“Bob’s got his fingers in everything…”🤣. These gentlemen both have the instincts of good educators!! Which begs the question: “How does Nick know so many cool people?!!!” Thanks Nick.

Awesome! Thank you all. I would have no problem spending the day with this crew and hope they are a recurring feature. Looking forward to the start of B2BC more that the NFL this year.

Wow complex and fascinating listening to these guys think things through. Great honor to be allowed to listen in.. Thanks to you and them for this opportunity.

So nice to have the experts commenting on the schist geology... thank you for taking us along!

It is always a treat to see these knowledgeable, kind and sharing people appear in your videos, Nick! And each time it amazes me how much there is to know about the geology of the Pacific Northwest and how, with all our knowledge and techniques, there still is an astounding amount of things that we still don't know. A humbling experience. And as often is the case : one question answered, and several new questions raised. Intriguing and fun.

When you sit back and think about it there was an whole lot of geologists that had to study these very complex extrusions of bedrock that epitomizes central western Washington state. So much to study yet more to explore in terms of time, pressure and heat. My hat's off to Jamie and Peter to try to explain everything ! Now take it easy gents and get out of the sweltering heat!

ALWAYS INTERESTING INTERVIEWS OF GEOLOGY SCIENTIST. THANKS FOR BEING YOU, NICK. ALWAYS ON A PATH OF DISCOVERY TO SHARE WITH US FOR FREE.

WooHoo! Florida Gulf Coast University Eagles, it is an awesome school and I am proud to have been a member of the first ever graduating class with my Masters. Welcome to Washington Jamie!

Very informative, and an additional piece to your puzzle. You could converse with Jamie and Peter all day. Thank you.

Got a little lost, but it all goes to show how enormously complex rocks are. How each out crop has its own story. Which, I think is why I am getting so hooked. Thanks everyone.

Thanks for taking us along. Fascinating.

Metamorphic blueschist is the best kind of blueschist.

Thanks Nick, Jamie and Peter for letting us come along to see more places to find more subducted schist! So much prettier than the usual varieties!

Very interesting. With each video of yours, I am amazed at the geology and the geologic story it tells of the Washington state area. To have yourself and fellows loke these to give us the full explanation is similar to paying for years of college. That's how good these are. Thanks, Professor for sharing!

As always, thanks Nick. It’s a pet dream of mine to maintain the gravel roads in a national park, or even forest service roads somewhere beautiful like this.

Brilliant, as per usual. Such academic humility, very , very rare.

🤗🤗🤗🥰... just saw this-- have to watch in morning.. I am falling asleep from long early day ...I KNOW I will love this, thank you so much, nick!!

Nicks work is classic thanks for the time u put here take ❤

And once again, Wow! Thanks to all of you for sharing your knowledge and time with us. I am not a geologist but a retired ICU nurse. And on all of the trips I have been fortunate to take I always wished I had a geologist along to interpret what I was seeing. You all rock! (like you have never heard that before) Cheers from Minnesota

Great video. Super informative! Dr. McDonald is gifted when it comes to explaining things. Very personable. His students are very lucky. Dr. Davis has great expertise and knowledge of the tectonics of the area. Impressed by how much chemistry geologists have to know. Mind boggling how they can identify dozens upon dozens of minerals. Learned a lot and as with all your videos, stunning scenery. Thank you Nick.

Awesome to get two videos in two days. Nick all your videos are more entertaining and knowledgeable than cable.

Wow NIck, you are really cranking these out! Great you were able to join Jamie and Peter for us to learn more about the Easton - one of my favorites

Always happy to see another Nick Vid. Always packed with great Information and showing real examples. Cheers Nick, Thank you for sharing that wonderful knowledge in that beautiful brain of yours with all of us.

Again, it's such a pleasure to learn about the work being done in our area. Big thanks to Jamie and Peter for reaching out, and to you for asking astute questions and sharing with us. I understood big chunks, and love chemistry....but as usual, many more questions. (And new words to learn!!) Wonderful people, you all. Thank you!

Careful please we don't want any broken legs. Thanks for taking us along. Nice field trip scenery and expert people

That was great, I absolutely loved that🤗..... thank you for sharing and much love to all geologists 💛

Thank you Nick, Jamie, and Peter. It's great to see an ever widening array of geologists get a chance to show off their specialties. So much work is done in the background. It's nice to see some dedicated folks get some exposure.

supergood episode, one to watch more than once

I must have a damaged mind… I truly enjoy when a person understands how ‘rock’ is formed over millions of years and try’s to explain a process they themselves have BBC struggled to understand themselves over many years.

Fascinating! Over my head in areas which is fine, but still so fascinating. Thank you Nick for spending time with Jamie and Peter and thank you Jamie and Peter for spending the time will all of us and providing some of your wealth of knowledge! Loved it!

Such gracious and extremely interesting geologists. Minute by minute and with your questions words fly. Familiar words and places made clearer with exciting possibilities. Then there was his passing comment about the sections of the Blues and another 2 places showing same types of rocks. Thousands of miles apart but strong indications same type of rock. Peter’s mentioning his studies of Mesozoic rocks in Central Washington geology was another tidbit of thinking. A few minutes of experts willingly sharing for our benefit.

As always, thank you so much for sharing and bringing us along...

🥰 another great fascinating one! Thanks Nick ❣️

What great guys! And great collab info for all like minded Geo Dudes!!

Happy belated birthday and welcome to your Sixth Decade, Professor!

This is one of the most informative videos yet. It really connected some dots for me.

This was fascinating, seeing how geologists put all the pieces together to make the bigger pictures.

Amazing scenery. Thank you for taking us along. Be well. UK.

Super educational and such a cool presentation. I learnt a lot! Thank you to you Nick and your amazing guests!

Thank you Professor Zentner

00:30 I really liked the spin while talking. it gave a whole new meaning to understanding your view of the world, and its wonders!

Great stuff as usual Nick, I've always wondered about the blue schist with green mottling we see in the Franciscan down by me in Calif. Your guests' explanation about the chemistry cleared some things up!

I can't believe how much I just learned! This was an awesome video Nick! Nice to see that other geologists are watching what you are doing with your channel and reaching out to share their expertise. Thank you Peter and Jamie! Is there a link to the paper they were using?

Great video and I followed a lot of it. A lot of it went over my head. But is very interesting!

Thanks guys. Most elcidating, and keep'm comin'!

You could spend a live time at that one, outcropping. thank you, and your guests for ALL stay safe

Beautiful Rocks! 😁♥️ Fascinating!

We love you too.

This was awesome! Though some was over my head, it was really interesting! Thank you for bringing us along!!

These two guys are deep into the weeds and interesting and fun to listen to, but I'm lost. Thanks.

How is it that my brain hasn’t developed and blossomed into brilliance of these scientists. ????? I always wonder if these people understand the ‘power’ of their knowledge.

Incredible, so much information the rock is giving up in such a small area starting @18:10.

I find it rather interesting (and confounding) how analysis can vary on such an extensive scale. From microscopic chemical analysis, to pointing out things on a human scale 15:13, to continental processes on a global scale.

Organizing the millions of numbers. Thrusting layers of confusion. Enjoying the puzzle.

I had written a long comment and then it got deleted somehow, so here goes a somewhat condensed version: I believe that glaucophane comes from hydration, at high pressures and low temperatuers, of albite rich plagioclase in the protolith, or albitized anorthite, since anorthite is far more common in mafic rocks, and lawsonite comes from hydration of the anorthite. And at higher pressures, I believe the albite (sodium-rich plagioclase) component is metamorphosed to jadeite (sodium pyroxene). The albitization of anorthite is likely facilitated by the addition of sodium from the seawater itself that interacts with these ocean-floor rocks. So it is both the sodium from seawater and the cooling effect of the seawater, combined with the express-lane behavior of subduction zones which allows the downgoing rocks to reach high pressures quickly enough, without getting hot, that is responsible for the beautiful blues of blueschist. What confuses me about the Easton Metamorphic Suite is this: in earlier literature you find a lot of discussion on connections of the Easton rocks to the Fransiscan assemblage of California and Oregon. I still don't believe there is any contention that both the Easton and Fransiscan rocks represent the initiation (and continuation, in the case of the Fransican) of eastward-dipping subduction of an oceanic plate, west of the Insular Superterrane. Now, newer literature seems to correlate the Easton rocks more with the Ingalls Complex, and related regional ophiolites (Josphine Ophiolite, Fidalgo Ophiolite, Smartville Complex-parts of a Jurassic suprasubduction zone, intra-arc, back-arc basin, perhaps like the today's Lau Basin behind the Tonga Arc or Mariana Trough, behind the Mariana Arc. Cordova et al. (2019). "Subduction initiation and early evolution of the Easton metamorphic suite, northwest Cascades, Washington", in Lithosphere, makes the argument that the Easton metamorphic suite preserves the metamorphic sole of an obducted ophiolite, with its tell-tale inverted metamorphic sequence. The ophiolite obducted would of course be the Ingalls Complex. And in this video, the guests are making connections to the Ingalls Complex. However, if you consider the history of collision, first you have collision of the Intermontane Superterrane, with a Cache Creek Ocean trapped inside it, and then you have collision of the Insular Superterrane. The Ingalls Complex is older than the collision of the Intermontane superterrane, but by its association with the Josephine, Fidalgo, and Smartville Ophiolites, seems to be somewhat separate from the Intermontane, as if it represents an intermediate basin (again, intra-arc, suprasubduction back-arc setting) that was formed when an arc rifted a portion of the Intermontane Superterrane in two. So after the Intermontane Superterrane collided with North America in the Nevadan Orogeny, you would have had subduction beginning then, but this was not the Farallon Plate-it was Mihalynuk and Sigloch's "Angayucham-Mezcalara Ocean", an ocean basin that existed between the still-outboard Insular Superterrane and the post-nevadan North American Cordilleran margin. And presumably after the Nevadan Orogeny, eastward subduction of this Angayucham-Mezcalara Ocean began under the North American continent, as evidenced by the plethora of Mezosoic Plutons that intruded the Intermontane Superterrane after accretion, as well as the older ~130 Ma series of plutons associated with the Sierra Nevada and Peninsular Ranges of California. Only later, after accretion of the Insular Superterrane, did subduction again jump outboard, and the Farallon plate begin subducting eastward under North America. The Fransiscan Rocks are associated with this subduction of the Farallon Plate, and the forearc basin behind the subduction zone, but before the arc is represented by the Great Valley group in California, the Galice formation in the Klamaths, the Izee terrane in the Blue Mountains, and the Nanaimo Group in Vancouver/Puget sound (as well as the Chugach terrane in Alaska). So we know which rocks are associated with Farallon Subduction, We know which rocks are associated with the Cache Creek ocean, and we know which rocks are associated with the even older Slide Mountain Ocean. But which rocks preserve a record of subduction and accretion of the Angayucham-Mezcalara Ocean? And does the Easton Metamorphic Suite record initiation of Farallon subduction, as Cordova et al. argue, along with obduction of the Ingalls Complex, or does the Ingalls Complex represent some part of this Angyucham-Mezcalara Ocean in between the Insular and Intermontane Superterranes, and the Easton represent represent subduction of the Farallon plate on the other side of the Insular Superterrane, and these rocks were just all eventually juxtaposed together during that superterrane's final accretion? Basically I want to know-1.) which ocean did the Ingalls/Josephine/Fidalgo/Smartville Ophiolite floor, 2.) is there a record of the oceanic basin that should have existed between the Insular Superterrane and the Intermontane superterrane? 3.) is the Easton Metamorphic suite equivalent to the Fransiscan and represent a different instance of subduction initiation outboard of the Insular Superterrane, or is it genetically related to the same subduction zone above which the Ingalls/etc formed? Or do the rocks of the Western and Eastern Mélange Belts represent the continuation of the Fransiscan, and the Easton Metamorphic Complex something else, and 4.) When you restore movement on the Straight Creek Fault, why is the Ingalls Complex left all by itself, so far northwest out of line compared to the Easton Metamorphic Suite? Is it just that a lot of it has been eroded away, and what's left above the Windy Pass Thrust near Mt. Stuart today is something of an ophiolitic klippe?

Holy Schist! Cheers from the west side of Baker!

Wow so interesting so much to ponder

Holy s**t! talk about getting into the weeds!!!t What drove this stuff up to the surface! The only thing that comes to mind is that the subducted slab material is jammed up over a previous subducted slab and jammed into the oncoming continental plate and forced up.

I read that book dr Seuss 's 1 schist 2 schist Green Schist Blue Schist. It said you can tell the direction of the intrusion by the structure , even if theres secondary deformation. If you shoot a bullet into dirt it mushrooms , it tucks a shoulder, spirals or corrogates ... It forms a pert dang neer exact structure every time. It's so ubiquitous ..... Once you see it.... You can never unsee it. Understanding a gnareled up meta or igneous rock right away takes practice.. you got to get at least 8 hours of staring in a day LOL

Wonderful expert commentary

Deep, very deep!...the discussion... not the formation of the green and blue schists. Super video.

Over my head, but it's interesting that they literally formed next to each other and only temperature was contributing. These guys were great to visit. Learned a little more, not that Illinois has any, ha!!

You are in Washington jade country now. Reminds me of rocks we have in the Condrey Mountain schist formation of the Klamath range.

I'll never be the same. My appreciation for schists grew and I have a better idea about how thin sections contribute to the story.

Now Shelter Cove in Northern California is making sense to me. 40°02'41"N 124°04'44"W this spot! Must have lots of Iron in it! The rocks composition is the same banding and shiny, makes a metallic ring when struck, almost baby blue, I now wonder if it’s Klamaths or Sierra’s. Or is it that pesky Franciscan Complex? Or debris from Wrangellia crashing into North America?

@19:12 Extension from over-burden pressure from above, as opposed to extension from decompression and gravity from below. Fascinating. I'm ready to see the paleo-mag for this data.

Silly me; Here I thought, If you've seen a schist you've seen them all. And now, my novice geologist brain is hurting. Also, it's neat to see the "building on the successes of the past", proving once again the value of the stepping stones of knowledge.

it would be cool if I could send these guys some blue schist from Salt Creek beach in southern California, and then some from San Onofre (our blueschist is part of the San Onofre Breccia, and some is also thought to be part of Catalina Island blueschist). Jamie--I am from FL (got my degrees at UF) but live in SoCal.

Double Wow !!!

The blue schism like rocks are also at the top of the rock road to Bear Diversion dam. It's on the narrow trail that continues along the lake as you get to a high point after you cross the granit dome area. Bluish with fine white intrusive cracks ( quartz or calcite ?) Same swirling also. This is near Mono Hot springs on the San Joaquin River also near Lake Edison California. The trail continues and joins the John Muir trail I believe. The high peaks above there look Bluish grey not like granite. You might already know this area but if not might be interested.

25 seconds in UFO behind Nick. 😆

Up here in Mackenzie BC all our mountains are built out of what I believe is Schist, ours is generally very green, and seams more flaky than the stuff you have there. The weathered stuff can be red very muck like what you were breaking at the start, which when I see it makes me think "oh there's finally a different type of rock" and once I break it it is just more Schist. I am confused; how does the rock that is getting sub-ducted end up at the top of the mountain?

Pressure temperature extension fracture deformation so much going on

awesome sauce

At 40:04 ..... DUH DAH DHTAA ... DAH DAH DUT DAH DAAA ( Old Dragnet TV Into ) 😎 And then several other Rock Hammers Drop......

@5:50 Over millions of years, this is how mountains are broken down and turned to dust. (By geologists hammering on them.)

Seems the PNW really does have it all...Understanding the metamorphic transformation of our small corner of the world makes Kansas seem boring. Studying fossils from ancient warm shallow seas vs the crushing of oceanic protoliths into the transformation of blue and green schists, who can compare? 💙 💚😉

Whew! A little mind-bending for me but oh so interesting.

link to previous video in header

DIDN'T THINK I'D GIVE A SCHIST ABOUT THIS VIDEO, BUT I WAS HUGELY MISTAKEN. NICE COLLABORATION.

With the cracking could that have been caused be pressure from subduction pushing up the land . Then the subtuction quake releases pressure dropping the area hard causing your force breaks in a vertical direction.. or are converging shockwaves causing amplified motions that cause the force breaks

Does this rock occur in exposures in Cowlitz Couty, Washington? Saw some kind of a blue bedrock (was it this stuff?) that a road grader scraped up (fresh, shiny surface) working on an old railroad logging road (based on layout of the roads) to the NE of Elk Rock up the N. F. Toutle River (but in upper the Green River drainage (Cowlitz County). These are Weyerhauser Lands that are no longer accessible to the public without paying an entry fee. I've been trying ti find a geological map that might explain what this rock is.

And in southern Florida it’s 82 degrees. Go figure.

Geo chemistry 🤯 at 76 years of age I want to know more however I think my mind is incapable to understand the most basic.

May I ask, where is Twin Sisters that you were discussing? The only one I know is on the PCT between Chinook and White Pass.

The colors are gorgeous. Are they dense or brittle..seem to break like something brittle would or maybe it is because of the layering

Nice to see you are using your old hammer.

Did this format here or is this a exotic story?

I find this fascinating I could see my younger self ending up in this field.. But Nick I have one questions, The answer is probably as superfluous and the question. But, what benefit to life now, today, does this have to do with our future other than to scratch the itch of curiosity? Believe me I find it irresistible and love learning this stuff even though I see no point to it except to tell us what was.. Or has my old age made me so simple minded that I have totally missed the point of it all? Thanks so very much for doing this and sharing all of this fabulous information that I wish I had paid attention to in my youth.. Others opinions are welcome also..

Question . There are expensive hand held alloy spectrometers for aluminum and I think steel alloys. Will those or do they have geologic versions to work with rocks. Looking for percentages of gold, silver or other elements that might be really handy for field work. Just think of finding a dark stripe. If it has iridium it might be KT boundary..

Could green or blue schist creation be do to how close to river outlet fresh water sources? It's just a thought

the more you know sometimes the more questions you gonna get. I myself (probably a stupid one) wonder how it is possible that an oceanic crust (mafic in composition of course) is able to get up there again? like how does the uplift or as Nick calls it the geologic elevator mechanically work in that case. ..is it that the rock is maybe not yet too far down and when a new terrane comes in as happened many times in the PNW the rock somehow gets squezzed and thrust back out or something? like how does it work? I know it's a pretty basic question and maybe I just missed it while watching the video.

So, nick are those bolders over the edge of the road the result of the road cut or rement of the uplift buckeling ....

My VERY limited knowledge of geology is a problem. So keep that in mind while I ask the question if there are asbestos minerals in that particular outcrop. And following up, if there are, is there a concern for exposure to asbestos?

Are @15,000’ of seawater pressure and sodium chloride players in green schist production on oceanic crust?

This makes my brain hurt. So Stuart is not Bah Ha because it isn't old enough. This blue green schist shows finger depth of cold rock pretty deep in the ocean. Thus moving in from deep ocean and other questions. Hmmmmm.

I wish I had access to a dictionary of terms used here.

Don't drop the hammer... ;-)

I like trying to understand the super-geologist speak, and because of them I'm getting better at it. Don't think nobody wants to hear it, Nick. I would like to know what to look for in rock fractures, and what it means about the stress they have experienced.

Every time one says schist they are saying...