Thanks, professor! Very interesting! Yes, you've mentioned much of it before, but for a non-geologist such as myself, repetition helps to reinforce what you're talking about with these terraces. It wasn't long ago that I would have driven through a landscape like that and not given it a second glance. Your personalized tour really helps to bring it to life! Always looking forward to seeing whatever it is you have to show! See you at the next one!

What a beautiful valley and evening. Thank you for taking us on this gorgeous field trip. It means even more knowing the geographic history of it. The connection through time is mind boggling. That we presently walk on an ancient Earth. Thank you for all your teachings and videos. Ya gotta love it!

I can't thank you enough for your work on KZfaq. I have an amateur interest in geology that lead me to these inspiring videos you put together. Especially these field trip format. Being able to see what you're talking about helps me appreciate geology even more.

Dear Professor Nick on the rocks! Hubby & I have been fans since we first found you on KZfaq a few years back. Usually watch on the TV so I forget to go to my phone so I comment -although I do register a 👍 after each vid. I have been meaning to just drop in to tell you, “we love you too!” It just does our hearts good when you say it to your audience. We get your sincerity. Thanks for all you share. This was a beautiful walk & very interesting. We have family in EBurg so we hope to make it over next fall with hopes we can drop in on a lecture of yours. Or catch you on a field trip at Hood Canal where we live. Thank you! ❤️

Thx! I love your appreciation and curiosity for nature! “Even the rocks will cry out!” is more than poetic metaphor. It’s the truth! Thank you for helping us understand what the geology is trying to teach us!

Lovely scenery! Love this time of the day and the clouds add a very nice touch to the background. I studied geology in Illinois and we sure had plenty of glacial features to explore. Glacial erratics in the middle of farmers fields we’re very common. Moraines, and evidence of the old Lake Chicago were evident in many places. Washington glacial features and remains are so much more interesting with the great elevation changes that are evident. The terraces are very interesting.

It is brilliant having someone who knows, point to these things in the landscape, and then you can see them. WOW!

"I hope it's clear to you why I have lived here for 30 yrs".....message received, sir. Thanks for keeping this old man interested in geology. It's been 44 yrs since I flunked out of the geology curriculum at SIU at Carbondale, IL. I have watched your videos for quite some time now. Thanks again.

The geology is fascinating, but geez, just the beauty of the place is hard to get past. Looks like it was filmed around Magic Hour; the greens are exquisite.

Welp Nick, I just wanted to say thanks! Watching your video's has sent me down an ice age rabbit hole. I live in West Virginia in the Kanawha River Valley, which was indirectly impacted by glaciation. The Pre-Illinoian Glaciation changed the course of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers, because of the formation Lake Tight and Lake Monongahela, which were caused by the glaciers blocking their paths and becoming so deep they breeched ridges. These breeches became their modern flow paths and in the case of the Ohio River, reversed its flow. Truly amazing. There is one thing I haven't found is how these lakes interacted, because they existed at nearly the same time.

OH! Every video adds to understanding, thank you Nick. The light showed the terraces beautifully, and the valley, too. It seems daunting to map the Okanogan area, but this was, so it's possible. I love that you spontaneously thought to show us. Joy! 🤗

I used to deliver your newspaper a few years back, i remember watching you do live classes as i walked past and whenever i got home i would start watching. Im glad that you're still making videos after all the years

Love that you are chasing down a topic that is not solidified, putting puzzle pieces together where they could fit, building a story that we dont quite understand yet.

Nick, I absolutely love these videos, and you are the Mr. Rogers of geology. I feel like I’m back in Lind Hall. Thanks for all that you do!

Fun way to look for glacial evidence! Thanks for letting us join in on another geohike, Nick! Didn't realize the actual glacier got that far south!

We love you too. Professor Nick you are amazing to see and hear all your information. I wish I lived in the state of Washington

What a terrific teacher you are. You bring me back to my Geology 101 course over 50 years ago while a student at the College of Forestry Syracuse NY. With a little knowledge about the different types of rock and how they are formed, earth processes one can understand the story of how the uniquely beautiful state that we live in came to be. Your videos are great and I look forward to many more

It’s amazing to see the geologic and glacial history of the area. But this also displays graphically how much time there is between intermittent glacial periods.

Thank you so much Professor Nick, for pointing out the obvious and knowing so much about geology that you can present an obvious cause and effect. I enjoy walking with you, seeing through your eyes, trying so very hard to learn to take it in and remember. I appreciate that you point out places near and far. and let your mind and knowledge come together for our benefit. I am never disappointed in your content or dialogue. You are a force on this earth for good, I can't thank you enough for teaching me. You have had an enormous impact on how I view an ordinary scene. I find myself longing to gather a few of those coblestones you showed us once. it actually made my heart best faster. ha ha. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.

Thank you Nick for taking us along on your fascinating journeys through these fascinating landscapes of the Pacific Northwest. Your love for geology, nature, people, teaching and the PNW radiates through the screen and warms us all. And I for one love you for that. Warm greetings to you and your family from Dreischor in The Netherlands.

Thank you Nick for another wonderful clip of your area. You mentioned that you might be repeating yourself over certain things. Well this ole girl needs to be told many many times! I have watched your various series' more than once and things are starting to sink in this brain. I am not making a study or thesis of this but it is just great to learn. Oh I wish I could find more about Britain's geology. I know Iain Stewart made a series on the BBC and have watched him a few times but we need more over here. Oh, and just the rambling walks are fantastic too for the scenery :) Keep up the great work. I love it!

Thanks for taking us along an another adventure. I don't mind any repetition one bit. It's fun saying, "I knew that!" once in a while.

I've actually been to Cle Elum (more than a decade ago, for someone's wedding). It's a gorgeous evening, and the terraces are evident. I'll never be able to blithely cruise through Washington on vacation without thinking about geology again.Thanks! Nothing wrong with some repetition when your audience contains - as in this case - novices and amateurs.

Breathtaking. Thank you for so many wonderful views and explanations. Again, this makes so much sense when I can visualize what you are talking about. So good evening and we love you too.

It must be wonderful to live in such a scenic area. So peaceful and serene.

Do you this is a weird comment but please understand as an educated man. I have had lots of issues in the last three years, as we all have. For me, my wife left me at the very beginning in January 2020. It's relevant to your videos because you became one of my amazing KZfaq friends. I have no crazy ideas about being buddies with people on KZfaq, but I have a deep appreciation for the intimate value of KZfaqrs like yourself that express ideas, through their own personality. All of you, and you are one of the top ones, have been a sustaining friendship in general for me. I am so grateful, and I have learned much in the process! That is pretty fucking bitchin. With your great videos, and my acknowledgment of this amazing science, we turned lemons into lemonade. You probably do it for thousands of people and that is bitching. But you did for me too. For free, dude working at a market in Southern Cal . I just told my sister yesterday, who resides in Washington and Oregon alternatively, I told her then I know more about Washington geology than my own Southern California geology, and that's a true story brother

Yes you were very good at describing and showing the different layers of glacial out washing. I finally get it. Thank you Professor.

I love Camping in Ellensberg. The views up higher are amazing with all the huge mountains.

Thank you again. So enjoyed this 17 minutes with you...so much wonderful information.

This is very interesting Nick I just hope you go deeper into this and talk about what kinds of rocks that where deposited on the terraces

Beautiful scenery and yet also very instructive. Classic examples of terraces cut by river valleys

Beautiful Nick! I have never been exploring around Ellensburg. Chuckle at your patience! I see the flats/terraces! There are some really nice beauties there! It’s all fascinating.❤️😍

It’s very clear to me why you’re still intrigued, fascinated and enamoured with the geology of your state , so much going on in such a dynamic landscape. I live on the east coast of Australia and our geology is also fascinating you just have to look far and dig deep to find it, love watching your videos Nick! All the best Jules

Again a lesson learned, even this concerns an area thousands of miles from Europe, have a nice day

Beautiful! Just drove through that area after an awesome side trip through the Drumheller Channels. Thanks for the inspiration Nick!

This is fascinating. And sublime, surreally gorgeous scenery.

Wonderful way to wake up. thanks Nick

Thanks! Reminds me of why I loved my evening cycling in the area when I lived there many moons ago.

Hahahaha, this is great! Your enthusiasm and curiosity are inspiring, and I hope generate some post grad field work. Dang, I was in that area yesterday...need to return. Those rocks are cool!! Thanks for another joyful outing! 🤗💕👏

Excellent video, great light. My interpretation of that environment is that the valley was a lake. The glacier pushed debris into and and across the lake at its highest water level. Both sides of the valley were contiguous. Subsequently, the lake fell creating the lower terrace. The terraces identify ancient lake levels. The first and highest terrace was then incised by the river, dividing the once contiguous terrace. If the terraces have downward angles, they are deposited as typical moraine. The perfectly flat terraces would have to be deposited in water, AT the water level. Every table indicates a water level at a specific time, within a draining environment. This environment is uncanny in its similarities to my area of the Okanagan in BC. I tend to write these as I watch and it is good to hear your musing tend to match my own. Thanks again Nick, I love learning from you.

Love the Pacific Northwest. Stationed at Ft Lewis early eighties. Fell in love with it. Now in my second career I get to visit fairly frequently.

The flowers and the rolling hills are exquisite! I’m from Mid Florida and I’ve become so skeptical about terraces made by bull dozers to use the soil for toll roads

Going from a dangerous motorcycle ride in Mexico to peaceful Washington. I'll be glad if Nick gets to guide Noraly through Washington Cascades!

Catching up today! What a gorgeous evening and great lighting to see these different terraces. The Yakima River valley has been a busy place. Thank you

Thanks Nick! Insane terrain there.

Grew up in Ellensburg. Lived about 3 miles from the Pautzkee's on Look Rd. Lots of great geology in Washington State.

I think I spotted the Umtanum ridge Pass area coming from Yakima. Love that cutoff from yakima and down the final hill into Ellensburg on a clear night. Have drove all over that area to harvest veggies during the season,, many times,,and flew over it for years at 11,500 feet on the way to Northern Idaho as a child.

Beautiful! Loving the flower/boulder combo. ❤ glacial til deposits.

Thank you Professor Zentner

Thank you. i finally understand the logic of the oldest layers on top !:-) 💜🙏⚡️

Hey brother, one of the many things that I dig about you, is that you are a romantic. Now that word, doesn't necessarily imply intimate relations type stuff. You're an educated man so I figure you didn't know that it also refers to folks who are in spired by human emotion, to the point of influencing their thoughts and activities. Yes I am very logical and uptight, but I can also be groovy. I think that goes for many of you geologist cats. So I've only heard a few seconds but you are a master, if you don't know it. These casual videos can really bring a person like me in. I am interested in the geology and I also have stressors in life and happy tendencies. Your calm and thoughtful, reflective analysis, sometimes very planned out which I appreciate as being a science strength,All of these things make your videos great to me

It's clear. That final shot had the light just right. It helps to see the terraces in different locations and lights.

I have often wondered about the taraces between Brewster and Wenatxhee, the explanation from my collage days was they were deposited by ice age floods. This never made sense to me. I always thought they must have come down from the north. Glacial out wash is a better explanation. I have also thought that the source of the water that formed Mosses coulie must have come from the Okanogan.

What a nice youtube channel you have. Cheers from a fellow geologist from Brazil!

Hello, Prof. Zentner and yes, Birkenstocks -- you've got to love them! Alas, not the best footwear to be hoppling over erratics 😉

Wow Nick . You picked a beautiful time to film this. Colors saturation textures .

hugs Nick, Thanks!

You're off of highway 10 a beautiful drive. I love living in Kittitas County.

I live on the west side and always found it interesting, that all the rocks, look like they went through a tumbler, River Rocks. Also spent time in the Grand coulee area and there are Warehouse size boulders, just sitting on top of farmland. One doesn't have to be educated to understand the obvious.

At time stamp11:29 in the center of the frame, there is a large volcanic pillar on the south bank of the river. I have noticed it several times while driving east on Highway 10. How could this pillar of basalt survive the alpine glaciers? It stands higher that the lowest flat further to the left.

This episode was brought to you by a series of glacial deposits -- you've gotta love it.

Keep rocking Nick.

Always interesting videos! Thank you!

On the Marysville side there appears to be an alluvial plain. I can use my single speed bicycle as long as I stay in this delta region, but climbing up to the east I need the multi-speed bike.

Lovely scenery.

Good Evening Professor Nick, wish I could do all the walks and hikes you do. Some day if you have an event with a short walk.

Thanks Nick.

Love your videos. Tks!

Instead of Old Whitey, I was borrowing a name from Gary Randall, a photographer here in Oregon. He calls his rig the PPV... Photo Pursuit Vehicle. So, when I saw your rig I thought, 'ah, there's the GPV.' Geology Pursuit Vehicle.

And I love your work!

I love your videos and some of them remind me of a trip that I took many years ago thru Yakima River Canyon. Just a small sugestion I dare to make: please fix the focus on whatever camera you have - its even possible with an iPhone. Whenever zu point zu something with your finger, the focus changes to the hand and then back. That could be avoided by fixing the focuspoint - mostly to infintiy anyway for horizons. Greetings from Switzerland, Peter

It sticks out as you walk around this valley without a wisp of wind blowing the ridge line is full of still modern wind turbines. The placement of wind turbines should indicate strong and fairly constant wind. Such strong and constant wind should be indicated in the land scape with obvious signs of wind erosion and strongly effect the types of plants that can grow and how they grow.

Thank you for explaining why youngest on bottom. Gnite Professor :D

Thanks so much Nick!!!! Another question I have had with all the amazing questions and information you have shared: what is the biggest question that you have had to which you have discovered solutions?

If you are ever up in Oroville. Hit me up. I look right into the cascade ranges just out my front door.

Last week Visited Wallowa Lake which is said to have the best example of a terminal moraine… but no obvious terraces there.

There's at least 400 to 500 ft of mudflows on the east backdrop behind Naches

Glacier terraces are scattered all the way down the 410 highway.

Cool topography, I am struggling with the idea that certain younger flats are lower elevation. Due to valley filling , makes sense…. Just odd because usually glaciers wipe out previous older topography, crazy, water makes huge factor, and lesser glaciation making a new level. Wild stuff. Thank you sir

Wing Central, no smoochin fries. The best👍

Someone said you can find a certain gemstone here that's only found here! Some blue stone? worth something like $250 per carat? No one seems to talk about this. But their is one video where a lady claims their are rare blue gems only found in one area and happens to be on her ranch property formed from the volcano many years ago!

Time for an overall big lecture on the ice age in Washington

The lowest 'benches or flats are the youngest structures. I f the valley was previously filled full of glacial/ ice sheet deposits the lowest deposits would be the first moved in. Then the lowest, newest structures are in the oldest deposits? I'm not questioning this. But I sense that I am missing something.

Beautiful. I really enjoyed our walk Nick. And, I'm not even tired.. I think I could go for another one. Hmmmmmmm, which video will be next?

It would be interesting to do a statistical analysis of the particle sizes in the various terraces, which seem like they would be remnants of old braided outwash plains, and see if any trends emerged in the relative velocity of the waters that deposited and re-worked the materials. Did the flow volumes vary over time, with higher flows in the past and more recent flows with lower volume and current speed. Can any interpretation be made about the stream gradients, either increasing or decreasing with the growth of Menashtash ridge and the other ridges? Could Ice Age floods have aggraded the stream beds down stream and lowered the gradient by depositing sediments that have since been removed and increasied the gradient of the Yakima River? There are a bunch of similar videos from New Zealand on the “Out There Learning YT channel, vignettes of local features, and striking geologic features.

One would be matching those same elevation terraces by the soil characteristics and parent material characteristics. No problem. Did so many times in my soils career in glacial landscapes throughout the Pacific Northwest.

Nick and the Zentherds....question Any effect of folding/faulting/the big squeeze on moraines/flats? The flats sort of, or "may" remind some of us of the 'headlands" along the Ca. coast.

Isn't standing liquid just about the only physical situation that produces so nearly horizontal surfaces? If so, we have to imagine a still water situation that delivers a wide variety of rock sizes, unsorted. I think that implies a long lasting lake carrying a massive sequence of floating ice that carries all sizes of rocks, that are dropped wherever the ice can freely float. That would fill the lowest areas last, as the higher areas blocked the movement of ice rafts. These terraces have to be sprinkled into place, not bulldozed.

In the 2 million old ice age/glacial history: regional snow fall and glaciation in the southern latitudes came first. Then build up at the 'poles', within the arctic (and Antarctic) ice sheets sliding south over all. Could the out-wash of 'retreating' ice sheets flowed over ice filled valleys resulting in these benches on the margins?

You described the flat formations as "glacial outwash" terraces, which is logical since the great portion of the valley is composed of glacial outwash. Could they also be considered as former "lake" terraces? Could successively younger lakes have been formed as the Yakima River eroded downward through the glacial outwash, but impacted by glacial advance and retreat and the impounding of lakes by glacial moraines that created the silted terraces now being farmed for produce?

Is it possible that the whole valley wasn't eroded after each glacier but the subsequent glacier rode and eroded the previous creating its own terrace? and the last one just followed the valley/river leaving the last terraces to be eroded by the river. At least that's the way it looks to me viewing the video and having driven the road and fished that same spot.

How many different ice ages can be detected in the Yakima and Ellensburg areas? It seems there are several.

found a new way to slowly wake up, although your voice almost puts me to sleep ! Similar to my Algebra 1 teacher, I had 63 years ago! lol - but her lectures were boring, as opposed to your geology episodes!

What an amazing video, what camera did you use?

"Well kid, what you're looking at is glacier barf." - my dad years ago pointing out glacial features

🙏✌🏽👏

I have watched a lot of your videos. I just happen to like rocks. I live in New England and it is pretty much ubiquitous and very very old. There’s just not a lot to see. But I enjoy your videos very much. I realize they are localized in Washington and that is in very new landscape geologically. I have a question. Do you think that the terracing that you see in such a large swaths at the higher elevations, do you think that as the river dig deeper it possibly erodes more material? Would that be because the valley gets narrow and therefore water flow becomes more intense or do you think that the younger rocks or just more durable. I’m not even sure if I ask that question correctly. It just seems strange that rivers get narrower and narrower the older they are. I would think that the rock that the water flows upon should be more compressed and even harder to erode.

If YOU’RE a novice . . . . Question: I’ve been attempting to work this out but so far . . . need better foundation! If the oldest moraine is the highest, doesn’t that imply some sort (sorry) of discipline or coordination? Why wouldn’t younger glaciers wipe out older moraines? Oh, and repetitions are helpful, er, necessary.

So pretty I have a family member living there.

Question: Since we have a succession of terraces, is there also a succession of terminal moraines down valley?