingwei97033 жыл бұрын
When you shrink the transistor to smaller sizes, the yield from a single wafer becomes lesser due to increase complexity that leads to errors. So, to overcome this yield problem, new technologies must be developed and used which increases the R&D cost. There is also enhancement to the transistor technology itself in order to cope with quantum channeling. If you notice, there are a revisions to the FinFET transistors and in the coming years, GAA FET to make shrinking down furthers possible. Is it very common to have exponentially higher cost when upgrading to a newer nodes. This is why economies of scale is important for fabs
@roadrage91912 жыл бұрын
Good work, very high level but a good overview.
@rockymeto3 жыл бұрын
Aliens are in earth extracting silicon which is in abundance so they don't reveal themselves to us 😂 but in future, aliens will attack earth for processors we make 😁
@rjorgebrssa23 жыл бұрын
Gary, review your technical explanations, you presented a MOS transistor structure, but a BIPOLAR transistor diagram.
@GaryExplains3 жыл бұрын
Yeah, I know. Sorry about that. Several others have pointed that out. But if that is all there is to complain about in a 25 minute video on a complex subject then I am happy.
@kalpavrukshg88533 жыл бұрын
The companies should change their matrix the node number is obsolete and density is one of the better option
@yapolloable3 жыл бұрын
wow he really did explain it.
@mrlazda2 жыл бұрын
IBM is not fabless, they produce their own processors based on their own design (POWER9), and systems based on that processors, which make them only company which do that (Samsung licence ARM so it is not 100% their design). If we look at companies which make their own design around ARM their are lot of companies what have their own semiconductor fabrication plants (ST, TI ...).