Golgi Apparatus
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The Golgi apparatus, often referred to as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It was first discovered by the Italian biologist Camillo Golgi in the late 19th century. The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell.
Some key functions and features of the Golgi apparatus:
1. Protein modification: One of the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus is to modify and process proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These modifications can include adding carbohydrates (glycosylation), trimming and rearranging protein structures, and adding chemical groups like phosphate or sulfate.
2. Sorting and packaging: The Golgi apparatus acts as a sorting center for proteins and lipids. It packages these molecules into vesicles for transport to specific destinations within the cell or for export to the cell's exterior.
3. Formation of lysosomes: The Golgi apparatus plays a role in the formation of lysosomes, which are organelles containing enzymes that break down cellular waste and debris. Enzymes are packaged within lysosomes in the Golgi before being transported to their final destination.
4. Synthesis of some lipids: While the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum is lipid synthesis, the Golgi apparatus can also synthesize certain lipids and add them to various cellular membranes.
5. Formation of secretory vesicles: In specialized cells, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of secretory vesicles that contain hormones, enzymes, or other substances to be released from the cell. These vesicles can then be transported to the cell membrane for secretion.
6. Stack of cisternae: The Golgi apparatus consists of a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. These cisternae are stacked on top of each other and have distinct structural and functional regions, including the cis-Golgi network (closest to the endoplasmic reticulum) and the trans-Golgi network (closest to the plasma membrane).
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